Emerging Carbon Capture Technologies

Not for Duplication or Distribution
Prize Capital is a Service Mark of Prize Capital, LLC. 2006-12

Volume 2 of syndicated research sponsored by Tri-State Generation and Transmission
Association, Inc.
© 2012 Prize Capital LLC
Matt Peak
Director of Clean Technologies
Prize Capital, LLC
matt@prizecapital.net
(213) 327-8935
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Table of Contents
Carbon Capture Without Sequestration?
Carbon Capture and Recycling (CCR)
The Value of End-to-End Solutions
Conventional Post-Combustion Carbon Capture
Amine Solvents
Ammonia
Challenges with Conventional Carbon Capture
Solvents
Enzyme Based Systems
Physical Sorbents
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
Ionic Liquids
Gas Separation Membranes
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
3H Company, LLC
ADA-ES
Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
AIL Research, Inc.
Aker Clean Carbon
Akermin
American Air Liquide, Inc.
ATK (and ACEnT Laboratories)
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group
BASF
Battelle/Paciﬁc Northwest National Laboratory
C12 Energy
Cansolv Technologies
Carbon Capture Scientiﬁc
Carbon Engineering
Carbozyme
Catacel Corporation
CFD Research Corporation
Climeworks
CO2 Solution
Codexis
Compact Membrane Systems, Inc.
Fluor Corporation
FuelCell Energy
Gas Technology Institute (GTI)
GE and the University of Pittsburgh
GE Global Research
GE Global Research
GE Global Research
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Overview >>
Emerging Carbon Capture Technologies >>
Select Emerging Carbon Capture Company Overviews >>

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Select Emerging Carbon Capture University and Laboratory Overviews >>
GE Global Research
Global Thermostat
Honeywell
InnoSepra
Inventys
ION Engineering, LLC
Kilimanjaro Energy
Linde Engineering
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI)
Nalco Company
Nano Terra, Inc.
Neumann Systems Group, Inc.
Novozymes
Porifera Nano, Inc.
Process Group
Siemens
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TDA Research, Inc.
Trimeric Corporation
United Technologies Research Center
UOP, LLC.
URS Corporation
W.R. Grace
Columbia University
Columbia University Earth Institute
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Tech Research Corporation
Georgia Tech Research Corporation
GKSS-Research Centre
Hampton University
Illinois State Geological Survey
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Security
Lehigh University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
National Institute of Carbon, Oviedo
Northwestern University
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Ohio State University
Pennsylvania State University
Research Triangle Institute – Fluorinated Polymer Membranes
Research Triangle Institute – Non-Aqueous Solvents
Research Triangle Institute - Regenerable Sorbent

SRI International
Texas A&M
University of Akron
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
University of Kentucky- Center for Applied Energy Research
University of New Mexico
University of North Dakota – EERC
University of North Dakota – Institute for Energy Studies
University of Notre Dame – Brennecke Research Group
University of Notre Dame - Maginn Group
University of Sydney
University of Texas at Austin
University of Wyoming
William Marshall Rice University
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8 Not for Duplication or Distribution
Overview
To date, most reviews of carbon capture technologies are accompanied by a
discussion of sequestration, which is the process of burying carbon dioxide
(CO2) deep into the ground where it will remain out of the atmosphere.
This paradigm views CO2 as a liability and a waste product, and avoids
liability issues and regulatory challenges. Thus, burying it deep in geologic
formations for eternity makes sense.
Our review of CO2 technologies is different, for while we acknowledge the
potential of sequestration to provide a long-term environmental service, it is
by no means the only method of handling CO2 to lead to the emergence of
this service.
Specifically, a previous Prize Capital report that was released in 2011
discussed “carbon capture and recycling” (CCR), a process by which carbon
is recognized as a fundamental building block in the production of numerous
products, such as fuel and building materials, and thus treated as an asset.
While many of the emerging 136 CCR entities profiled in that previous
report are able to handle raw flue gas from power plants and thus avert the
need for a separate carbon capture function, a significant portion of these
technologies do not.
So while CCR can bypass some of the technological and perceptual
challenges that have delayed the emergence of sequestration, the CCR
approach that proves most effective in scaled, real-world applications may
itself depend on the emergence of a scalable, real-world carbon capture
technology at significantly lower costs and lower energy consumption than
currently possible.
To date, the primary carbon capture demonstration technologies have
focused on amines and chilled ammonia. These approaches were developed
decades ago for use in other industries, such as synthetic ammonia
production, H2 production, and limestone calcination, where they have served
these industries well given the relatively low volumes of carbon captured
and high price points. Yet now that the power industry is examining carbon
capture approaches and experimenting with scaling up these existing
technologies to meet their volumetric needs and price-points, the industry is
realizing that these traditional technologies are falling far short.

9Not for Duplication or Distribution
One statistic alone –that power plants need to devote approximately 30
percent of their electric output, so called “parasitic” load, from a given plant to
power an accompanied traditional carbon capture technology to isolate and
bury a product – is enough to keep the carbon capture industry (as applied
to power plants) at bay. One of the most well known and thorough carbon
capture demonstrations in the United States (at AEP’s Mountaineering Plant)
shut down in 2011 after a successful two-year run because, as the company
stated, there was no compelling regulatory or business reason to continue
the program.1
In order to spur advancements, governments around the world have provided
billions of dollars in funding to support the development of carbon capture
breakthroughs. In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) has
been actively funding technological development of advanced technologies
for a decade, and has dramatically increased its level of ﬁnancial support
in recent years, largely through its National Energy Technology Laboratory
(NETL) and Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E).
Through these DOE programs, breakthrough technologies have been
targeted in the areas of:
and release CO2
2
to form a bicarbonate, which when heated releases CO2 and reverts to a
2 and
2 from ﬂue
metal ions with carefully sized cavities that can adsorb CO2.

This report examines these emerging technologies. We narrow our focus
specifically to post-combustion carbon capture technologies, given that
there is an existing power generation infrastructure to address and equip.
Contrary to Prize Capital’s CCR Industry Overview, this report is largely not an
original nor a comprehensive piece of literature, but rather an aggregation of
partial information, data, and developments in this field, with a particular eye
towards the targets of recent government funding (given that the government
has been by far the industry’s largest funding source).
The true value of this report is in its accompaniment of the CCR Industry
Overview. Reviewing the two reports side-by-side reveals the complementary
nature of the technologies, the mutual nascency of both industries, and
the overwhelming potential that is presented not just by these industries
respectively, but in the combination of these industries to form effective end-
to-end (i.e. flue gas to sellable product) solutions.
Note that we use the term “solutions” in its plural form, for our analyses in
both reports indicates that multiple technologies may emerge as scalable,
affordable, real-world solutions. Given that there are 136 (and counting)
emerging CCR entities and 90 emerging carbon capture entities presented in
this report alone, simply providing a platform to allow these various entities to
experiment with each other leaves the door open for nearly 13,000 possible
end-to-end solutions.
As we move forward, the key to realizing the reality and potential of end-to-
end solutions is constructing the platform that allows for and encourages just
such experimentations and radical breakthroughs, through the diversification
of innovation, that traditional R&D approaches do not achieve. A centralized
test center at a real world, functioning power plant that leverages existing
government and industry support, deliberately fosters collaboration, and
incorporates competitive elements may be precisely the platform needed to
catalyze and fuse these two industries and create the radical breakthroughs
society needs to deal with CO2.

Carbon Capture Without Sequestration?
Most discussions about carbon capture are accompanied by a discussion of sequestration.
In this report, we deliberately avoid this accompaniment. Instead, we look at carbon capture
through the prism of “carbon capture and recycling” and the potential for viable end-to-end (i.e.
flue gas to sellable product) solutions to emerge.
Carbon Capture and Recycling (CCR)
An industry is emerging with a new option to mitigate industrial CO2 emissions while generating
additional revenue.2
Dubbed “Carbon Capture and Recycling”, this new industry dispels the notion that CO2 is a
liability that needs to be buried – as is the case with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)
– and instead views the gas as a resource to be capitalized upon, using it as a feedstock in
the production of valuable products such as fuel, building materials, animal feed, specialty
chemicals, and plastics, among other things. In the near-term, this new industry represents
a paradigm change that could avert the need to resolve complex issues associated with CCS
(given that several CCR entities are able to handle raw flue gas) and instead prompt renewed
action on CO2 mitigation. Such action is essential as a carbon-constrained world emerges.3
CCR approaches fall into three categories:4
2 to produce a product (e.g. algae oil
refined to fuel)
Chemical and catalytic: a catalyst prompts donor electrons to break or augment the
carbon-oxygen bond in CO2 molecules, then combines the carbon with other elements to
produce a product (e.g. concentrated solar reforms CO2 into CO, which then combines with
hydrogen to produce synthetic diesel fuel)
Mineralization: Through the use of feldspars and carbonization, CO2 is locked into solid
structures that can then be incorporated into products (e.g. CO2 is reduced via anorthite
to produce aluminum oxide, which is then sold to the advanced ceramic and chemical
processing industries)
2 to produce new products, well-established
markets of sizeable proportion (i.e. the market for gasoline alone is approximately $700 billion

per year) are fed, and new revenue streams are established for their producers,5 some of which
Figure 1
Different Pathways for Utilizing CO2
The CCR industry is nascent, but already is comprised of at least 136 total entities (37
biological, 63 chemical/catalytic, 23 mineralization, 1 blended approach, and 12 uncategorized
entities). These entities vary in size from unfunded concept to >$50 million. They have
received government and private funding totaling approximately $1 billion. Some are offering
full spectrum solutions from capture to reuse, others focus on reuse and need viable capture
solutions to promote their value proposition.6
These entities and others are working to overcome the challenges associated with
commercializing and deploying CCR technologies. These challenges include: being able to
the emerging array of technologies and producers, as well as the current slate of technological
challenges, this industry would beneﬁt from models that promote diversity of innovation as well
as ﬁnancial diversity, rather than placing “bets” on single technologies and producers.7
Prize Capital’s CCR Industry Overview took an initial look at this emerging industry and the
innovators within it, given that little aggregated, public data is currently available. It examined
the rationale for CCR, current CCR approaches, the forces emerging to shape such approaches,
and focused the majority of its content on providing snapshots of the innovators leading the
creation of this new industry, including their respective stages of development as they march
towards commercialization.8
Source: DNV

The Value of End-to-End Solutions
This previous examination of the CCR industry revealed that the CCR approach that proves most
effective in scaled, real-world applications may itself depend on the emergence of a scalable,
real-world carbon capture technology, for a significant portion of the identified CCR technologies
are not able to handle raw flue gas.
The package that is of most value to point source carbon emitters, such as those that comprise
the power industry, is one that is end-to-end. In other words, as case studies indicate, point
source operators have no compelling regulatory or business reason to simply capture carbon
dioxide for the sake of capturing it. They also have no need for equipment that produces
marvelous products from gas streams (i.e. CO2) but is not compatible with their plant’s
particular gas stream (i.e. flue gas).
Yet if a solution that can plug in to existing point-source infrastructure and, in one approach,
convert something that is currently discharged into something that creates value, a package of
tremendous importance is presented to point-source emitters. Such is the value of end-to-end
solutions.
Arriving at an end-to-end solution will require cross-pollination between the CCR and carbon
capture industries and a significant level of experimentation to determine which combination of
CCR and carbon capture technologies perform best.
One format that could encourage just such cross-pollination and experimentation is a
centralized test center at a real world, functioning power plant. Many of the future needs
of the electric industry are being developed primarily in laboratory settings, which could be
significantly advanced through research and testing at an operating coal-fired electric plant.
Unfortunately, laboratory conditions don’t mimic the real world, where large-scale energy
providers are charted with the responsibility to provide consistent, affordable electricity to
their customers. Innovators find it difficult to test their technologies in the real world because
of utilities’“stack risk” – the legal, permitting, operational, and cost burdens encountered by a
utility seeking to test one single technology.
A centralized test center can mitigate this risk by providing a working environment for research
and testing in not just one but numerous areas that will be critical to the future viability and
affordability of the electric sector.
Such a center can complement the existing government-supported National Carbon Capture
Center (NCCC), which is a proven technology accelerator in the area of mostly conventional
carbon capture. It can particularly complement the Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Center
(PC4) located within the NCCC. The PC4 provides access to coal combustion flue gas streams
for testing of post-combustion carbon capture regimes but requires substantial capital
investment and does not pursue CO2 utilization approaches.
A new test center can build upon the successful approaches of the NCCC and the PC4 to
accelerate development of unconventional carbon capture technologies that breakthrough the
current capital and parasitic load burdens and pair with CO2 utilization technologies to create
value out of what is currently a waste product.
It could also be of value to integrate competitive inducement prize(s) with the new center.
Such prizes could provide cash (and other) awards to carbon capture and their recycling
partners to further incentivize the pairing and experimentation of carbon capture with recycling
technologies and facilitate breakthroughs in end-to-end applications. The art and science of
inducement prize competitions is well understood.9

Conventional Post-Combustion Carbon Capture
Given that, on a mass basis, CO2 is the 19th largest commodity chemical in the United States,
CO2 is routinely separated and captured as a by-product from industrial processes, which
include synthetic ammonia production, H2 production, and limestone calcination.10
Conventional post-combustion carbon capture process implemented at power plants have
simply scaled up these smaller scaled processes. The dominant methods of carbon capture
include the use of bases: amine solvents and chilled ammonia.
Amine Solvents
Gas absorption processes using chemical solvents, such as amines, to separate CO2 from other
gases have been in use since the 1930s in the natural gas industry. These processes are also
used to produce food and chemical grade CO2 from gas streams containing 3 to 25 percent
CO2.11
In this process, CO2 is recovered from combustion exhaust by using amine absorbers and
cryogenic coolers.12 Amines react with CO2 to form water-soluble compounds.13
this compound formation, amines are able to capture CO2 from streams with a low CO2 partial
pressure, but capacity is equilibrium limited.14 Thus, amine-based systems are able to recover
CO2 from the ﬂue gas of conventional pulverized coal (PC) ﬁred power plants.15
Figure 2
A Typical Amine-Based Carbon Capture Process
Source: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Ammonia
The easiest way of looking at the basic properties of amines is to think of an amine as a modiﬁed
ammonia molecule. In an amine, a hydrocarbon group has replaced one or more of the hydrogen
atoms in ammonia.16
Replacing the hydrogen atoms still leaves the lone pair on the nitrogen unchanged – and it is the
lone pair on the nitrogen that gives ammonia its basic properties. Amines will therefore behave
much the same as ammonia in all cases where the lone pair is involved.17
Accordingly, AEP implemented an Alstom patented chilled post-combustion ammonia system
at its 1300-megawatt coal-based Mountaineer Plant in New Haven, West Virginia,18 as pictured in
Image 1, where a 20-megawatt validation project ran between September 2009 and May 2011.
At the facility, the plant’s slipstream was chilled and combined with a solution of ammonium
carbonate, which absorbs the CO2 to create ammonium bicarbonate.19 The ammonium
bicarbonate solution was then pressurized and heated in a separate process to produce a high-
purity stream of CO2, which was in turn sequestered.20
This was the ﬁrst fully integrated CCS project at an existing coal-burning power plant.21
Image 1
AEP’s Mountaineer Chilled Ammonia Carbon
Capture Plant Built by Alstom
Source: Alstom

Challenges with Conventional Carbon Capture
Existing capture technologies are not cost-effective when considered in the context of
sequestering CO2 from power plants.22
Unlike previous industrial applications, most power plants and other large point sources use
air-fired combustors, a process that exhausts CO2
power plants contains 10-12 percent CO2 by volume.23
2 in
these exhaust gases must be separated and concentrated and the solvent must be regenerated,
as previously described.
These processes currently consume a tremendous amount of energy. A common estimate is
that the energy required per MWh would rise 36% for a typical post-combustion plant retrofit.24
Accordingly, the cost of CO2 capture using current technology is on the order of $150 per ton of
carbon.25 Analysis indicates that adding existing technologies for CO2 capture to an electricity
generation process could increase the cost of electricity by 2.5 cents to 4 cents/kWh depending
on the type of process.26
amines for CO2 absorption, which generates heat, leads to an additional load on the cooling
tower, causing more water to be lost.27 Compressing the CO2 to the supercritical conditions
needed for storage requires cooling, too.28 Thus, conventional technologies increase water
requirements at a given plant by 33%.29 If the energy lost in the carbon capture process is
accounted for by adding additional capacity, then water consumption would increase by 80
percent.30
appropriate scale at power plants. Currently operating CO2 capture systems in coal-based power
plant applications (i.e. amine and chilled ammonia solvent systems) process about 75,000 to
300,000 tons of CO2
fired power plant capturing 90 percent of the emitted CO2 will need to separate approximately 5
million tons of CO2 per year.31

A variety of technologies are emerging that introduce new
approaches to carbon capture geared speciﬁcally towards large
point-source CO2 -emitting sources, rather than simply scale-ups of
older applications in different industries. These technologies – which
include new solvents, enzyme based systems, physical sorbents,
precipitated calcium carbonate, ionic liquids, gas separation
membranes, and metal organic frameworks – have the potential
to break through the energy, water, and cost barriers that afflict
traditional carbon capture technologies.
Emerging
Carbon Capture
Technologies »

Solvents
Amines are available in three forms (primary, secondary, and tertiary), each with its advantages
and disadvantages as a CO2 solvent. In addition to options for the amine, additives can be used
to modify system performance. Also, design modifications are possible to decrease capital costs
and improve energy integration.32
Improvements to amine-based systems for post-combustion CO2 capture are being pursued
by a number of process developers. R&D pathways to improved amine-based systems include
modified tower packing to reduce pressure drop and increase contacting, increased heat
integration to reduce energy requirements, additives to reduce corrosion and allow higher amine
concentrations, and improved regeneration procedures.33
Aqueous ammonia is a related emerging option. Ammonia-based wet scrubbing is similar
in operation to amine systems. Ammonia and its derivatives react with CO2 via various
mechanisms, one of which is the reaction of ammonium carbonate (AC), CO2, and water to form
amine-based systems, resulting in energy savings, provided the absorption/desorption cycle can
be limited to this mechanism.34
Ammonia-based absorption has a number of other advantages over amine-based systems,
such as the potential for high CO2 capacity, lack of degradation during absorption/regeneration,
tolerance to oxygen in the flue gas, low cost, and potential for regeneration at high pressure.35
Enzyme Based Systems
2
capture technology. These systems are based upon naturally occurring reactions of CO2
in living organisms. One of these possibilities is the use of enzymes. One process, utilizing
carbonic anhydrase (CA) in a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane, has demonstrated in the
laboratory a significant technical improvement over the MEA temperature swing absorption
process.36
The rate of CO2 dissolutionin water is limited by the rate of aqueous CO2 hydration,and the
CO2 -carrying capacity is limited by buffering capacity. Adding the enzyme CA to the solution
600,000 molecules of carbon dioxide per molecule of CA per second compared to a theoretical
maximum rate of 1,400,000. This fast turnover rate minimizes the amount of enzyme required.37
Coupled with a low make-up rate, due to a potential CA life of 6 months based on laboratory
testing, a biomimetic membrane approach has the potential for a step change improvement
in performance and cost for large scale CO2 capture in the power sector. The idea behind this
process is to use immobilized enzyme at the gas/liquid interface to increase the mass transfer
and separation of CO2 from flue gas.38
Technical challenges exist before this technology can be pilot tested in the field. These
limitations include membrane boundary layers, pore wetting, surface fouling, loss of enzyme
activity, long-term operation, and scale-up, which are being addressed in a current project.39

Physical Sorbents
A number of solids can be used to react with CO2 to form stable compounds at one set of
operating conditions and then, at another set of conditions, be regenerated to liberate the
absorbed CO2 and reform the original compound. However, solids are inherently more difficult to
work with than liquids, and no solid sorbent system for large scale recovery of CO2 from flue gas
has yet been commercialized, although molecular sieve systems are used to remove impurities
from a number of streams, such as in the production of pure H2.40
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
Carbonate systems are based on the ability of a soluble carbonate to react with CO2 to form a
bicarbonate, which when heated releases CO2 and reverts to a carbonate.41
A major advantage of carbonates over amine-based systems is the significantly lower energy
required for regeneration. Analysis has indicated that the energy requirement is approximately
5% lower with a higher loading capacity of 40% versus about 30% for MEA. System integration
studies indicate that improvements in structured packing can provide an additional 5% energy
savings, and multi-pressure stripping can reduce energy use 5–15%.42
Ionic Liquids
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a broad category of salts, typically containing an organic cation and
either an inorganic or organic anion shows the computed electron density for a CO2 molecule
interacting with the ionic liquid [hmim][Tf2N].43
ILs can dissolve gaseous CO2 and are stable at temperatures up to several hundred degrees
centigrade. Their good temperature stability offers the possibility of recovering CO2 from flue
gas without having to cool it first. Also, since ILs are physical solvents, little heat is required for
regeneration.44
Some ionic liquids are commercially available, but the ones most suited for CO2 separation have
only been synthesized in small quantities in academic laboratories. As such, current unit costs
are high, but should be significantly lower when produced on a commercial scale for the volumes
that would be needed by the power generation sector.45
The viscosity of many ILs is relatively high compared to conventional solvents. Viscosities for a
variety of ILs are reported to range from 66 to 1110 cP at 20 to 25 8C, and high viscosity may be
an issue in practical applications.46
2 solubility, several ionic liquids
have been developed that have exhibited CO2 solubilities 40 times greater than traditionally
achieved. Capacity still needs to be significantly improved, however, to meet cost targets. Task
specific ILs (TSIL) that contain amine functionality are being investigated to provide the next
step change improvement in CO2 solubility.47
Gas Separation Membranes
There are a variety of options for using membranes to recover CO2 from flue gas. In one concept,
flue gas would be passed through a bundle of membrane tubes, while an amine solution flowed
through the shell side of the bundle. CO2 would pass through the membrane and be absorbed
in the amine, while impurities would be blocked from the amine, thus decreasing the loss of
amine as a result of stable salt formation. Also, it should be possible to achieve a higher loading

differential between rich amine and lean amine. After leaving the membrane bundle, the amine
would be regenerated before being recycled. R&D pathways to an improved system include
increased membrane selectivity and permeability and decreased cost.48 Another concept
can selectively separate CO2 from CH4
separation of CO2 from ﬂue gas. Such a membrane can have better CO2 selectivity than a
pure siliceous membrane, if the illusive balance between permeance and selectivity can be
achieved.49
Figure 3
Gas Separation Membrane Flatsheet Module
Membrane gas separation processes have been widely used for hydrogen recovery in
ammonia synthesis, removal of CO2 from natural gas, and nitrogen separation from air. Each
of the membranes used in these capacities could be applied to carbon capture. Commonly
used membrane types for CO2 and H2 separation include polymeric membranes, inorganic
microporous membranes, and palladium membranes.50 Polymeric membranes, including
cellulose acetate, polysulfone, and polyimide are the most commonly used for separation of
CO2 from nitrogen, but have relatively low selectivity to other separation methods.51 Inorganic
membranes, able to withstand high temperatures, are capable of operating inside combustion
or gasiﬁcation chambers.52 Membrane reactors based on inorganic membranes with palladium
catalyst can reform hydrocarbon fuels to mixture of H2 and CO2 and at the same time separating
the high-value H2.53 Combining membranes with chemical solvents has also been proposed.54
Despite an extra energy requirement, this arrangement may eliminate problems associated with
direct contact between the liquid solvent and gas mixture.55
Source: CO2CRC

Most membranes have inherent difficulty achieving high degrees of gas separation due
to varying rates of gas transport. Stream recycling or multiple stages of membranes may
be necessary to achieve CO2 streams amenable to geologic storage, increasing energy
consumption.56 However, the potential for high surface area could reduce the chemical potential
difference required to drive gas separation.57
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
with well-deﬁned coordination geometry and organic bridging ligands (see Image 2). They are
extended structures with carefully sized cavities that can adsorb CO2. High storage capacity is
possible, and the heat required for recovery of the adsorbed CO2 is low. Over 600 chemically
shown one of the highest surface areas and adsorption capacity for CO2 at elevated pressure.58
Additional work is needed to determine stability over thousands of cycles and the effect of
impurities at typical ﬂue gas temperature and pressure.59
Image 2
Typical Illustration of a Metal Organic
Framework for Carbon Capture
Source: Jeffrey Long, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Select Emerging
Carbon Capture
Company
Overviews »

3H Company received $2.7M in July 2010 from
the DOE and is contributing additional funds
to bring the total to $3,484,770 to evaluate the
feasibility of its “Self-Concentrating Absorbent
CO2 Capture Process.”
The process is based on amines in a non-
aqueous solvent that, upon reaction with CO2,
separate into two distinct phases: a CO2 -rich
liquid phase and a dilute lean phase.
The proposed process offers several potential
advantages. Preliminary experimental data show
that the process has the potential of reducing
the total regeneration energy by as much as 70
percent. The solvent has high working capacity,
thus required solvent volume would be lower
than that required in a currently available
amine system. This results in lower pumping
requirements, lower auxiliary power demands,
and reduced equipment size. In addition, since
3H Company, LLC
Project Leader(s): Dr. Liang Hu
Weblink: uky.edu/econdev/astecc-agtecc-campus-incubators
Phone: 757.725.1213
Level of Funding: $3,484,770
Location: Lexington, Kentucky
E. lianghu59@yahoo.com
the solvent is non-aqueous, corrosion issues
would be reduced.
During the three-year project (between 4/11
and 9/13), an engineering design supported
by laboratory data and economic justiﬁcation
will be developed to construct and operate a
slipstream demonstration facility at an E-ON
power plant in the United States as a next stage
of commercialization development.
The company is working with the Electric
Power Research Institute, LG&E and KU Energy
LLC, Nexant, Inc., and the University of Kentucky.
Corporation, Western Kentucky University, and
Sask Power.
Source: NETL

ADA-ES modeled its approach to CO2 capture
on 20 years of experience developing and com-
mercializing solutions for particulate and mercury
control. The company has set the goal of develop-
ing a commercially available, cost effective, post-
combustion CO2 capture technology by the year
2020. The company is currently working on several
projects to develop a CO2 capture technology
based on solid regenerable sorbents.
In the company’s CO2 capture system, located
immediately upstream of the stack, the flue gas
is sent through a contactor where a solid sorbent
separates the CO2 from the other flue gas con-
stituents. Then the CO2 -laden sorbent material is
moved out of the flue gas into the re-generation
chamber where it is regenerated through a change
in temperature or pressure. During this regenera-
tion step, the CO2 gas is released in a nearly pure
stream and collected in a separate vessel. This
purified CO2 is now ready for beneficial re-use or
sequestration. The regenerated sorbent material
can be used again to capture more CO2.
The most important advantage of solid sorbents
ADA-ES
Project Leader(s): Mike Durham
Weblink: adaes.com/carbon/co2/
Phone: 303.734.1727
Level of Funding: ~$22 million
Location: Littleton, CO
E. miked@adaes.com
is the potential to significantly reduce the amount
of energy required to capture and release the CO2.
The company’s initial research using solid sorbents
indicates that this process may use as much as
50% less energy than other CO2 capture technolo-
gies.
In 2008, ADA-ES was awarded a $2.0 million
collaborative research and development agree-
ment from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE)
and the National Energy Technology Laboratory
(NETL) for CO2 capture research. In addition, we
have received $1.2 million in cost share funding
and technical guidance from the Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI) and several electrical
utility companies that will also participate in the
research.
research and development, in 2010, ADA-ES was
awarded a $15 million collaborative agreement
from the U.S. DOE, with another $3.75 million in
cost share provided by several utility partners, to
move the technology development and pilot-scale
demonstration phase.
Source: ADA-ES

2005 and has since completed a small business
development of a novel sorbent for the removal of
CO2 from combustion ﬂue gas. The primary goal
of this project was to develop a process using a
supported amine for CO2 capture that exhibits
better system efficiency, lower cost, and less
corrosion than current aqueous amine-based
processes.60
The project was to demonstrate performance
of carbon-supported amine sorbents under
simulated ﬂue gas conditions. Three tasks
were undertaken: (1) the development of six
to ten carbon-supported amine sorbents for
CO2
to undergo CO2 adsorption and desorption
tests to determine the effect of temperature on
adsorption capacity and make recommendations
Advanced Fuel
Research, Inc.
Project Leader(s): James R. Markham
Weblink: afrinc.com
Phone: 860.528.9806 ext. 104
Level of Funding: $99,969
Location: East Hartford, CT
E. jim@AFRinc.com
assessment was to be conducted to evaluate
the concept in terms of comparison with
alternative technologies, materials requirements,
economics, and life-limiting factors.61
Source: AFR and NETL

AIL Research, Inc. (AIL) is in the second phase of
that is assessing the economic and technical
feasibility of a CO2 stripper that uses an internally
heated contactor. The project will determine
whether the construction of the internally heated
contactor is compatible with the operating
conditions of a monoethanolamine stripper and
an advanced scrubber (e.g., one that uses a
mixture of potassium carbonate and piperazine)
and it will also determine the maintenance
procedures required to fall within acceptable
operation and maintenance practices at power
plants.62
AIL will also work to scale-up the CO2 stripper
concept that utilizes an internally heated
contactor. This work includes the development
of both the surface treatment and physical
structure for the contact surface of the internally
heated stripper. Researchers will also identify a
solvent that will produce the most economically
AIL Research, Inc.
Project Leader(s): Andrew Lowenstein
Weblink: ailr.com
Phone: 609.452.2950
Location: Princeton, NJ
E. ail@ailr.com
viable CO2 scrubber system by testing several
thermally regenerated CO2 absorbents under
controlled laboratory conditions, while gaining
a better understanding of the operating
parameters that control scrubber performance.
In addition, this project will evaluate the
impact that the proposed CO2 capture system
will have on the performance and economics of
coal-ﬁred power plants.63

Aker Clean Carbon has developed its own
technology for carbon capture. The basis of the
process is the chemical reaction between a liquid
absorbent, normally an amine, and CO2.64
In the capture plant, the exhaust containing
CO2 is routed via inlet coolers to a large
absorption tower. The gas enters at the bottom
of the absorber and gets in contacts with the
(liquid) amine, which ﬂows downwards. The
amine will absorb most of the CO2 by a chemical
reaction. The remaining ﬂue gas is treated in
the water wash unit, to ensure removal of all
amines before disposal to air from the top of the
absorber.65
The amine containing CO2 is pumped via heat
exchangers to the stripper part where CO2 is
“stripped” off (or boiled off) by heat from the
re-boiler. After the stripping process the amine
is pumped back to the absorber via an energy
converter, and the cycle is repeated.66
Aker Clean Carbon
Project Leader(s): Liv Monica Bargem Stubholt
Weblink: akercleancarbon.com
Phone: + 47 22 12 24 05
Level of Funding: Unknown
Location: Oslo, Norway
E. lms@akercleancarbon.com
Aker Clean Carbon is a private company owned
50 per cent by Aker ASA and 50 percent by Aker
Solutions.
Source: Aker Clean Carbon

Akermin’s technology uses an enzyme, Carbonic
Anhydrase, to accelerate absorption of carbon
dioxide. Carbonic Anhydrase is a naturally
occurring enzyme that catalyzes the hydration
of CO2 to carbonate. The Akermin technology
immobilizes and stabilizes an engineered version
of this enzyme in a polymer structure and
enables them to operate under the extreme pH
levels, higher temperatures and shear forces
that exist in the harsh environments of industrial
processes. This enables the enzyme to operate
for the extended periods necessary to make
the process economically attractive for carbon
capture and separation.
Akermin technology enhances the rate of CO2
absorption using a naturally occurring enzyme
that does not affect the energy consumption
for CO2 desorption. It can be applied to cost
effectively reduce the size of the CO2 absorber
column for any process that applies carbonate
solution chemistry to capture CO2 in an energy
Akermin
Project Leader(s): Barry Blackwell
Weblink: akermin.com
Phone: 314.824.1952
Level of Funding: $14.6 Million
Location: St. Louis, MO
E. blackwellb@akermin.com
efficient and environmentally-friendly manner.
And by reducing the required capital and energy
requirements, initial estimates supported by
third-party analysis suggest that this technology
can capture CO2 at a cost up to 50% lower than
commercially available technologies.
In August 2010, Akermin was awarded $4.6
million in grants and contracts. $3.2 million of
that ﬁgure comes from a U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) grant to develop a bench scale
reactor for demonstration of Akermin’s carbon
capture process.67
Source: Akermin

American Air Liquide, Inc. will develop a
system for CO2 capture based on sub-ambient
temperature operation of a hollow ﬁber
membrane.
The membrane will be coupled with cryogenic
processing technology in a closed-loop test
system that will verify the effect of possible
contaminants, such as SOx, NOx and water, on
membrane performance. Experimental results
will be used to reﬁne the integrated process
simulation and to design a slipstream facility.
Other objectives of the project are to
demonstrate high selectivity and permeance
performance with a commercial scale
membrane module in a bench-scale test skid,
verify mechanical integrity of commercial scale
membrane module structural components at
sub-ambient temperatures, and demonstrate
the long-term operability of the sub-ambient
American Air Liquide, Inc.
Project Leader(s): Sudhir Kulkarni
Weblink: us.airliquide.com
Phone: 302.286.5474
Location: Houston, TX
E. sudhir.kulkarni@airliquide.com
temperature membrane skid. Cryogenic
operating temperatures will be achieved through
the controlled expansion of the gas across the
test system valves.68
Source: Air Liquide and NETL

Aerospace/defense contractor ATK and small
business ACEnT Labs are developing Inertial CO2
Extraction System (ICES) based on rocket nozzle
and wind tunnel applications.69
This technology offers the potential for the
lower COE increase and simpliﬁed integration
with the existing power plants. ICES process
comprises the steps of: swrling/expansion/
cooling in convergent/divergent nozzle,
CO2 desublimation/ precipitation, solid CO2
particles capture and accumulation, CO2 self-
pressurization through sublimation back to the
gaseous phase.70
ATK and ACEnT Laboratories received a $1
million ARPA-E award in April, 2010.
ATK (and ACEnT
Laboratories)
Project Leader(s): Vladimir Balepin
Weblink: atk.com
Phone: 406.494.7177
Level of Funding: $1 Million
Location: Ronkonkoma, NY
E. Vladimir.Balepin@atk.com
Source: ATK and ARPA-E

The Power Generation Group will identify
chemical additives that will improve overall
2 capture
blends of the solvent with additives capture CO2
more effectively when combined versus the pure
solvent. Technology objectives include improving
the CO2 capture system operability and reliability,
minimizing environmental impacts, reducing
corrosion potential in the system, and maximizing
solvent durability.71
was awarded $2,835,680 in August 2011 by
the Department of Energy, as part of a larger
$41 million investment in carbon capture
technologies, to support this effort.
Babcock & Wilcox Power
Generation Group
Project Leader(s): Kevin McCauley
Weblink: babcock.com/about/business_units/power_genera-
tion_group/
Phone: 330.860.1850
Location: Barberton, Ohio
E. kjmccauley@babcock.com

testing a new technology for separating CO2
from ﬂue gas. The results of the practical
test are were announced in September 2010:
compared to processes commonly run today,
the new chemical solvents can reduce energy
input by about 20 percent and have clearly
superior oxygen stability, which reduces solvent
consumption signiﬁcantly.72
Now the partners are working on solutions
for demonstration and large-scale power plants.
RWE Power will spend about nine million euros
Economics and Technology contributed about
four million euros to the cost of the pilot plant.73
“High Pressure Acid Gas Capture Technology”
(HiPACT) technology, which was co-developed
with Japanese corporations JGC and INPEX.Yet
current applications are focused on natural gas.74
BASF
Project Leader(s): Andreas Northemann
Weblink: basf.com
Phone: +49 621 60-95138
Location: Cologne, France
E. andreas.northemann@basf.com
The testing with RWE and Linde has taken place
at in a pilot plant at RWE’s Niederaussem power
station near Cologne. The pilot plant is part of
is testing the newly developed solvents while
Linde was responsible for pilot plant engineering
and construction. 75

The bench-scale project investigates new
organic-based solvents designed specifically
for capturing post-combustion CO2 emissions
from coal-fired power plants.76 The technology
is dubbed Polarity Swing Assisted Regeneration
(PSAR).
The low solvent regeneration temperatures
of the proposed technology facilitates energy
integration that has the potential to reduce
overall CO2 capture energy penalty by more than
50 percent compared to commercial systems.77
The PSAR process uses organic liquids to
capture and separate out the carbon dioxide from
flue gas at a much lower temperature than the
process currently used in coal-fired power plants.
That process, called thermal swing regeneration,
requires significant power to heat, boil and cool
harsh chemical sorbents in a series of steps to
remove the CO2 from the flue gas.78
Battelle/Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory
Project Leader(s): David Heldebrant
Weblink: battelle.org
Phone: 509.372.6359
Location: Richland, WA
E. david.heldebrant@pnnl.gov
Continuous absorption-desorption tests will be
performed on the optimal solvents over a one-
year period.79
was awarded $1,999,693 in August 2011 by
the Department of Energy, as part of a larger
$41 million investment in carbon capture
technologies, to support this effort.
Corporation and Queens University to evaluate
the advanced carbon capture system.80
Source: PNNL

Very little is known about the company’s
technology or what it does — except that its
chief scientist just registered a patent for
electrochemical weathering, a process that
allows the ocean to effectively absorb carbon
dioxide.81
In a previous paper, C12’s co-founder stated
that “by electrochemically removing hydrochloric
acid from the ocean and then neutralizing the
acid by reaction with silicate (volcanic) rocks,
the researchers say they can accelerate natural
chemical weathering, permanently transferring
CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean,”82 which
has led many to assume that this is the focus of
C12’s work.
C12 Energy, Inc. was founded in 2008 and is
C12 Energy
Project Leader(s): Justin Dawe
Weblink: c12energy.com
Phone: 617.895.7276
Level of Funding: $4.5 Million
Location: Berkeley, CA
E. justin.dawe@c12energy.com

Cansolv Technologies, Inc. proposes to reduce
costs by incorporating CO2 capture in a single
column with processes for capturing pollutants,
such as SO2, NOx, and Hg.108
The company’s new DC1031 tertiary
amine solvent has demonstrated fast mass
transfer and good chemical stability with high
capacity—a net of 0.5 mol of CO2 /mole of
amine per cycle compared to 0.25 mol/mol for
monoethanolamine (MEA) (Hakka, 2007).109
The CANSOLV CO2 Capture System enables
CO2 to be absorbed from the feed gas by counter-
current contact with the regenerable absorbent
in the absorption tower. Since CANSOLV
Absorbent DC reacts reversibly with CO2, multi-
stage counter-current contacting is used to
achieve maximum loading of the CO2 into the
regenerable absorbent. The solvent is fed to the
top of the absorption tower and as it ﬂows down
the tower it selectively reacts with CO2. At the
Cansolv Technologies
Project Leader(s): Marcel Ayotte
Weblink: cansolv.com
Phone: 514.382.4411
Location: Montreal, Québec, Canada
E. ayottem@cansolv.com
bottom of the absorption tower, the CO2 -laden
or “rich” amine is pumped to a regeneration
tower where it is heated to reverse the absorption
reaction. As CANSOLV Absorbent DC moves
down the regeneration tower, it is gradually
stripped of CO2. At the bottom, the CO2-depleted
absorbent is referred to as “lean” amine. Sensible
heat from the lean amine is then used to heat
incoming rich amine to maximize heat recovery.110
Source: Cansolv

Carbon Capture Scientific received DOE funding
to pursue a project that will perform bench-scale
development and testing of a novel solvent-
based CO2 scrubbing technology, known as Gas
Pressurized Stripping (GPS).83
The GPS technology has the potential
to significantly reduce the energy penalty
associated with solvent regeneration by operating
at higher pressures, which in turn reduces the
compression requirements for placement of CO2
in pipelines.84
The GPS technology seamlessly integrates
CO2 separation and compression into one step.
This approach could potentially eliminate CO2
compression entirely, hence reducing the total
parasitic power load of a CO2 capture process to
about 0.14kWh/kg CO2. This parasitic power load
is a 60% reduction compared to baseline case of
0.38kWh/kg CO2 and meets the DOE’s target set
for the total parasitic power reduction.85
Successful results could reduce the total parasitic
power load of a CO2 capture process by 60
percent compared to the DOE baseline case.86
Carbon Capture Scientific
Project Leader(s): Scott Chen
Weblink: carboncapturescientific.com
Phone: 412.805.0468
Location: Pittsburgh, PA
E. scottchen@carboncapturescientific.com
Carbon Capture Scientific was awarded
$2,999,756 in August 2011 by the Department of
Energy, as part of a larger $41 million investment
in carbon capture technologies, to support this
effort.

Carbon Engineering’s (CE’s) air capture method
is known as “wet scrubbing” because it uses a
water-based solution to absorb CO2 out of air
passed through a contactor device.87
CE’s patented technology integrates two pro-
cesses: an air contactor, and a regeneration cycle,
for continuous capture of atmospheric carbon
dioxide and production of pure CO2.88
These two processes work together to enable
continuous capture of CO2 from atmospheric
air, with energy (and small amounts of make-up
chemicals) as an input, and pure CO2 as an out-
put. The stream of pure CO2 can be sold and used
in industrial applications and/or permanently
sequestered (geologically stored) deep under-
ground.89
Our capture system brings atmospheric air
containing CO2 into contact with a chemical solu-
tion that naturally absorbs CO2, in a device called
a contactor. This solution, now containing the
captured CO2, is sent to a regeneration cycle that
simultaneously extracts the CO2 as a high-pres-
sure pipeline-quality product while regenerating
the original chemical solution, for re-use in the
contactor.90
Carbon Engineering
Project Leader(s): David Keith
Weblink: carbonengineering.com
Phone: 403.210.8857
Level of Funding: $6 million
Location: Cambridge, MA
E. david_keith@harvard.edu
CE’s air capture facility requires an input of high-
temperature heat to drive the chemical reactions
and produce all the electricity required to carry
out the process. Our design is ﬂexible enough
that natural gas combustion, solar thermal gen-
eration, or even nuclear power could supply this
energy input. CE’s air capture facility takes in air
and outputs air with reduced amounts of CO2,
along with a pipeline-quality stream of pure CO2
that can be sold for industrial applications or
permanently sequestered (geologically stored)
deep underground.91
Since 2010, one of CE’s principal efforts has
been the design, engineering, and fabrication of
its “Outdoor Contactor” (OC) prototype. The OC
has been designed to test critical aspects of our
full-scale air contactor design, and to gain us the
operational experience in running our device out-
doors in the harsh spectrum of weather we will
see over several seasons here in Alberta.
Source: Carbon Engineering

Carbozyme Inc. is conducting the second of two
projects (NT43084 active, NT42824 completed)
for the Department of Energy with the goal of de-
veloping a cost efficient, low energy, CO2 capture
system applicable to coal-fired power plant flue
gas exhaust streams, while achieving an energy
consumption target of less than 15 percent.92
Carbozyme, Inc. has developed an enzyme-
catalyzed, contained liquid membrane (CLM)
permeator that selectively extracts CO2 from
mixed gas streams. Initial efforts will demonstrate
the ability of the CLM permeator to efficiently
extract CO2 from a variety of flue gas streams,
including coal and natural gas. The permeator
performance will be considered successful if it
achieves the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
targets of at least 90 percent separation and 95
percent purity in the captured flue gas stream
with a cost of energy of less than 20 percent by
2012. The project objective is to achieve a para-
sitic load of less than 15 percent. The project will
demonstrate progressive cost, performance,
and feature improvements that will support ac-
ceptance of the CLM permeator system for both
retrofit and greenfield power plants.93
Carbozyme
Project Leader(s): Michael C. Trachtenberg
Weblink: carbozyme.us
Phone: 732.724.0657
Location: Monmouth Junction, NJ
E. mct@cz-na.com
technology depends upon more fully matching
coal-based power plant operating conditions and
economic constraints. This relies on appropriate
use of the information on the chemical, physical,
and process-engineering characteristics of the
94
high CO2 permeance and high selectivity while
maintaining low energy requirements for regen-
eration. Carbozyme will scale the permeators
and test them under controlled actual conditions
to focus on the ability to manage the flue gas
streams from different ranks of coal.95
Carbozyme process has demonstrated at lab-
oratory-scale the potential for 90% CO2 capture
followed by regeneration at ambient conditions.
The Carbozyme process has been shown to have
a very low heat of absorption that reduces the
energy penalty typically associated with absorp-
tion processes.96
The DOE provided a grant of $5,743,981 to
support this work between May 2006 and May
2007.
Source: Carbozyme

Catacel Corp. was awarded an ARPA-E grant to
display novel DOE sorbent materials in power
plant exhaust for effective post-combustion CO2
capture.
The company’s sorbent materials are coated
on thin metal foils, which are packaged in a heat-
exchange relationship in exhaust stream. Heat
exchange prevents material degradation and
enables easy CO2 extraction from the sorbent.
The technology permits low parasitic pressure
drop and easy change-out of spent sorbent
material. It claims to be a low-risk technology
similar to that used to display catalytic materials
in gas turbine exhausts. Its goals for reducing
CO2 from coal-ﬁred power plants are: - 90%
capture - 1.7 billion tons/year impact - 31% cost
of electricity increase.
Catacel was promoted as an “Encouraged
Applicant” by ARPA-E.
Catacel Corporation
Project Leader(s): William Whittenberger
Weblink: catacel.com
Phone: 330.527.0731
Location: Garrettsville, OH
E. waw@catacel.com
Source: Catacel

The company is working on carbon dioxide
capture and resonance desorption based on
carbon nanofibers.
The company was highlighted by the DOE’s
ARPA-E, where the agency focused on the
program to develop, demonstrate, and validate
innovative technology with the following
with adsorption capacity 10x of CNTs and (2)
energy-efficient CO2 regeneration with 10x saving
in energy over current regeneration methods.
cones of graphene sheets will preserve many
unique properties of CNTs such as natural ability
for CO2 physisorption, high thermal and chemical
stability and will be 1,000x cheaper than CNTs
($10 per pound).
This program is meant to form the basis of
a scalable, fieldable system with the following
CFD Research
Corporation
Project Leader(s): Alex Vasenkov
Weblink: cfdrc.com
Phone: 256.726.4886
Location: Huntsville, AL
E. avv@cfdrc.com
attributes: Power plant parasitic power loss ≤
2 regeneration temperature close to
room temperature due to resonance desorption
carbon nanofiber sorbent material.
Currently, the carbon nanofiber price is $85
per pound and is projected to drop to $10 per
pound in the few next years. Stable performance
of carbon nanofiber material over 1,000 adsorp-
tion/desorption cycles with attrition below 5%.

Climeworks is an ETH Spin-off company that
is working to commercialize a patent-pending,
highly efficient technology for CO2 capture from
ambient air that has been developed at ETH
Zurich.97
The CO2 capture technology of Climeworks
is based on a cyclic adsorption-desorption
process that occurs on a novel ﬁlter material
(“sorbent”). During adsorption, atmospheric CO2
is chemically bound to the sorbent’s surface.
Once the sorbent is saturated with CO2, the CO2
is driven off the sorbent through heating the
sorbent to around 60-100°C, thereby delivering
high-purity gaseous CO2. The CO2-free sorbent
can be re-used for many adsorption-desorption
cycles.98
Over 90% of the system’s energy demand can
energy is required in the form of electricity for
pumping and control purposes.99
Climeworks
Project Leader(s): Jan Andre Wurzbacher
Weblink: climeworks.com
Phone: + 41 (0)78 793 18 41
Location: Zurich, Switzerland
E. jan.wurzbacher@climeworks.com
The patent-pending technology has been
developed in collaboration with the Professorship
of Renewable Energy Carriers at ETH Zurich.
The optimization of the sorbent and scale-up
of the sorbent synthesis process is carried out
in collaboration with the Swiss Laboratories for
Materials Science and Technology.
Source: Climeworks

CO2 Solution Inc. has developed a proprietary
bio-technological platform for the efficient
capture of CO2, the most important greenhouse
gas (GHG, from power plants and other large
stationary sources of emission.100
The technology platform exploits the natural
power of a biocatalyst (enzyme), carbonic
anhydrase (CA), which functions within humans
and other mammals to manage CO2 during
respiration. CO2 Solution has successfully
adapted the enzyme to function within a
reactor so that it could act as an industrial lung
to capture CO2 from industrial flue (exhaust)
gases. Once the CO2 is captured, the enzyme
assists in subsequent production of pure CO2 for
underground storage and/or use in oil recovery.
In this way, the Company has taken advantage of
a biomimetic approach to CO2 capture based on
millions of years of evolution.101
CO2 Solution’s technology has been proven
successful at prototype scale. The prototype
CO2 Solution
Project Leader(s): Jonathan A. Carley
Weblink: co2solution.com
Phone: 905.320.6260
Level of Funding: ~$16 million
Location: Quebec, Canada
E. jonathan.carley@co2solution.com
reactor underwent first testing in an industrial
environment at Alcoa Inc.’s aluminum smelting
facility at Deschambault, Quebec, Canada.
Subsequent to this, the Company conducted a
continuous (24 / 7) trial of the prototype at the
Quebec City, Canada waste incinerator. This
test demonstrated that the enzyme functioned
effectively and was stable in a real world
environment.
In December 2009, CO2 Solution said that it’s
received a $2 million investment from Codexis,
and that the two companies will work together
under an exclusive joint development agreement
on what’s called enzymatic carbon capture
technology. Codexis will be using its technology
to toughen up the natural enzyme in CO2
Solution’s method, improving its performance in
the harsh conditions of an industrial flue.
Source: CO2 Solution

Codexis, Inc., a California-based company, is
seeking to improve the process used to capture
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, produced as a
result of burning coal in coal-fired power plants.102
In an effort to develop a low cost catalyst for
efficient carbon capture, Codexis is developing
new forms of carbonic anhydrase to accelerate
the absorption of carbon dioxide within the
solvents. Despite the many attempts to engineer
a robust carbonic anhydrase, no previous
methods have succeeded in creating an enzyme
that both withstands the harsh chemical
environment found in coal-fired power plants and
that is economically viable.103
Codexis is creating new forms of carbonic
anhydrase enzyme that, if successful, would
enable carbon dioxide capture under the
challenging conditions in coal-fired power
plants and transform the best available carbon
dioxide capture processes into significantly more
economical processes.104
Codexis
Project Leader(s): James Lalonde
Weblink: codexis.com
Phone: 650.421.8100
Location: Redwood City, CA
E. jim.lalonde@codexis.com
In April 2010, Codexis and its partner Nexant
received nearly $5 million from the ARPA-E
Innovative Materials & Processes for Advanced
Carbon Capture Technologies (IMPACCT)
program.

Compact Membrane Systems, Inc. developed and
tested a CO2 removal system for flue gas streams
from large point sources that offers improved
mass transfer rates compared to conventional
technologies.105
The project fabricated perfluorinated
membranes on hydrophobic hollow fiber
membrane contactors, demonstrated CO2
removal from a simulated flue gas mixture
via amine absorption using the fabricated
membranes, examine chemical compatibility of
the membrane with amines, and demonstrate
enhanced stability of the perfluoro-coated
membranes.106
In addition, an economic analysis was
performed to demonstrate that the perfluoro-
coated hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane
contactors are superior to existing commercial
CO2 removal technology.107
Compact Membrane
Systems, Inc.
Project Leader(s): John Bowser
Weblink: compactmembrane.com
Phone: 302.999.7996
Location: Wilmington, DE
E. john.bowser@compactmembrane.com
In 2006, Compact Membrane Systems,
Inc. received $100,000 from the National
Energy Technology Laboratory to support the
development of this technology.
Source: NETL

amine-based technology for large-scale, post-
combustion CO2 capture.111
of the first and among the most widely applied
commercial solutions that has been proven
in operating environments to remove carbon
dioxide from high oxygen content flue gases (up
to 20% by volume).112
is specially designed to recover CO2 from low-
pressure, oxygen-containing streams, such as
boiler and reformer stack gas and gas turbine
flue-gas streams.113
The CO2
process can be tailored to meet the end user’s
specifications. The CO2 can be compressed
Fluor Corporation
Project Leader(s): Satish Reddy
Weblink: fluor.com/econamine
Phone: 949.349.4959
Location: Aliso Viejo, CA
E. satish.reddy@fluor.com
for use within a chemical plant, liquefied for
transport, compressed to supercritical pressures
for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) applications, or
further purified for use in the food and beverage
industry.114
acid gas removal system that has demonstrated
greater than 95% availability with natural gas
fired power plants, specifically on a 350 ton/
day CO2
is currently the state-of-the-art commercial
technology baseline and is used in comparing
other CO2 capture technologies.115
Source: Fluor

carbon dioxide as a side reaction during the
power generation process. Research by the
company has demonstrated that this is a viable
technology for efficient carbon capture from a
variety of industrial flue gases. The research also
showed that the fuel cell technology can help
destroy the nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the flue
gas.116
) carbon capture research conducted by
the efficient separation of CO2 from a variety
of industrial facility flue gases such as cement
plants and refineries.117
filled with carbonate salts, separating CO2 from
the flue gas with a selectivity of 100 percent over
the nitrogen present in the gas.118
FuelCell Energy
Project Leader(s): Chip Bottone
Weblink: fce.com
Phone: 203.825.6000
Location: Danbury, CT
E. cbottone@fce.com
2 concentration
of less than 15 percent normally found in the PC
plant flue gas is suitable for this application.119
The Department of Energy provided nearly
verify that the company’s patented membrane-
can achieve at least 90 percent CO2
capture from flue gas of an existing PC plant with
no more than 35 percent increase in the COE.120
Source: FuelCell Energy

The Gas Technology Institute (GTI), in partnership
with PoroGen Corporation and Aker Process
Systems, is developing a cost-effective separation
technology to capture CO2 from coal-fired power
plant flue gas based on the combination of a
hollow fiber membrane contactor with absorption
technologies.121
The hybrid process utilizes solvent absorption,
which performs as the selective layer, within a
hollow fiber configured membrane contactor
made of the chemically and thermally resistant
polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK). With the
novel hollow fiber configuration, the interfacial
area is increased by an order of magnitude
compared to conventional packed or tray column
systems, increasing CO2 mass transfer rates
and reducing the overall size of the processing
equipment.
Gas Technology Institute
(GTI)
Project Leader(s): Shaojun Zhou
Weblink: gastechnology.org
Phone: 847.544.3403
Location: Des Plaines, IL
E. shaojun.zhou@gastechnology.org
The reduced size requirements translate to
lower solvent inventories, less metal exposure
to corrosive liquids, and lower space impact
for siting at congested power plants, ultimately
leading to reduced capital and operating costs.
The membrane contactor process combines the
advantageous features of both membrane and
absorption technologies and enables economical
utilization of advanced absorption solvents.
The company is working with PoroGen
Corporation and Aker Process Systems on this
project, which was provided with a $2,986,063
DOE grant in October 2010.
Source: GTI

In a two-year project, GE and the University of
Pittsburgh will jointly develop a novel CO2 capture
process in which a liquid absorbent, upon contact
with CO2, changes into a solid powder.
The solid can then be separated, and the CO2
released for sequestration by heating. Upon
heating, the absorbent returns to its liquid form,
where it can be reused to capture more CO2.
percentage of CO2, the energy efficiency of the
process is improved over current technology, and
compression and capital costs are reduced. This
ultimately leads to a lower cost of CO2 capture
and a lower cost of electricity compared to plants
retroﬁtted with existing technology.
GE Global Research, GE Energy, and the
University of Pittsburgh are working together on
this project.
GE and the University of
Pittsburgh
Project Leader(s): Bob Enick
Weblink: recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/
pages/RecipientProjectSummary508.aspx?AwardIdSur=113718
Phone: 412.624.9649
Location: Niskayuna, NY
E. rme@pitt.edu

GE Global Research, in collaboration with GE
Energy and the University of Pittsburgh, is
working to develop a novel oligomeric solvent
and process for post-combustion capture of CO2
from coal-ﬁred power plants. An oligomer is a
short chain polymer with relatively few repeating
units that can be synthesized with varying chain
lengths and a wide variety of functional groups.
2 absorption/
desorption properties can be adjusted to achieve
optimal CO2 capture performance (high CO2
carrying capacity, low heat of absorption, thermal
and chemical stability).122
Researchers will utilize both computational
and laboratory methods to identify and produce
oligomeric solvents for post-combustion capture
of CO2. Molecular modeling will be employed
to identify oligomeric solvents having potential
for high CO2 capture capacity under low energy
usage conditions. Researchers will use advanced
synthetic methods to synthesize and modify
GE Global Research
Project Leader(s): Teresa Grocela-Rocha
Weblink: ge.geglobalresearch.com
Phone: 518.387.6220
E. grocela@ge.com
the solvents and determine their ability to
absorb and desorb CO2 using high throughput
screening.123
In order to determine the overall feasibility of
the proposed process, a rigorous model of the
solvent absorption- desorption system will be
developed and combined with an existing power
plant model. The combined model will use a
cost of energy (COE) analysis based on existing
power plant operational models to optimize
the integrated system for minimum capital and
operational cost with maximum CO2 capture.124
GE Global Research is working with GE
Energy and the University of Pittsburgh on this
technology. In 2009, the Department of Energy
provided $2,473,162 to support this effort.
Source: GE and NETL

GE Global Research, along with their partners GE
Energy and SiVance LLC, will continue the develop-
ment and testing of a novel aminosilicone-based
solvent using a continuous bench-scale system to
capture CO2 from simulated coal-fired flue gas. In a
previous DOE-funded project (DE-NT0005310), the
novel solvent was developed and tested in a labo-
ratory-scale continuous CO2 capture system. The
testing and associated detailed cost modeling and
analysis demonstrated that the novel solvent has
superior performance for CO2 capture as compared
to a baseline monoethanolamine (MEA) process.125
As this solvent system effectively demonstrated
cost-effective CO2 capture from flue gas at the labo-
ratory scale, development and testing of a bench-
scale system represents a readily achievable next
step on the path to commercialization.126
Previously measured experimental data from the
laboratory-scale CO2 capture system will be used to
engineering data, such as kinetics and mass trans-
GE Global Research
Project Leader(s): Benjamin Wood
Phone: 518.387.5988
E. woodb@research.ge.com
fer information, will be obtained at the bench scale
to determine process scalability and likely process
economics. A manufacturing plan for the aminosili-
cone solvent and price model will be used for opti-
mization of the solvent system. GE Global Research
will design, build, and operate the bench-scale sys-
tem and gather the engineering and property data
required to assess the technical and economic fea-
sibility of the process. GE Energy will be responsible
for developing a model of the bench-scale process
and the cost of electricity (COE), performing the
technical and economic feasibility studies, and de-
veloping the scale-up strategy. SiVance will evaluate
the manufacturability of the aminosilicone capture
solvent, analyze the cost to manufacture the sol-
vent, provide material for bench-scale and property
testing, and perform a technology Environmental,
Health, & Safety (EH&S) risk assessment.127
GE Global Research is working with GE Energy
and SiVance LLC on this technology. In 2011, the
Department of Energy provided $2,998,303 to sup-
port this effort.

The group is developing novel polymer
membranes at bench scale, including modifying
the properties of the polymer in a coating
solution and fabricating highly engineered porous
hollow ﬁber supports that have the potential to
meet DOE’s CO2 capture goals.128
These membranes permit CO2 to pass through
to produce a concentrated CO2 stream while
blocking all other gases.129
Physical, chemical, and mechanical stability of
the materials (individual and composite) toward
coal ﬂue gas components will be evaluated
using exposure and performance tests. Module
design, technical, and economic feasibility
analyses will be conducted to evaluate the overall
performance and impact of the process on the
cost of electricity.130
GE Global Research was awarded $2,434,282
in August 2011 by the Department of Energy, as
part of a larger $41 million investment in carbon
capture technologies, to support this effort.
GE Global Research
Level of Funding: $3,042, 852
E. woodb@research.ge.com
Project Leader(s): Benjamin Wood
Phone: 518.387.5988

This General Electric-led team will develop a
novel, cost-efficient carbon dioxide capture
process that uses a liquid absorbent that changes
into a solid powder upon contact with carbon
dioxide.131
The solid can then be isolated and the
carbon dioxide can be released by heating. The
absorbent then returns to its liquid form so that
contains a high percentage of carbon dioxide, the
energy efficiency of the process is improved over
current technology, and compression and capital
costs are reduced.132
The goal is to achieve less than 10 percent
parasitic power load at 90 percent carbon dioxide
capture and at less than $25 per ton carbon
dioxide capture cost. This approach also offers
a smaller footprint than existing processes and
could be retroﬁt onto existing plants.133
GE Global Research
Project Leader(s): Teresa Grocela-Rocha
Phone: 518.387.6220
E. grocela@ge.com
GE Global Research received a $ 3,017,511 ARPA-E
award in April, 2010.

Global Thermostat’s (GT’s) patent-pending
technology uses low-cost left over process
heat as energy for the capture of CO2 from the
atmosphere.
It can be installed at new or legacy power
plants, cement smelters, refineries, etc. Since
energy typically accounts for two-thirds of the
total operating cost with other carbon capture
technologies, Global Thermostat’s solution allows
for dramatic cost efficiencies in reducing carbon
emissions.
Global Thermostat has found a way to use
chemicals known as amines to bind with CO2
2 is then separated from the
amines in a process that uses low-temperature
heat. Relying on low-temperature heat keeps
costs down because it is widely available at little
or no cost as a waste product from power plants
or energy-intensive factories. Global Thermostat
has retained Carmagen Engineering, a New
Jersey firm led by former Exxon engineers, to
Global Thermostat
Project Leader(s): Graciela Chichilnisky
Weblink: globalthermostat.com
Phone: 212.678.1148
Location: New York, NY
E. chichilnisky1@gmail.com
design its carbon-capture machines, which are
envisioned as tall, narrow structures through
which air flows. Corning helped the company
develop honeycomb-like structures called
monoliths on which the carbon is trapped,
sorbents.134
Global Thermostat estimates that its process
can remove 5lb of CO2 per kWh of electricity.135
Global Thermostat works in partnership with
proprietary absorbent. The company is
also working with Summit Power, and has a
partnership with Algae Systems, whereby Global
Thermostat provides CO2 to Algae Systems for
algae growth.
Source: Prize Capital, LLC

Honeywell’s technology marries an Ultrasound
Assisted Electrospray (UAE) process with the
desirable properties of novel Ionic Liquids (ILs),
where UAE generates a high surface area plume
of the IL at very low power and the IL promises
0.4 mole of CO2 capture in 1 mole of IL.136
The undetectable vapor pressure and low
desorption enthalpy of CO2 from IL enables
signiﬁcant infrastructure and operation cost
reductions.137
This synergistic approach will result in a COE
increase of between 26 and 43% (vs. 81%
increase for MEA CCS), relative to non-CCS-
equipped pulverized coal (PC) power plants.138
This technology was listed as an “Encouraged
Applicant” and showcased by DOE’s ARPA-E.
Honeywell
Project Leader(s): Yuandong (Alex) Gu
Weblink: honeywell.com
Phone: 763.954.2071
Location: Plymouth, MN
E. alex.gu@honeywell.com

This process utilizes sorbents with much lower
CO2 capture energy requirements compared to
competitive processes and has been successfully
demonstrated at the lab scale to obtain greater
than 99 percent CO2 purity, and more than 90
percent CO2 recovery.139
The ultimate goals of the project are to conﬁrm
the projected performance of the InnoSepra
and provide a high degree of conﬁdence in the
applicability, cost effectiveness and practical
feasibility of this process. 140
Projections based on detailed engineering
evaluations show that the technology can reduce
the power consumption for CO2 capture by more
than 40 percent, and the capital cost for the CO2
capture equipment by more than 60 percent
at commercial scale, resulting in a more than
40 percent reduction in the CO2 capture cost
InnoSepra
Project Leader(s): Ravi Jain
Weblink: N/A
Phone: 908.672.7395
Location: Bridgewater, NJ
E. ravi.jain@innosepra.com
compared to alternate technologies such as
amines.
InnoSepra was awarded $2,594,885 by the DOE
in August 2011.

The VeloxoTherm™ intensified temperature swing
adsorption (TSA) process provides significant
benefits over incumbent technologies for the post-
combustion capture of CO2 from industrial flue
gases.141
The heart of the VeloxoTherm™ process is its
proprietary structured adsorbent. When flue gases
contact the structured adsorbent, CO2 becomes
trapped on the material while allowing other gases
such as nitrogen and water vapor to pass through it.
Once the structured adsorbent becomes saturated
with CO2, the adsorbent is regenerated using low
quality steam.142
The key to the low operating cost of the
Veloxotherm™ process is energy management. The
structured adsorbent has enhanced heat and mass
transport properties that ensure a minimal amount
of energy is required to regenerate the adsorbent.
This distinctive property ensures that a minimum of
energy is required for regeneration. The adsorbent
structure has an extremely low pressure drop,
which allows flue gases to readily flow through the
VeloxoTherm™ gas separation system.143
Inventys
Project Leader(s): André Boulet
Weblink: inventysinc.com
Phone: 604.999.4642
Location: Burnaby, BC Canada
E. Andre.boulet@inventysinc.com
The VeloxoTherm™ process is scalable and can be
readily integrated into new and existing combustion
and chemical processes (heaters, boilers, crackers,
cement kilns, blast furnaces, and gas turbines).
Any facility can continue operating during the
installation, commissioning, and maintenance of a
VeloxoTherm™ plant as it is downstream of all unit
operations within the facility.144

ION Engineering, in collaboration with its partners,
will design, construct, operate, and evaluate a
bench-scale CO2 capture system using simulated
flue gas at ION Engineering’s laboratories.145
The project will demonstrate ION’s innovative
solvent approach for amine-based CO2 capture,
using amines as chemical solvents with ionic liquids
(IL) as the physical solvent. ION’s IL-amine solvent
system is related to well understood aqueous amine
solvent-based processes in that it utilizes proven
amines as chemical solvents for CO2
however, it differs significantly with the use of an IL
rather than water as the physical solvent.146
-
ties of an aqueous system, utilizing ILs in place of
water can significantly reduce energy requirements
compared to aqueous amine systems. Higher CO2
loading capacities can also be achieved by selec-
tively balancing the amines and ILs. The 18-month
project will demonstrate the ability of the IL-amine
solvent system to capture CO2 using a 1.0 gallon per
minute (gpm) bench-scale process unit, and will
include simulation modeling to finalize process de-
ION Engineering, LLC
Project Leader(s): Alfred (Buz) Brown
Weblink: ion-engineering.com
Phone: 303.578.1165
Location: Boulder, CO
E. brown@ion-engineering.com
signs, laboratory evaluations, solvent selection, and
scale-up from the existing laboratory units to the
bench-scale process unit.
Design, construction, installation, integration,
operation, monitoring, and decommissioning of
the bench-scale unit will be performed, as well as
commercial and operational assessments of the
technology’s ability to perform at full-scale. Project
success will advance the achievement of DOE’s
goals of 90 percent CO2 capture with less than a 35
percent increase in the cost of electricity (COE) with
a viable retrofit solution for existing coal-fired power
plants.147
In July 2010, ION Engineering received a grant of
$2.8 million from the U.S. Department of Energy to
design, build and conduct a field test for a carbon
dioxide-capture unit to process flue gas from Xcel
also will partner with the Electric Power Research
Eltron Research and Development Inc., Evonik Gold-
schmidt and WorleyParsons Group on the project.

Kilimanjaro Energy is developing technologies to
capture carbon dioxide from the air for beneﬁcial
commercial use in a variety of existing and new
industries. Our technologies will economically
capture CO2 wherever and whenever it is needed.
Atmospheric CO2 is a vast resource whose
transformation into useful products can help
humanity close the carbon cycle.148
Dr. Klaus Lackner and Allen Wright discovered
Kilimanjaro’s core technology with the generous
ﬁnancial support of the late Gary Comer and the
2010, the Company has begun commercializing
its developments with the added support of
ARCH Venture Partners.149
Kilimanjaro Energy
Project Leader(s): Nathaniel David
Weblink: kilimanjaroenergy.com
Phone: 773.380.6600
Level of Funding: $11.5 million
Location: San Francisco, CA
E. nathanieldavid@archventure.com

Linde has developed a technology it calls the
gas removal process using an organic solvent
(typically methanol) at subzero temperatures.
vppm total sulphur (including COS) and CO2 in
ppm range.150
The main advantages of the process are the
rather low utility consumption figures, the use
of a cheap and easily available solvent and the
flexibility in process configuration.151
process is shown above. CO2 and sulphur
compounds are removed in separate fractions,
resulting in a pure CO2 product (for example for
urea production) and an H2S/COS enriched
Claus gas fraction. Due to the application of
and downstream processes, a large design and
operational experience is available also regarding
handling of trace components.152
Linde Engineering
Project Leader(s): Andreas Opfermann
Weblink: linde-engineering.com
Phone: + 49.89.7445.3540
Level of Funding: $15 million
Location: Pullach, Germany
E. andreas.opfermann@linde.com
A special feature of the process is the coil-wound
heat exchangers supporting energy efficiency
and plant economics.153
In August 2011, Linde Group was awarded a
$15 million from the US Department of Energy
to pioneer the advancement of carbon capture
technologies, with a pilot plant in Wilsonville,
Alabama aiming to be up and running by early
2014.
Source: Linde

The DOE provided $3,347,119 in 2008 to support
this project to demonstrate a cost-effective
membrane-based process to capture CO2 from
coal-fired power plant flue gas.154
The process will reduce power plant CO2
emissions and mitigate the potentially damaging
effects of global warming. This project will provide
a demonstration of CO2 capture from actual
coal- fired flue gas with a membrane system
using commercial-scale components. Results
from this field test will provide key performance
data to allow a thorough technical and economic
evaluation of the proposed membrane process.155
The impact of system scale-up and the
development of low-cost components on the
capture process economics will be determined.
The endpoint and primary technical objective
of the program will be to complete a field test of
MTR’s CO2 capture membrane process at a coal-
fired power plant.156
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Project Leader(s): Tim Merkel
Weblink: mtrinc.com
Phone: 650.543.3362
Location: Menlo Park, CA
E. tcmerkel@mtrinc.com
This project is a collaborative effort between
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
(MTR), Arizona Public Service (APS), and the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) that will
demonstrate a cost-effective membrane-based
process to separate CO2 from coal-fired power
plant flue gas through laboratory and slipstream
field tests at an operating coal-fired power
generation plant.157
Testing results will provide vital performance
data to allow thorough technical and economic
evaluations of the proposed membrane process.
behind clarifying the challenges to scaling-up the
system to meet commercial demands and on
developing low-cost plastic components on the
capture process in order to lower operational and
maintenance costs.
Source: MTR

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has developed
a new absorption process, referred to as KS-1. A
key factor in this development is the utilization of
a new amine-type solvent for the capture of CO2
from flue gas.158
MHI has successfully used KS-1 at several
large-scale commercial plants for fertilizer and
heavy oil production. The first testing of KS-1
on coal-generated flue gas is under way at a 10
tpd CO2 pilot at J-POWER’s Matsushima Plant in
Nagasaki, Japan.159
MHI’s KS-1 solvent is a “sterically hindered
amine” which tends to form weaker bonds with
CO2, thereby decreasing the energy required for
regeneration. MHI’s system is called KM CDR for
“Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide Recovery” and
features a conventional scrubber and stripper
configuration. The flue gas enters an absorption
column with two packed beds and solvent
intercooling. Lean solvent is injected between
the upper and lower packed beds and trickles
Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries (MHI)
Project Leader(s): Steven Holton
Weblink: mhi.co.jp/en/products/detail/km-cdr_process.html
Phone: 512.219.2348
Location: Nagasaki, Japan
E. steven_holton@mhiahq.com
down, mixing with the flue gas in counter-flow. A
second amine stream is injected at the top of the
absorber and allowed to trickle down through
both the upper and lower packed beds. The
loaded solvent enters the thermal stripper where
low-pressure steam heats the rich amine to the
point of regeneration, liberating the absorbed
CO2.160
Source: Carbon Capture Journal

With ARPA-E’s financial support, Nalco Company
is developing a novel process to capture carbon in
the smokestacks of coal-fired power plants.161
Nalco Company’s electrochemical platform will
rapidly capture carbon dioxide and desorb it at
atmospheric pressure without heating, vacuum,
or consumptive chemical usage. If successful,
this technology will reduce the incremental
carbon capture costs by up to 50 percent and
make it more affordable for coal-fired power
plants to clean their smokestack emissions.162
The CO2 RW-EDI (CO2 Resin Wafer-
Electrodeionization) platform is a
transformational process to capture CO2 with
significant improvements to parasitic energy
losses.163
The purpose of this project is to develop an
electrochemically driven platform to capture
CO2 from coal flue gas without requiring heat
Nalco Company
Project Leader(s): Wayne Carlson
Weblink: nalco.com
Phone: 630.305.1000
Location: Naperville, IL
E. Unknown
or vacuum to desorb CO2 from an amine or
basic solution. The proposed process leverages
an elegant design that switches the acidity in
the process stream. The result is a method to
rapidly capture CO2 from flue gas and desorb it at
atmospheric pressure without heating, vacuum,
or consumptive chemical usage.164
This technological advance will minimize the
impact on cost of electricity for carbon capture
as it could reduce incremental capture costs
by as much as 50% to keep coal-fired power
production affordable. Additionally, water
consumption is minimized since the process
solution can be re-circulated through the process
for additional capture/release cycles.165
The company received $2,250,487 from
ARPA-E to support this work.

Nano Terra, Inc. is developing a new Nanofiber
sequestration (CCS).166
This technology will reduce energy for capture
by ~50% over current state of the art (i.e. reduce
the cost per ton of CO2 avoided from $52 to $28)
and will enable the US to take significant steps
towards CO2 reduction.167
The technology employs a novel, reusable
nanofiber absorbent material with a functional
coating that is similar to monoethanolamine
differs from MEA systems in that it uses
polymeric amines on a solid nanofiber support
instead of molecular amines in solution.168
for boiling and condensing of water during each
regeneration cycle (the major source of parasitic
Nano Terra, Inc.
Project Leader(s): Joseph McLellan
Weblink: nanoterra.com
Phone: 617.621.8500
Location: Brighton, MA
E. jmclellan@nanoterra.com
also remove the requirement for handling highly
corrosive liquids (i.e. MEA solutions).169
This technology was listed as an “Encouraged
Applicant” and showcased by DOE’s ARPA-E.

Neumann’s approach breaks the shower apparatus
into small modules and uses a specially designed
nozzle that sprays thinner streams of a clear liquid
greater contact with pollutants, Rankin found the
modules removed a higher level of them. There were
also other benefits: The devices took up about a
third of the space and appeared to need only half of
the water and half the maintenance required by a
conventional scrubber.
NSG’s Carbon Absorber Retrofit Equipment
(CARE) project will be located at the Colorado
Springs Utilities’ Martin Drake Power Plant Unit 7.
Patented NeuStreamTM
absorber technology will be
used in combination with an advanced solvent for
capture and regeneration of CO2 from a .5 MW flow
of flue gas. The NeuStreamTM
absorber technology
is applicable to a variety of solvents and can be
added to existing pulverized coal power plants at
reduced cost and in a smaller footprint when com-
pared to conventional technologies. The modularity
of the NeuStreamTM
technology contributes to rapid
fielding of larger systems and retrofit of existing
plants.
Neumann Systems
Group, Inc.
Project Leader(s): David Neumann
Weblink: neumannsystemsgroup.com
Phone: 719.593.7848
Location: Colorado Springs, CO
E. davidn@neumannsystemsgroup.com
Colorado Springs Utilities is a vital partner in the
CARE project. Test equipment at the plant from
the previous sulfur dioxide (SO2) pilot plant project
will be adapted for the CARE CO2 program. NSG’s
SO2 control technology is now being designed
and constructed for operation by 2014 on Martin
Drake Units 6 and 7. The system performance will
exceed the new and more stringent EPA and State
Air Quality requirements. Colorado Springs Utili-
ties’ progressive actions have been the means for
bringing the NSG technology to the marketplace
while at the same time improving the environment
and achieving low cost, reliable energy solutions for
their customers.
The overall goal of the DOE research is to develop
CO2 capture and separation technologies that can
achieve at least 90 percent CO2 removal at no more
than a 35 percent increase in the cost of electricity.
-
sil Energy selected Neumann Systems Group, Inc.
(NSG) in August 2011 for a $7,165,423 grant. The
grant is aimed at reducing the energy and cost pen-
alties of advanced carbon capture systems applied
to power plants.

Novozymes North America, Inc. (Novozymes) has
teamed with the University of Kentucky, Doosan
Power Systems, Ltd., and Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory (PNNL) to design, build, and
test an integrated bench-scale CO2 capture system
that combines the attributes of the bio-renewable
enzyme catalyst carbonic anhydrase (CA) with low-
enthalpy absorption liquids and novel ultrasonically-
enhanced regeneration. This unique CO2 capture
system is expected to achieve improved efficiency,
economics, and sustainability in comparison with
existing CO2 capture technologies.170
The capture process will use a potassium
carbonate solvent with low regeneration energy
coupled with CA as a catalyst to promote higher
rates of absorption in the carbonate solution. The
application of ultrasonic energy forces dissolved
CO2 into gas bubbles, thereby increasing the over-
all driving force of the solvent regeneration reaction.
Addition- ally, through ultrasonics, a coupled effect
of rectified diffusion is also believed to have the
potential to drive dissolved CO2 into gas bubbles
at pressures greater than the equilibrium pressure
for CO2 over the solution. The combination of these
Novozymes
Project Leader(s): Sonja Salmon
Weblink: novozymes.com
Phone: 919.494.3196
Location: Franklinton, NC
E. SISA@novozymes.com
synergistic technologies is projected to reduce the
net parasitic load to a coal-fired power plant by as
much as 51 percent compared to conventional
monoethanolamine (MEA) scrubbing technology.171
The project team will build on previous
laboratory tests of the novel solvent and CO2
recovery technique to obtain additional laboratory
data sufficient to design a bench-scale system and
perform a final analysis of the technology. This
bench-scale study will validate the potential of the
system to provide a low cost of energy solution for
post-combustion CO2 capture.172
In November 2011, the DOE’s NETL provided
$1,658,619 to Novozymes to support this effort.

This $1,153,975 ARPA-E project is developing high
flux/selectivity carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes
for efficient separation of CO2 from the industrial
emission streams.178
Current commercial operations manage CO2
from the power station emissions using chemical
absorption, which is inherently expensive,
energy-intensive, and produces negative
environmental impact of its own. Membrane-
based CO2 separations could potentially deliver
better efficiency, cheaper sequestration, and low
energy consumption, but the development of
this technology has been hampered by the lack
of membranes that can combine sufficiently high
CO2 selectivity with high flux necessary for viable
industrial use.179
Unique structure of sub-2-nm carbon nanotube-
based membrane pores results in gas permeation
fluxes that are two orders of magnitude higher than
any other membrane of comparable pore size. This
work seeks to develop a breakthrough technology
that will capitalize on these advantages. The team
will develop and demonstrate a comprehensive
set of chemical and physical modifications of CNT
membranes that enhance their CO2 selectivity to
Porifera Nano, Inc.
Project Leader(s): Olgica Bakajin
Weblink: poriferanano.com
Phone: 510.695.2777
Location: Hayward, CA
E. olgica@poriferanano.com
reach industrially-viable levels of >100 (CO2/N2)
and permeability of 104 barrer.180

Process Group’s carbon capture technology can
be instantly retrofitted to virtually any exhaust
gas system, including coal or gas-fired boilers, gas
turbines, blast furnaces, and cement kiln off-gas.
The capture process enables carbon dioxide to
be selectively absorbed from flue gas via counter-
current contact with a regenerable solvent. The
solvent is typically an amine-based aqueous
solution specially designed to selectively absorb
CO2 from gas streams.173
In a typical CO2 Capture package, hot flue gas
passes through the scrubber tower where it is
cooled with cooling water (1), before being fed to
the absorber tower. The gas enters near the bottom
of the absorber tower and flows upward through
the internal packing (2), coming into contact
with the solvent, which enters near the top of the
tower, as the solvent cascades down through the
tower. As the flue gas rises through the tower the
carbon dioxide level is progressively reduced as it
is absorbed by the solvent, meaning the treated
gas vented from the absorber (3) is virtually free of
CO2.174
CO2 -rich solvent is pumped through the lean-rich
exchanger (4) to pre-heat the solvent before it
Process Group
Project Leader(s): Craig Dugan
Weblink: processgroup.com.au
Phone: +61 3.9212.7100
Location: Victoria, Australia
E. Craig.dugan@processgroup.com.au
enters the regenerator tower. In the regenerator the
solvent is heated via the reboiler (5) to reverse the
absorption reaction. As the solvent cascades down
through the tower, CO2 is gradually desorbed from
bottom of the tower virtually all of the absorbed
CO2 has been released, and the CO2 -lean solvent is
cooled and pumped back to the top of the absorber
tower to repeat the process (7).175
The desorbed CO2 exits the regenerator tower as
a pure, water-saturated gas where it is cooled (8)
and then passes through the reflux accumulator to
remove excess water (9). The pure carbon dioxide
product gas is then ready for direct use or further
processing.176
Process Group is closely associated with The
Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse
Gas Technologies (CO2CRC). Participation in the
CO2CRC, combined with our activity in the design
and construction of carbon capture packages,
provides us with access to the latest advances in
carbon capture technologies. Process Group will
continue to be in the vanguard of carbon capture
and storage innovation, and help more companies
and governments achieve their emissions
objectives.177
Source: Process Group

Siemens Energy, Inc. will design, install, and
operate a pilot plant for treating a 2.5 MW
equivalent slipstream at the TECO Energy
technology for post-combustion CO2 gas
capture.181
POSTCAP based technology utilizes an amino
acid salt (AAS) that can operate in a conventional
scrubber system similar to that for MEA, but with
negligible solvent volatility, less corrosion, very
low degradation and lower regeneration energy.182
The absorption activity is believed to be similar
to MEA, but the capacity of AAS is theoretically
double that of MEA. Design capacity is close to
this theoretical capacity, which will lead to lower
solvent ﬂow rate and inventory for AAS. The
solvent is an aqueous solution of approximately
30 – 40 percent AAS and water.183
In 2010, the DOE’s NETL provided $15 million
to support this project.
Siemens
Project Leader(s): John Winkler
Weblink: energy.siemens.com/co/en/power-generation/power-
plants/carbon-capture-solutions/post-combustion-carbon-capture/
Phone: 412.563.7004
E. john.winkler@siemens.com
Source: NETL

Under an ARPA-E supported project, Sustainable
Energy Solutions will develop and validate novel
process components, and design a cryogenic
carbon capture prototype system suitable for
testing at coal-fired power plants.184
Cryogenic Carbon Capture (CCC) is designed
to separate a nearly pure stream of CO2 from
power plant gases. This technology adds a
process to the plant after the normal energy
production and there separates the CO2 from
the other gases. In conservative estimates
Cryogenic Carbon Capture technology provides
a significantly more cost effective and practical
solution to carbon capture in today’s market.185
The cryogenic CO2 capture (CCC) process
systems, modestly compresses it, cools it to a
temperature slightly above the point where CO2
forms a solid, expands the gas to further cool it,
precipitating an amount of CO2 as a solid that
depends on the final temperature, pressurizes
Sustainable Energy
Solutions
Project Leader(s): Larry Baxter
Weblink: sustainablees.com
Phone: 801.850.6364
Location: Orem, UT
E. info@SustainableES.com
the CO2, and reheats the CO2 and the remaining
flue gas by cooling the incoming gases. The final
result is the CO2 in a liquid phase and a gaseous
nitrogen stream. CO2 capture efficiency depends
primarily on the pressure and temperature at the
end of the expansion process. At 1 atm, the process
captures 99% of the CO2
processes, these are relatively mild conditions.186
2 has virtually no
impurity in it. A thermodynamic feature of CO2 in
flue gases (< 15% CO2 on a dry basis) is that the
CO2 will not form a liquid phase at any temperature
or pressure. Rather, the CO2 desublimates, forming
an essentially pure solid phase rather than a liquid
solution that must be distilled.187
The approach is estimated to provide a 50
percent energy reduction for capturing carbon
dioxide, in comparison to state-of-the-art amine-
based solvent processes.188
Source: Sustainable Energy Solutions

TDA will produce a low-cost solid alkalized
alumina sorbent, evaluate its cyclic life, and
measure its performance in a bench-scale test
apparatus on simulated coal gases at TDA and
then on a slipstream of a coal-derived flue gas
at Western Research Institute’s (WRI’s) coal
combustion test facility. The mass and energy
balances for a commercial-scale PC-fired power
plant retrofit with TDA’s CO2 capture system
will be modeled and losses in plant efficiency
will be calculated by Louisiana State University
and simulation data will be used to carry out an
extensive engineering and economic analysis of
the post- combustion CO2 capture system. The
analysis will be done using the DOE National
Energy Technology Laboratory’s (NETL) 2005
“Carbon Capture and Sequestration Systems
Analysis Guidelines.”189
The objective of this project is to demonstrate
that TDA’s low-cost sorbent can cost-effectively
and efficiently capture CO2 produced by existing
TDA Research, Inc.
Project Leader(s): Jeannine E. Elliott
Weblink: tda.com
Phone: 303.261.1142
Location: Wheat Ridge, CO
E. jelliott@tda.com
PC-fired power plants. More specifically, this
project will develop a low-cost CO2 sorbent
and evaluate its performance by fabricating a
bench-scale unit, testing with simulated and real
coal-derived flue gases, modeling the mass and
energy balances, and calculating the loss in plant
efficiency for a commercial-scale PC-fired power
plant.190
The goal for this project is to develop a low-
cost, regenerable CO2 sorbent system capable
of removing and concentrating 90 percent of the
CO2 emissions from PC-fired power plant flue
gas.191
The DOE’s NETL provided $1,097,839 towards
this project, which began in November 2008 and
ended October 2011.

Under a NETL contract, Trimeric Corporation
investigated the feasibility of a highly-integrated,
advanced amine scrubbing system, along with a
novel amine solvent, that can significantly reduce
the parasitic energy requirements.192
In Phase I, detailed costs for full-scale units
were prepared on the basis of rigorous process
models, detailed heat and material balances,
and equipment selection. An economic
and engineering analysis were conducted
and the results compared with the baseline
monoethanolamine scrubbing system.193
The appropriate construction materials were
to be evaluated and selected and Trimeric was to
work with contacts within the utility industry to
develop realistic and effective process integration
strategies for steam system tie-ins, additional
heat recovery options, and operability.194
Trimeric Corporation
Project Leader(s): Kevin S. Fisher
Weblink: trimeric.com
Phone: 512.431.6323
Location: Buda, TX
E. kevin.fisher@trimeric.com
A plan for integrating these amine units in a
full-scale, coal-fired power plant was also to be
developed.195
Source: NETL

United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) is
using ARPA-E funding to develop a new process
for capturing the carbon dioxide emitted by coal-
fired power plants.196
UTRC is focusing its research on a naturally-
occurring enzyme that is used by nearly every
organism on Earth to manage carbon dioxide
levels. The naturally occurring form would not
survive within a smokestack environment, so
UTRC seeks to develop a synthetic analogue of
the enzyme that could be used to study aspects
of its catalytic mechanism.197
The ultimate objective of this research is to
create an enzyme analogue / polymer nano-
composite thin-film structure that could act as a
selective membrane to separate carbon dioxide
from other gases in power plant smokestacks.198
United Technologies
Research Center
Project Leader(s): J. Michael McQuade
Weblink: utrc.utc.com
Phone: 860.610.7754
Location: East Hartford, CT
E. J.Michael.McQuade@utc.com
The proposed technology maybe easier to install
and more reliable than existing technologies
because it does not involve any moving parts
or consumables. If successful, the proposed
technology would allow coal-fired power plants
to capture up to 90 percent of carbon at a
significantly lower incremental cost.199

UOP LLC, in collaboration with Vanderbilt
University, the University of Edinburgh, the
University of Michigan, and Northwestern
2
removal process and to design a pilot study to
evaluate the performance and economics of the
process in a commercial power plant.200
During Phase I, UOP will use its combinatorial
chemistry capabilities to systematically
synthesize a wide range of state-of-the-art
the materials for hydrothermal stability and
characterize materials of particular interest.
Detailed isotherm data will be collected in the
low-pressure regime in order to establish a
consistent, relevant baseline for subsequent
development and optimization. The results of the
baseline studies will be used to guide the ongoing
synthesis, screening, and measurement of new
UOP, LLC.
Project Leader(s): Richard Willis
Weblink: uop.com
Phone: 847.391.3190
Location: Des Plaines, IL
E. richard.willis@uop.com
In Phase II, up to 10 candidates will be selected
for optimization, based on Phase I results.
The effects of water on CO2 adsorption will be
measured in parallel with the development and
validation of material scale-up and forming
procedures.201
During Phase III, one or two of the best
materials will be selected for ﬁnal optimization
and scale-up to pilot-scale quantities. The
effects of contaminants on the performance of
scaled-up, formed materials will be optimized
and detailed kinetic and equilibrium data will be
collected. These data will be incorporated into a
process design and process economic analysis,
leading to the design of a pilot study.202
UOP received two NETL grants to support this
work. One was for $900,000 in 2004 and the
other was for $2,256,750 in 2007.
Source: NETL

URS Group, in collaboration with the University of
Texas and Trimeric Corporation, will investigate
the use of concentrated piperazine (PZ) as a
solvent for absorbing CO2 from coal-fired power
plant flue gas.203
Laboratory research, CO2 capture process
modeling, and preliminary pilot results with
synthetic flue gas have shown concentrated PZ
to have several advantages over other solvents.
When coupled with a novel, high-temperature
regeneration system that takes advantage of PZ’s
enhanced thermal stability, the modeled process
has demonstrated significant progress toward
meeting the DOE goal of capturing 90 percent
of the CO2 with less than a 35 percent increase
in the cost of electricity (COE). This project will
investigate the concentrated PZ process for the
first time with coal-fired flue gas and at scales
of 0.1 MWe and 0.5 MWe to provide data to
assess the technical and economic feasibility
URS Corporation
Project Leader(s): Katherine D. Dombrowski
Weblink: urscorp.com
Phone: 512.419.5092
Location: Austin, TX
E. katherine_dombrowski@urscorp.com
of a potential future full-scale version of this
technology.204
The PZ-based CO2 absorption process
will undergo a series of three field tests to
gain operational experience with the solvent
in coal-fired flue gas, while employing a
novel, high- temperature, two-stage flash
regeneration design. The tests will be conducted
at Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization’s (CSIRO) Post-
Combustion Capture (PCC) facility, University
of Texas’ Separations Research Program (SRP)
plant, and DOE’s National Carbon Capture
Center (NCCC).205
The DOE’s NETL contributed $3 million
towards this project, for a start date of October
2010.
Source: NETL

ARPA-E funded this project with $2,998,705 to
develop a cost-effective CO2 capture process
known as pressure swing adsorption (PSA), which
utilizes rapid pressure changes to capture and
release CO2.206
Key to this project is finding a suitable match
between the adsorbent and the pressure change
cycle configuration. The applicants will develop
a low-pressure-drop, structured adsorbent
material, based on commercially available
materials that are suitable for use in a rapid PSA
cycle configuration.207
The proposed work builds upon promising
results for CO2 capture from flue gas obtained in
a previous project employing a traditional PSA
cycle configuration with long cycle times of 300
seconds or so.208
W.R. Grace
Project Leader(s): George Young
Weblink: grace.com
Phone: 410.531.4000
Location: Columbia, MD.
E. George.young@grace.com
Columbia-based Grace (NYSE: GRA) will partner
Corp. of Garrettsville, Ohio, and researchers at
the University of South Carolina on the project.

Select Emerging
Carbon Capture
University and
Laboratory
Overviews »

The focus of this ARPA-E sponsored work is on
enhanced weathering by the acceleration of the
natural reaction between CO2 and minerals such
as magnesium silicates by using chelating agents
that target brucite and silica layers to produce a
stable precipitate.209
Enhanced weathering could provide an
alternative to carbon sequestration that does not
require monitoring, veriﬁcation or accounting for
stored carbon.210
ARPA-E provided $1,014,707 in April 2010 to
support this work.
Columbia University
Project Leader(s): Ah-Hyung Alissa Park
Weblink: eee.columbia.edu
Phone: 212.854.8989
E. ap2622@columbia.edu

The Earth Institute proposes to develop and
demonstrate a novel technology for capturing
CO2 from a range of dilute sources, based on an
approach originally developed for capture from
air, the ultimate dilute source of CO2.211
The Earth Institute will use the dilute
CO2 capture resin as a CO2 concentration
booster pump and cleaning filter that avoids
contamination of the conventional sorbent with
sulfur and nitrogen oxides. With the booster
pump, the conventional sorbent does not need
to work as hard as before, enabling the use of a
weaker sorbent than MEA, which is the current
standard.212
The Earth Institute’s goal is to take the process
successfully designed for air capture, and
modify it to apply to other dilute streams of CO2
spanning the range from air to natural gas-fired
power plants and finally to flue gas from coal-
fired power plants.213
Columbia University
Earth Institute
Project Leader(s): Klaus Lackner
Weblink: energy.columbia.edu
Phone: 212.851.0241
E. kl2010@columbia.edu
This project was highlighted as an “encourage
applicant” by ARPA-E in March 2011.

Georgia Institute of
Technology
Project Leader(s): David Sholl
Weblink: sholl.chbe.gatech.edu
Phone: 404.894.2822
Location: Atlanta, GA
E. david.sholl@chbe.gatech.edu
Researchers at Georgia Tech will incorporate
metal organic frameworks, new compounds that
show great promise in carbon capture, into hollow
ﬁber membranes for improved carbon dioxide
selectivity.214
The use of hollow ﬁber membranes allows for
high surface area, and the selective incorporation
of metal organic frameworks into the polymer
matrix will improve throughput and selectivity,
helping to reduce capture costs.215
Experimental partners in this work include the
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL),
the University of Maine, Georgia Tech, and Exxon
Mobil.216
This project received a $1 million ARPA-E grant in
April 2010.
Source: Georgia Tech

In this project, the Georgia Tech Research Corpora-
tion is using totally novel chemistry to engender the
dramatic changes needed for widespread imple-
mentation of CO2 capture in a both environmentally
benign and economical process. Current methods
of CO2 post-combustion recovery from coal-fired
power plants focus on such techniques as absorp-
tion in aqueous ethanolamine scrubbers – and this
is now a mature technology unlikely to achieve a
quantum change in either capacity or cost.217
The objective of this project is to develop a novel
class of solvents for post-combustion recovery
of CO2 from fossil fuel-fired power plants that will
achieve a substantial increase in CO2 carrying ca-
pacity with a concomitant plummet in cost. The
project team is a combination of chemical engi-
neers and chemists with extensive experience in
working with industrial partners to formulate novel
solvents and to develop processes that are both
environmentally benign and economically viable.
called “reversible ionic liquids,” essentially “smart”
molecules that change properties abruptly in re-
sponse to some stimulus, and these have quickly
found a plethora of applications.218
Georgia Tech Research
Corporation
Project Leader(s): Charles A. Eckert
Weblink: eckert.chbe.gatech.edu
Phone: 404.894.7070
E. charles.eckert@chbe.gatech.edu
In this project, cutting-edge chemistry will be com-
bined with established methods of implementation
to produce a solvent that results in a less-expensive,
more energy efficient CO2 scrubbing system. The
first step will be to synthesize and characterize op-
timum molecules for two classes of reversible ionic
liquids, one based on silyl amines and one based on
guanadines. Structure-property relationships will be
used to optimize the structure of these ionic liquids
to yield desired thermodynamic and physical prop-
erties, ranging from a favorable heat of absorption
to a low viscosity. Next, CO2 capture systems using
these ionic liquids will be designed and the costs
of implementing these systems will be analyzed.
production of the novel solvents will be developed if
they are selected for implementation.219
2 capture from
coal-fired power plants is successful, it could easily
be extended to CO2 capture from any other CO2 -
producing process, such as the burning ‘of other
fossil fuels or biofuels, or even for fermentation.220
Georgia Tech Research Corporation received
$1,620,478 from the DOE to support this work.
Source: NETL

-
cess, referred to as rapid temperature swing adsorp-
tion (RTSA), is being investigated for CO2 capture.221
The CO2 is captured on hollow ﬁbers loaded with
silica-supported adsorbents. The outcomes of the
project will be bench-scale demonstration of the
concept of RTSA for CO2 capture, coupled with pre-
liminary design, optimization and economic analysis
of a full-scale system to demonstrate the potential
for this technology to meet cost and performance
goals set by DOE.222
Georgia Tech Research Corp was awarded
$2,386,633 in August 2011 by the Department of
Energy, as part of a larger $41 million investment in
carbon capture technologies, to support this effort.
Georgia Tech Research
Corporation
Project Leader(s): Christopher Jones
Weblink: jones.chbe.gatech.edu
Phone: 404.385.1683
E. cjones@chbe.gatech.edu

Researchers from the Institute of Materials
Research and Institute of Polymer Research,
both at GKSS-Research Centre Geesthacht, have
fabricated multiblock copolymers consisting of
polyethylene oxide and polybutyleneterephtalate
into thin-film composite membranes on
laboratory and technical scales.223
In order to manufacture their ultra-thin defect-
free coatings with extremely high CO2 permeance
and high selectivity, the researchers used a
thickness <300 nm) between the microporous
support and the selective coating. The highly
permeable intermediate layer worked as a gutter
and protective coating which prevents the diluted
polymer solution penetration into the porous
structure, and at the same time renders the
entire membrane surface smoother.224
To test the performance of their membranes,
the researchers performed experiments with
gas mixtures in order to evaluate the application
GKSS-Research Centre
Project Leader(s): Wilfredo Yave
Weblink: iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/21/39/395301
Phone: +49 (0)4152 87-0
Location: Geesthacht, Germany
E. wilfredo.yave.rios@gkss.de
in power plants. They found that their ultra-thin
film membrane has roughly a 20 times higher
CO2 permeance than commercial membranes,
combined with one of the highest CO2/
N2-selectivities known (facilitated transport
materials excluded).225
According to the team, a preliminary technical
and economical analysis shows that this
membrane has potential for carbon capture
in coal-fired power plants. They note that the
capture cost using the conventional amine
absorption process is in the range of 30-50 Euro
per ton recovered CO2.226
design the separation costs can be lower than
30 Euro/t using the high permeance membrane
developed at the Institute. These membranes
are currently under evaluation at pilot scale in a
German project for CO2 capture in power plants
227

Hampton University researched a novel CO2 ab-
sorption concept, phase transitional absorption
that utilizes a two-part proprietary absorbent
consisting of an activated agent dissolved in a
solvent.
Phase separation of the activated agent from
the chemical solvent occurs during CO2 absorp-
tion and physical separation of the two phases
exiting the absorber reduces the volume of pro-
cess liquid requiring thermal regeneration. This
unique aspect of phase transitional absorption
also decreases the amount of energy (i.e., steam)
required to liberate the CO2. If the proper liquid
phases are selected, the absorption rate of CO2
the activated agent and solvent are mixed and
recycled back to the CO2 absorber vessel.228
Researchers will investigate the effects of liquid
phase ratios, temperature, agitation speed, CO2
partial pressure, liquid holdup, and the gas-liquid
interface.229
Hampton University
Project Leader(s): Liang Hu
Weblink: hamptonu.edu
Phone: 757.727.5530
Location: Hampton, VA
E. Liang.hu@hamptonu.edu
Source: NETL

The Illinois State Geological Survey is developing
an integrated vacuum carbonate absorption
process (IVCAP) for post-combustion CO2
capture.292
This process employs potassium carbonate
solution as a solvent that can be integrated with
the power plant steam cycle by using low-quality
steam.293
Researchers will conﬁrm IVCAP process
parameters through laboratory testing, identify
an effective catalyst for accelerating CO2
absorption rates, and develop an additive for
reducing regeneration energy.294
In 2008, the DOE’s NETL provided $691,191 to
support this technology.
Illinois State Geological
Survey
Project Leader(s): Yongqi Lu
Weblink: isgs.uiuc.edu/index.shtml
Phone: 217.244.4985
Location: Champaign, IL
E. lu@isgs.illinois.edu
Source: NETL

The UK-based institution is demonstrating the
air capture technology on a small scale as the UK
government and academics meet to discuss its
potential.230
The device, resembling a giant ﬂy swat, is a
thousand times more effective at absorbing
carbon dioxide from the air than a tree of about
the same size, according to the IME, whose
members are developing it.231
The Institution projects that the technology
will be ready in 2018.232
Institution of Mechanical
Engineers
Project Leader(s): Tim Fox
Weblink: imeche.org
Phone: +44 (0)20 7222 7899
Location: London, UK
E. timf2@imeche.org

Laboratory will utilize robotic instrumentation
tools and computational algorithms to accelerate
the development of metal organic framework
materials to capture carbon dioxide.233
There are many different metal organic
framework structures that can be made, and the
team will use nuclear magnetic resonance signals
to quickly identify promising structures.234
This research is expected to lead to materials
with improved selectivity and robustness
that are worthy of large-scale testing and
commercialization for carbon dioxide capture in
power plants.235
DOE’s ARPA-E provided $3,663,696 in funding
in April 2010 to support this project.
Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory
Project Leader(s): Jeffrey Long
Weblink: alchemy.cchem.berkeley.edu
Phone: (510) 642-0860
Location: Berkeley, CA
E. jrlong@berkeley.edu

This project combines scientiﬁc experience in
creating synthetic small-molecule catalysts with
industrial experience to make them operationally
useful.236
The approach will also demonstrate the
effective use of the catalysts under a range of
process conditions.
DOE’s ARPA-E provided $3,665,000 in April
2010 to support this project.
Lawrence Livermore
National Security
Project Leader(s): Roger Aines
Weblink: llnsllc.com
Phone: 925.423.7184
Location: Livermore, CA
E. aines@llnl.gov

With ARPA-E’s financial support, Lehigh Uni-
versity is developing an innovative approach to
separate carbon dioxide from other gases in the
smokestacks of coal-fired power plants.237
Lehigh University intends to use electric fields
to reversibly and selectively enhance the affin-
ity of certain high-surface-area, solid, absorbent
coal-fired power plants could control whether the
materials adsorb carbon dioxide or release it for
collection.238
fundamentally new approach for separation
of carbon dioxide from flue gases of coal-fired
power plants. The key feature of this new technol-
ogy is the use of electric fields to reversibly and
selectively enhance the affinity of CO2 for high
surface area solid sorbent materials. This means
that both adsorption and desorption can be done
under ambient conditions, simply by switching
the electric field on and off, avoiding the need for
Lehigh University
Project Leader(s): Kai Landskron
Weblink: www.3.lehigh.edu/engineering
Phone: 610.758.5788
Location: Bethlehem, PA
E. kal205@lehigh.edu
costly heating or pressurization cycles. The cur-
rent project is focused on developing the scientif-
its practicality for carbon capture applications.
The first phase of the project aims to establish
tailor solid sorbent materials and to optimize the
field induced adsorption change. Once a suitable
system has been identified, we will initiate the
second phase of the project, to develop a bench-
top gas separation reactor that is capable of CO2
separation from a simulated flue-gas mixture.239
ARPA-E funding will be used to develop ap-
propriate materials and optimize the adsorption
process. If successful, this technology would
significantly reduce the time and energy required
for carbon capture.240

The MIT-led team will develop electrochemically
mediated separation processes for post-
combustion carbon dioxide capture at coal-fired
power plants.241
Anticipated benefits include greatly increased
energy efficiency for carbon dioxide capture,
easier retrofitting of existing coal-fired power
plants, and simpler integration with new
facilities.242
The project will involve molecular modeling
and experimental optimization of carrier
structure, fabrication and evaluation of prototype
separation units.243
2010 to support this project.
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Project Leader(s): T. Alan Hatton
Weblink: web.mit.edu/hatton-group/index.html
Phone: 617.253.4588
Location: Cambridge, MA
E. tahatton@mit.edu

National Energy
Technology Laboratory
Project Leader(s): McMahan Gray
Weblink: fossil.energy.gov
Phone: 412.386.4826
E. mcmahan.gray@netl.doe.gov
NETL scientists have developed an amine-
enriched sorbent that has been investigated
with flue gas streams at temperatures similar to
those found after lime/ limestone desulfurization
scrubbing.244
The CO2 capture sorbents are prepared
by treating high surface area substrates with
various amine compounds. The immobilization of
amine groups on the high surface area material
significantly increases the contact area between
CO2 and amine. This advantage, combined with
the elimination of liquid water, has the potential
to improve the energy efficiency of the process
compared to MEA scrubbing.245
Application of this technology reduces
the costs and energy associated with more
conventional scrubbing processes to capture
CO2
consequently, its transfer from the laboratory
to the marketplace is another important step
in moving forward the commercialization and
deployment of innovations that help decrease
atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.246
solid CO2 sorbents in large-scale fossil fuel-
burning power plants. An amine compound,
composed of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms, is
treated to make it more selective and reactive
towards CO2. Combined with a porous solid
support, the amine becomes a sorbent, which
selectively reacts with CO2 to extract it from the
flue gas. The sorbent is then heated to release the
CO2 for storage, thereby refreshing the sorbent
for reuse.247

Institute of Carbon, Oviedo, have made a porous
carbon material that performs better than other
currently available ones, using a simple and
inexpensive process. The major difference in
this work, however, is that the raw material is
sawdust.248
The two-step synthesis involves hydrothermal
carbonisation of the sawdust, creating a
hydrochar, which is then activated using
potassium hydroxide. The KOH treatment creates
pores in the sawdust structure by oxidation
of carbon and carbon gasiﬁcation from K2CO3
decomposition. These pores are responsible for
the material’s uptake capabilities, bestowing it
with a capacity as high as 4.8mmol CO2/g. In
for CO2 over N2, fast adsorption rates and can be
easily regenerated.249
Sustainable porous carbons have been pre-
pared by chemical activation of hydrothermally
carbonized polysaccharides (starch and cel-
lulose) and biomass (sawdust). These materials
were investigated as sorbents for CO2 capture.
National Institute of
Carbon, Oviedo
Project Leader(s): Antonio Fuertes
Weblink: incar.csic.es
Phone: +34 985 11 90 90
Location: Oviedo, Spain
E. abefu@incar.csic.es
The activation process was carried out under
severe (KOH/precursor = 4) or mild (KOH/
precursor = 2) activation conditions at different
temperatures in the 600–800 °C range. Textural
characterization of the porous carbons showed
that the samples obtained under mild activating
conditions exhibit smaller surface areas and pore
sizes than those prepared by employing a greater
amount of KOH. However, the mildly activated
carbons exhibit a good capacity to store CO2,
which is mainly due to the presence of a large
number of narrow micropores (<1 nm). A very
high CO2 uptake of 4.8 mmol·g−1
(212 mg CO2·g−1
)
was registered at room temperature (25 °C) for
a carbon activated at 600 °C using KOH/precur-
sor = 2. To the best of our knowledge, this result
constitutes the largest ever recorded CO2 uptake
at room temperature for any activated carbon.
carbons have fast CO2 adsorption rates, a good
selectivity for CO2–N2 separation and they can be
easily regenerated.250
Source: Royal Society of Chemistry

Chemists from Northwestern University in
Evanston, Illinois created a carbon capture and
storage material which is made of sugars, salt
and a little bit of alcohol - organic compounds
that produce less emissions.251
naturally derived ingredients, they are not only
non-toxic but carbon-neutral too, the researchers
said.252
The researchers found that their all-natural
metal-organic framework reacted with carbon
dioxide in a process akin to carbon ﬁxation that
binds the carbon dioxide to the crystals.253
Northwestern University
Project Leader(s): Ross Forgan
Weblink: stoddart.northwestern.edu
Phone: 847.491.3793
Location: Evanston, IL
E. forgan@northwestern.edu

A team from Oak Ridge National Laboratory
and Georgia Tech will integrate new designer
ionic liquids that capture carbon dioxide in flue
gas with hollow fiber membranes that provide a
robust, high surface area support.262
The objectives of this catch-and-release
system are to cut the cost and energy associated
with capturing carbon dioxide, as well as to
design a platform that can be scaled up to coal-
fired power plants across the country.263
DOE’s ARPA-E provided $987,547 in April 2010
to support this effort.
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Project Leader(s): Sheng Dai
Weblink: ornl.gov/sci/csd/Research_areas/NC_group.htm
Phone: 865.576.7307
Location: Oak Ridge, TN
E. dais@ornl.gov

The objective of this $3,000,000 DOE project is a
cost-effective design and manufacturing process
for new membrane modules that separate CO2
from ﬂue gas.264
The membranes consist of a thin selective
inorganic layer embedded in a polymer
structure so that it can be made in a continuous
manufacturing process. They will be incorporated
in spiral-wound modules for bench-scale tests at
actual conditions.265
Preliminary cost calculations show that
options of using a single-stage membrane
process or a two-stage process can meet or
exceed the DOE cost goals.266
Ohio State University
Project Leader(s): Hendrik Verweij
Weblink: matsceng.ohio-state.edu/ims
Phone: 614.247.6987
Location: Columbus, OH
E. verweij.1@osu.edu
Source: NETL

Pennsylvania State University (PSU) will develop
a new generation of solid polymer-based sor-
bents for more efficient capture and separation of
CO2 from flue gas of coal-fired power plants. The
project is based on the concept of a molecular
is to load CO2 -philic polymers onto high surface
area nanoporous materials. This process increas-
es the number of approachable sorption sites
on/in the sorbent and enhances the sorption/
desorption rate by increasing the gas-sorbent
contacting interface and by improving the mass
transfer in the sorption/desorption process. The
expected result of this project will be a concen-
trated CO2 stream that can be directed to CO2
sequestration or CO2 utilization.267
involves the selection of the best performing,
most cost-effective CO2 -philic polymer and
nanoporous materials. Different types of nanopo-
rous materials will be purchased as support ma-
Pennsylvania State
University
Project Leader(s): Chunshan Song
Weblink: energy.psu.edu/cfc/index.html
Phone: 412.863.4466
Location: University Park, PA
E. csong@psu.edu
terials. A series of polymers will be immobilized
in the nanoporous materials to prepare different
sorbents. The prepared sorbents will be tested
and evaluated for CO2 capture in a fixed-bed flow
-
-
2 -sorption/desorption properties.
Advanced molecular modeling will be used to
facilitate the screening of the polymer sorbents
and the design of novel polymers. Computational
results will be utilized to guide project experi-
mental approaches. A techno-economic analysis
2
capture process. The analysis will focus on en-
ergy consumption and the cost of the sorbents in
comparison to a conventional post-combustion
CO2 capture process.268
The DOE provided $456,992 to support this
project between September 2009 and 2012.
Source: NETL

Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International
is researching fluorinated polymer membranes
for carbon dioxide capture. RTI’s research effort
includes membrane materials development,
module design, and process design. RTI is
pursuing the development of two hollow-fiber
Generon to develop a membrane material
constructed of polycarbonate-based polymers.
Lab-scale membrane modules are being studied
with simulated flue-gas mixtures with and
without flue gas emission contaminants. Two
larger-scale polycarbonate membrane module
prototypes are being tested with a slipstream
of actual flue gas from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s (EPA) Multipollutant
is also working with Arkema to develop the
second membrane material constructed
polymers.272
Research Triangle
Institute – Fluorinated
Polymer Membranes
Project Leader(s): Lora Toy
Weblink: rti.org/page.cfm/Carbon_Capture_and_Utilization
Phone: 919.316.3393
Location: Research Triangle Park, NC
E. ltoy@rti.org
Membranes could provide PC-fired power plants
with a cost-effective method for CO2 capture.
The membrane module system is relatively
easy to install within an existing PC-fired plant
and does not require any major modifications
to the existing equipment and infrastructure.
The membrane utilizes passive separation of
gases, making it energy efficient because it
does not require regeneration energy, as do
solvent and sorbent processes. The module’s
compact design and ability to link with hundreds
of modules in tandem makes the hollow fiber
membrane system easy to scale and retrofit. The
membrane also lacks any moving parts, reducing
the risk of a mechanical failure.273
The DOE’s NETL provided $1,944,821 towards
this project in 2008.
Source: NETL

explore a new class of non-aqueous solvents that
exploit a new reversible carbon dioxide-solvent
chemistry.274
The lower energy penalty results from the
milder regeneration temperature that allows
carbon dioxide to be released using less energy.
The team estimates that this approach could
reduce the regeneration energy so that it is 40
percent lower than that of conventional, state-of-
the-art amine based solvent processes.275
million ARPA-E grant in June 2010 to support this
work.
Research Triangle
Institute –
Non-Aqueous Solvents
Project Leader(s): Luke Coleman
Weblink: rti.org/page.cfm?obj=27F633A1-5056-B100-311B8F-
CBCBC98219
Phone: 919.541.6000
E. lcoleman@rti.org

Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International
completed two projects, NT43089 and NT40923,
to investigate the use of sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3 or soda ash) as an inexpensive, dry, and
regenerable sorbent for CO2 capture in the Dry
Carbonate Process.269
In this process, Na2CO3 reacts with CO2
and water to form sodium bicarbonate at the
is then regenerated at modest temperatures
(~120°C) to yield a concentrated stream of CO2
for sequestration or other use.270
This process is ideally suited for retrofit
application in the non-power and power
generation sectors. Laboratory and pilot plant
tests have consistently achieved over 90% CO2
removal from simulated flue gas. RTI’s process
has advanced through pilot-scale testing with
simulated and coal combustion flue gases. In
Research Triangle
Institute -
Regenerable Sorbent
Project Leader(s): Thomas Nelson
Weblink: rti.org/page.cfm/Carbon_Capture_and_Utilization
Phone: 713.203.6737
E. tnelson@rti.org
addition, the reproducibility of their sorbent
at a commercial operating facility has been
confirmed. The process advantages translate
into lower capital costs and power requirements
than conventional MEA technology (based on a
preliminary economic analysis).271
DOE’s NETL provided $2,026,724 for the
first phase of the project and $3,217,056 for the
second phase.
Source: NETL

In collaboration with Advanced Technology Ma-
terials Inc. (ATMI), SRI International (SRI) will
develop an innovative, low-cost, and low energy-
consuming CO2 capture technology based on
adsorption on a high capacity and low-cost car-
bon sorbent.276
SRI will identify and determine the chemi-
cal, physical, and mechanical properties of the
sorbent that are relevant to the effective capture
of CO from PC-fired flue gas streams. SRI will
achieve this by chemically functionalizing the-
2high surface area sorbent in order to increase
the selectivity and loading for CO2 capture and re-
duce thermal requirements for CO2 desorption.277
A bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor system will
be designed and constructed for performing ad-
sorption and regeneration studies. In addition, a
simulated flue gas stream containing both major
gases and minor contaminants will be used to
determine the CO2 capture rates.278
SRI International
Project Leader(s): Gopola Krishnan
Weblink: sri.com/focus_areas/energy
Phone: 650.859.2627
Location: Menlo Park, CA
E. gopola.krishnan@sri.com
-
erator parametric tests, a selected set of condi-
tions will be used to perform cyclic tests with the
reactors operating in adsorption and regenera-
evaluation will be conducted on the feasibility of
the novel carbon sorbents for cost-effective CO2
capture from PC-fired power plants. The infor-
mation obtained from this project will be used
to design a 0.25 MW or larger capacity pilot unit
that will treat a slipstream from an operating PC-
fired power plant in a future phase.279
In 2008, the DOE’s NETL provided $1,799,957
to support this project.
Source: NETL

Texas A&M will develop innovative metal organic
framework based molecular sieves whose
adsorption and desorption properties can be
ﬁnely tuned by controlling their mesh size.280
This will enable more energy-efficient carbon
dioxide capture and will reduce the cost of carbon
dioxide capture by enhancing carbon dioxide/N2
selectivity at high carbon dioxide loadings281 and
by greatly lowering the cost of regeneration.
The team will demonstrate a process that it
predicts can capture 90 percent of the carbon
dioxide in ﬂue gas with substantially reduced
parasitic power demand.282
The DOE’s ARPA-E provided $1,019,874 in April
2010 to support this technology.
Texas A&M
Project Leader(s): Hongcai “Joe” Zhou
Weblink: chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/zhou
Phone: 979.845.4034
Location: College Station, TX
E. zhou@mail.chem.tamu.edu
Source: Texas A&M

The University of Akron is investigating a new
sorbent for CO2 capture that involves the novel
integration of metallic monolith structures
coated with amine-grafted zeolites.283
This sorbent would eliminate the use of
corrosive liquid amine and decrease the energy
required for sorbent regeneration. The metal
monoliths consist of straight channels: one
row of channels coated with amine-grated
zeolite and one used for heat transfer media
for either cooling for adsorption or heating for
regeneration.284
In combination with the innovative applications
of metal monoliths as an adsorbent structure,
the low cost of raw materials for the synthesis
of zeolite-grafted amine sorbents may result
in a breakthrough technology for the effective
capture of CO2 from ﬂue gas of coal-ﬁred power
plants.285
University of Akron
Project Leader(s): Steven Chuang
Weblink: coel.ecgf.uakron.edu/~chuang
Phone: 330.972.6993
Location: Akron, OH
E. schuang@uakron.edu
In 2007, the DOE’s NETL provided $764,995 to
support this project.
Source: University of Akron

Greg Rau, a senior scientist with the Institute
of Marine Sciences at UC Santa Cruz and who
also works in the Carbon Management Program
at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
conducted a series of lab-scale experiments
to find out if a seawater/mineral carbonate
(limestone) gas scrubber would remove enough
CO2 to be effective, and whether the resulting
substance -- dissolved calcium bicarbonate --
could then be stored in the ocean where it might
also benefit marine life.286
In addition to global warming effects, when
carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere,
a significant fraction is passively taken up by
the ocean in a form that makes the ocean more
acidic. This acidification has been shown to be
harmful to marine life, especially corals and
shellfish.287
In his experiments, Rau found that the
scrubber removed up to 97 percent of CO2 in a
University of California,
Santa Cruz
Project Leader(s): Greg Rau
Weblink: ims.ucsc.edu/facres/ocean.html
Phone: 925.423.7990
Location: Livermore CA
E. rau4@llnl.gov
simulated flue gas stream, with a large fraction
of the carbon ultimately converted to dissolved
calcium bicarbonate.288
At scale, the process would hydrate the
carbon dioxide in power plant flue gas with
water to produce a carbonic acid solution. This
solution would react with limestone, neutralizing
the carbon dioxide by converting it to calcium
bicarbonate -- and then would be released into
the ocean. While this process occurs naturally
(carbonate weathering), it is much less efficient,
and is too slow paced to be effective.289
Source: LLNL

a novel gelled ionic liquid membrane, which
provides mechanical rigidity into what is
normally a liquid solvent, allowing extremely thin
membranes to be fabricated.290
Since the membrane permeance increases as
the membranes become thinner, higher ﬂuxes of
carbon dioxide can be selectively passed through
the membrane, reducing the cost and size of
membrane treatment for ﬂue gas.291
The DOE’s ARPA-E provided $3,144,646 in
April 2010 to support this project.
University of Colorado at
Boulder
Project Leader(s): Richard Noble
Weblink: colorado.edu/che/faculty/noble.html
Phone: 303.492.6100
Location: Boulder, CO
E. nobler@colorado.edu

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
will evaluate the Hot Carbonate Absorption
Process (Hot-CAP) process with crystallization-
enabled high pressure stripping. The Hot-CAP
is an absorption-based, post-combustion CO2
technology that uses a carbonate salt (K2CO3
or Na2CO3) as a solvent. The process integrates
a high temperature (70-80°C) CO2 absorption
column, a slurry-based high-pressure (up to
40atm) CO2 stripping column, a crystallization
unit to separate bicarbonate and recover the
carbonate solvent, and a reclaimer to recover
CaSO4 as the byproduct of the SO2 removal.295
A preliminary techno-economic evaluation
shows that energy use with the Hot-CAP is about
half that of a conventional MEA process. In a
typical MEA process there are three components
of heat: the heat of reaction, the sensible heat,
and the stripping heat. The Hot-CAP reduces all
three heat components.296
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Project Leader(s): Yongqi Lu
Weblink: illinois.edu
Phone: 217.244.4985
Location: Champaign, IL
E. lu@isgs.illinois.edu
crystallizer, the stripping process is decoupled
with, and thus independent of, the absorption
process. The carbonate solution has a smaller
heat of absorption than the MEA. With the
inclusion of the heat of crystallization, the overall
heat of reaction ranges between 7 and 17 kcal/
mol CO2 compared to 21 kcal/mol CO2 for MEA. In
addition, the use of the bicarbonate slurry results
in a signiﬁcant increase in the working capacity of
the solvent.297
A higher working capacity reduces the energy
required to heat the slurry, or the sensible heat.
at a high regeneration temperature, the Hot-CAP
can be operated at higher pressures. A higher
stripping pressure reduces the stripping heat as
well as the compression work.298
The DOE’s NETL provided $1,277,118 in 2011 to
Source: NETL

The University of Kentucky research team will
develop a hybrid absorption solvent/catalytic
membrane for post-combustion carbon dioxide
capture process that can be retrofit onto existing
coal-fired power plants.299
The membrane is a catalytic separator that
couples nanofiltration separation and catalysis
to produce a concentrated permeate. The
membrane can be used with aqueous ammonium
and some typical alkyl amines solutions.300
This catalytic membrane reactor could greatly
reduce the energy penalty for carbon dioxide
capture. Moreover, it could be conveniently
integrated with traditional carbon capture
processes.301
The DOE’s ARPA-E provided $1,955,078 in April
2010 to support this technology.
University of Kentucky-
Center for Applied Energy
Research
Project Leader(s): Kunlei Liu
Weblink: caer.uky.edu/catalysis/home.shtml
Phone: 859.257.0293
Location: Lexington, KY
E. kunlei.liu@uky.edu

This completed University of New Mexico
project was to develop a dual-function amine
modified membrane capable of economically
and efficiently removing CO2 emissions from the
flue gas of coal-fired power plants. The use of
such an amine-modified membrane, with high
CO2 permeance and selectively, holds promise
for reducing costs by avoiding the expensive
absorber/stripper system required with existing
amine-based technology.302
This dual-function membrane is prepared by a
unique sol-gel dip-coating process for depositing
a microporous amino-silicate membrane on a
porous tubular ceramic support. It consists of
a microporous inorganic siliceous matrix, with
amine functional groups physically immobilized
or covalently bonded on the membrane pore
walls.303
Strong interactions between the permeating
CO2 molecules and the amine functional
University of New Mexico
Project Leader(s): C. Jeffrey Brinker
Weblink: unm.edu/~solgel
Phone: 505.272.7627
Location: Albuquerque, NM
E. cjbrink@sandia.gov
membrane pores will enhance surface diffusion
of CO2 on the pore wall of the membrane,
subsequently blocking other gases.304
The new membrane is expected to exhibit
higher CO2 selectivity compared to prior
membranes that separate gases based on
differences in molecular size only.305
The DOE’s NETL provided $886,827 in 2005 to
Source: NETL

The EERC’s PCO2C Program is researching
capture technologies to identify the most
efficient, cleanest, and most cost-effective for
implementation in the electric utility fleet or in
CO2 sequestration.306
includes the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),
the North Dakota Industrial Commission, and
some 15 industrial partners.307
The first phase of the project began in July
2008 and wraps up in July 2010 as the project
moves into Phase II. Phase I concentrated
on designing and fabricating an oxygen-fired
combustion technology and a postcombustion
high-efficiency, flexible scrubber system, both
hr suspension-fired pilot-scale combustion
evaluated the performance of several CO2 -
scrubbing solvents in flue gas streams derived
from the combustion of selected fossil fuels,
University of North
Dakota – EERC
Project Leader(s): Brandon M. Pavlish
Weblink: undeerc.org
Phone: 701.777.5065
Location: Grand Forks, ND
E. bpavlish@undeerc.org
biomass, and blends. Phase II will test the
most promising solvents as well as some novel
technologies.308

The objective of this project is to scale up and
demonstrate a hybrid solid sorbent technology,
referred to as the CACHYSTM process, for CO2
capture from coal combustion-derived ﬂue
gas.309
The technology involves a novel solid sorbent
based on the following ideas: reduction of
energy for sorbent regeneration, utilization of
novel process chemistry, contactor conditions
that minimize sorbent-CO2 heat of reaction and
promote fast CO2 capture, and low-cost method
of heat management.310
The project will develop key information for the
CACHYS process-sorbent performance, energy
for sorbent regeneration, physical properties
of the sorbent, the integration of process
components, sizing of equipment, and overall
capital and operational cost of the integrated
system.311
University of North
Dakota – Institute for
Energy Studies
Project Leader(s): Steve Benson
Weblink: engineering.und.edu/institute-for-energy-studies
Phone: 701.213.7070
Location: Grand Forks, ND
E. stevebenson@mail.und.nodak.edu
The DOE’s ARPA-E provided $2,952,000 in
August 2011 to support this work.

A recent discovery by researchers at Notre Dame
University have identified a class of ionic liquid
materials which undergo a phase transition from
solid phase to liquid when reacting with carbon
dioxide.257
A detailed synthetic study of these new
compounds will aim to identify materials that
are best suited for post-combustion capture
applications.258
The potential of these projects as a more
economical means of CO2 capture depends
upon the efficient use of ILs as CO2 absorbents
in coal-fired power plants. Compared to existing
amine-based technologies, these designs would
reduce costs through higher CO2 loading in the
circulating liquid and lower heat requirements
for regeneration.259 Research has indicated that,
for flue gas application, ILs have demonstrated
SO2 solubility 8 to 25 times that of CO2 at the
University of Notre Dame –
Brennecke Research
Group
Project Leader(s): Joan Brennecke
Weblink: nd.edu/~jfb
Phone: 574.631.5847
Location: South Bend, IN
E. jfb@nd.edu
same partial pressure, thereby allowing this novel
solvent to not only remove CO2 but also serve as
an SO2 polishing step.260
Lower heats of regeneration are required with
these materials because the heat of fusion during
the phase change from liquid to solid reduces the
amount of energy needed to release the carbon
dioxide that is captured.261
2010 to support this effort.

The University of Notre Dame is conducting
Technology for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the
feasibility of using a novel class of compounds –
ionic liquids (ILs) – for the capture of CO2 from
the flue gas of coal-fired power plants.254
Initial efforts focused on “proof-of-concept”
exploration, followed by a laboratory-/bench-
scale effort. ILs include a broad category of salts,
typically containing an organic cation and either
an inorganic or organic anion.255
Since ILs are physical solvents, less heat is
required for regeneration compared to today’s
conventional chemical solvents. Task-specific
ILs that contain amine functionality are being
investigated to further improve CO2 solubility.256
University of Notre Dame -
Maginn Group
Project Leader(s): Edward Maginn
Weblink: nd.edu/~ed/
Phone: 574.631.5687
Location: St. Joseph County, IN
E. ed@nd.edu
The DOE’s NETL provided $434,076 to support
this project between 2004 and 2007.

Splitting her work between California and Sydney,
Dr. Deanna D’Alessandro has constructed crystals
full of minute holes that can trap CO2, and
theoretically almost any gas.312
Dr. D’Alessandro’s high-tech crystals are known
as metal-organic frameworks, which are clusters
of charged metal atoms linked by carbon-based
groups. Their molecular structures are essentially
similar to the molecular structures of seashells
and microscopic marine plants called diatoms.
One teaspoon of these molecular sponges has a
surface area equivalent to a rugby ﬁeld.313
The concept is not new, but Dr. D’Alessandro’s
crystals are more robust with molecular pores
that could even be shaped using light. This gives
them the ability to capture and release gases on
cue.314
They can also withstand the hot, wet
environments of power station ﬂues that
currently use carbon capture technology based
University of Sydney
Project Leader(s): Deanna D’Alessandro
Weblink: sydney.edu.au/science/chemistry/~deanna
Phone: +61-2-9351-3777
Location: Sydney, Australia
E. deanna@chem.usyd.edu.au
around toxic chemicals. And which can require
up to 40 per cent of the power generated by the
station to successfully capture CO2.315
The scientist was awarded the L’Oréal
for her achievement, which will provide
$20,000 worth of equipment, travel support
and a summer vacation student to assist her
research.316
The crystals may have other important
applications including hydrogen storage, gas
separation, and electrodes for sensors.317

The University of Texas at Austin investigated
an improved process for CO2 capture by
alkanolamine absorption that uses an alternative
solvent, aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
promoted by piperazine (PZ).318
The K2CO3
PZ) has an absorption rate 10–30% faster than
a 30% solution of MEA and favorable equilibrium
characteristics. A benefit is that oxygen is less
is more expensive than MEA, so the economic
impact of oxidative degradation will be about the
same.319
If successful, this process would use less
energy for CO2 capture than the conventional
monoethanolamine (MEA) scrubbing process. An
improved capture system would mean a relative
improvement in overall power plant efficiency.320
University of Texas at
Austin
Project Leader(s): Gary T. Rochelle
Weblink: research.engr.utexas.edu/rochelle
Phone: 512.471.7230
Location: Austin, TX
E. gtr@che.utexas.edu
The project developed models to predict the
performance of absorption/stripping of CO2
using the improved solvent and perform a pilot
plant study to validate the process models and
define the range of feasible process operations.321
As part of the pilot plant study, a test with
MEA was conducted as a baseline to compare
CO2 absorption and stripping performance with
tests using the K2CO3/PZ solvent. Researchers
also investigated key issues such as solvent
degradation, solvent reclamation, corrosion, and
alternative stripper configurations.322
The DOE’s NETL provided $1,565,275 in 2002
to support the development of this technology.

The university is creating a low-pressure Carbon
2
from flue gas.323
This filter is filled with a low-cost carbonaceous
sorbent, such as activated carbon or charcoal,
which has a high affinity (and, hence, high
capacity) to CO2 but not to nitrogen (N2). This, in
turn, leads to a high CO2/N2 selectivity, especially
at low pressures.324
work can recover at least 90% of flue-gas
CO2 of 90%+ purity at a fraction of the cost
normally associated with the conventional amine
absorption process.325
expensive materials nor flue-gas compression or
refrigeration, and it is easy to heat integrate with
an existing or grassroots power plant without
affecting the cost of the produced electricity too
much.326
University of Wyoming
Project Leader(s): Maciej Radosz
Weblink: wwweng.uwyo.edu/economic/sml/index.html
Phone: 307.766.4926
Location: Laramie, WY
E. radosz@uwyo.edu

Researchers will construct and test at the bench-
scale a novel CO2 capture process that includes
combining the absorber and stripper columns
into a single integrated unit.327
The two functions of this integrated unit
are separated by a ceramic membrane that
enhances the capture of the CO2 from the ﬂue
gas and the production of a concentrated stream
of CO2 for storage.328
A computer simulation model will be
developed for the process, and the results will
be used to optimize the properties of ceramics
being used and the process operating conditions.
The expected outcomes of this project include
signiﬁcant reduction in the capital and operating
costs of the gas absorption process and the
resulting increase in COE.329
In August 2011, the DOE provided $768,647 to
William Marshall Rice
University
Project Leader(s): George Hirasaki
Weblink: ruf.rice.edu/~che
Phone: 713.348.5416
Location: Houston, Texas
E. gjh@rice.edu

1 Utility Shelves Ambitious Plan
to Limit Carbon. The New York Times. [13 July 2011]. [Online]
Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/business/
energy-environment/utility-shelves-plan-to-capture-carbon-
dioxide.html
2 Peak, Matt. Carbon Capture and Recycling Industry Overview.
Prize Capital, LLC. [2011]. [Online] Available: http://prizecapital.
net/Prize_Capital/CCR_Industry_Overview_Report.html
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 See: “And the winner is…” by McKinsey & Company, available
for download: http://mckinseyonsociety.com/capturing-the-
promise-of-philanthropic-prizes/
10 Carbon Capture Research. The Department of Energy. [9
programs/sequestration/capture/
11 FAQ Information Portal: Carbon Capture. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. The Department of Energy. [Online]
Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/
13 Advances in CO2 capture technology—The
U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Sequestration Program. The
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. [17 September
2007]. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/
carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture%20Paper.pdf
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Amines as Bases. Chemguide. [Online] Available: http://www.
chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/amines/base.html
17 Ibid.
18 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture & Storage Initiative. American
Electric Power. [22 September 2008]. [Online] Available: http://
www.aep.com/environmental/climatechange/carboncapture/
docs/ChilledAmmonia9-22-08.pdf
19 Mountaineer CCS Project Deemed a Success. Power
Engineering. [5 May 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.power-
eng.com/articles/2011/05/mountaineer-ccs-project-deemed-a-
success.html
20 Ibid.
21 Carbon Capture & Storage. American Electric Power. [Online]
Available: http://www.aep.com/environmental/climatechange/
carboncapture/
23 Ibid.
24 CCS For Coal Power Plant Sites with Low Energy and Cost
Penalties. Carbon Capture Journal. [18 December 2009]. [Online]
Available: http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.
php?NewsID=496
26 Ibid.
27 Moore, Samuel K. The Water Cost of Carbon Capture. [June
2010]. [Online] Available: http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/
environment/the-water-cost-of-carbon-capture/0
28 Ibid.
29 CCS For Coal Power Plant Sites with Low Energy and Cost
Penalties. Carbon Capture Journal. [18 December 2009]. [Online]
Available: http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.
php?NewsID=496
30 Shuster, Erik. Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future
Thermoelectric Generation Requirements; 2009 Update. The
National Energy Technology Laboratory. [30 September 2009].
[Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/
pubs/2009%20Water%20Needs%20Analysis%20-%20
31 FAQ Information Portal: Carbon Capture. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. The Department of Energy. [Online]
Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Putting Carbon Back Into
the Ground.
2001]. [Online] Available: http://www.ieaghg.org/docs/general_
publications/putcback.pdf
51 Kazama, S., Teramoto, T., and Haraya, K. Carbon Dioxide and
Nitrogen Transport Properties of Bis(Phenyl)Fluorene-Based
Cardo Polymer Membranes. The Journal of Membrane Science. [1
September 2002].
52 High-Temperature
Membranes in Power Generation with CO2 Capture. Chemical
Engineering and Processing[25 May 2004]. [Online] Available:
HTmembranes_CO2_capture.pdf
53 Lin, Y.M., and Rei, M.H. Process Development for Generating
High Purity Hydrogen by Using Supported Palladium Membrane
Reactor as Steam Reformer. International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy. [March 2000].
54 CO2 Separation with Polyoleﬁn
Membrane Contactors and Dedicated Absorption Liquids:
Performances and Prospects. Separation and Puriﬁcation
Technology. [1 June 2002].

76 Department of Energy Announces $41 Million Investment for
Carbon Capture Development. The Department of Energy. [25
August 2011]. [Online] Available: http://energy.gov/articles/
department-energy-announces-41-million-investment-carbon-
capture-development
77 Ibid.
78 Haas, Anne. Battelle Receives $2 Million Award to Test Energy
Efficient Carbon Capture. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
[25 August 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.pnnl.gov/news/
release.aspx?id=885
capture-development
80 Haas, Anne. Battelle Receives $2 Million Award to Test Energy
Efficient Carbon Capture. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
[25 August 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.pnnl.gov/news/
release.aspx?id=885
81 Ricketts, Camille. C12 Energy Captures $4.5M for Carbon
Sequestration
Available: http://venturebeat.com/2009/02/11/c12-energy-
captures-45m-for-carbon-sequestration/
82 Garthwaite, Josie. Sequoia Breaks Into Carbon Capture, Backs
Stealthy C12 Energy
Available: http://gigaom.com/cleantech/sequoia-breaks-into-
carbon-capture-backs-stealthy-c12-energy/
capture-development
84 Ibid.
85 Gas Pressurized Stripping (GPS) Process-Based Technology.
Carbon Capture Scientific, LLC. [Online] Available: http://
carboncapturescientific.com/technology.html#two
capture-development
87 Air Capture – Frequently Asked Questions. Carbon
Engineering. [2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.
carbonengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/
88 Ibid.
89 Ibid.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid.
92 Biomimetric Membrane Project No.: FC26-07NT43084. The
National Energy Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://
www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-
combustion/biomimetric.html
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid.
97 Climeworks Homepage. [Online] Available: http://www.
climeworks.com/
55 An Assessment of Carbon Capture Technology and Research
Opportunities. The Global Climate and Energy Project. [Spring,
2005]. [Online] Available: http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/
assessments/carbon_capture_assessment.pdf
56 Carapellucci, R., and Milazzo, A. Carbon Dioxide Removal via a
Membrane System in a Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Plant. The
Journal of Power and Energy. [1 June 2004].
57 An Assessment of Carbon Capture Technology and Research
Opportunities. The Global Climate and Energy Project. [Spring,
2005]. [Online] Available: http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/
assessments/carbon_capture_assessment.pdf
58 Advances in CO2 capture technology—
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Sequestration Program.
The International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. [17
September 2007]. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/
technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture%20Paper.pdf
59 Ibid.
60 Carbon Dioxide Recovery from Flue Gas using Carbon-
Supported Amine Sorbents Project No.: FG02-04ER83885 SBIR.
The National Energy Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/
post-combustion/amine.html
61 Ibid.
62 A Low-Energy, Low-Cost Process for Stripping Carbon Dioxide
from Absorbents Project No.: FG02-06ER84592 SBIR. The
National Energy Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://
www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-
combustion/stripping.html
63 Ibid.
64 Technology. Aker CleanCarbon Homepage. [Online] Available:
http://www.akercleancarbon.com/section.cfm?path=418,456
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid.
67 Akermin Wins $4.6 Million in Grants and Contracts. Aker
CleanCarbon Homepage. [15 August 2010]. [Online] Available:
http://akermin.com/grants/
68 CO2 Capture by Sub-Ambient Membrane Operation Project No.:
DE-FE0004278. The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
[Online]Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/
ewr/co2/post-combustion/sub-ambient-membrane.html
69 A High Efficiency Inertial CO2 Extraction System — ICES.
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. [September 2010].
[Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/LinkClick.aspx?filetic
ket=85IQlGTruiQ%3d&tabid=277
70 Ibid.
capture-development
72 RWE, BASF and Linde: Breakthrough in Capturing Carbon from
Flue Gas of Coal-fired Power Plants.
September 2010]. [Online] Available: http://www.basf.com/
group/pressrelease/P-10-395
73 Ibid.
74 New Solvent Promises to Capture CCS Cost Savings.
www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/2027037/solvent-promises-
capture-ccs-cost-savings
75 RWE, BASF and Linde Claim Flue Gas CO2 Capture
‘Breakthrough’. Carbon Capture Journal. [3 September 2010].
[Online] Available: http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/
displaynews.php?NewsID=628&PHPSESSID=8po9arra47eqdc
d7r3isi62hf2

122 Novel High Capacity Oligomers for Low Cost CO2 Capture
Project No.: DE-NT0005310. The National Energy Technology
Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/
technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/
oligomers.html
123 Ibid.
124 Ibid.
125 Bench-Scale Silicone Process for Low-Cost CO2 Capture
Project No.: FE0007502. The National Energy Technology
technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/
solvent-ge.html
126 Ibid.
127 Ibid.
capture-development
129 Ibid.
130 Ibid.
131 GE Global Research: CO2 Capture Process Using Phase-
Changing Absorbents. Advanced Research Projects Agency-
Energy. [Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/
ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/
CO2CaptureProcessUsingPhaseChangingAbsorbent.aspx
132 Ibid.
133 Ibid.
134 Gunther, Mark. The Business of Cooling the Planet. CNN
Money. [7 October 2011]. [Online] Available: http://tech.fortune.
cnn.com/2011/10/07/the-business-of-cooling-the-planet/
135 Siegle, Lucy. Graciela Chichilnisky’s Innovation: Carbon
Capturing. The Guardian. [13 November 2010]. [Online] Available:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/nov/14/graciela-
chichilnisky-carbon-capture-global-thermostat
136 Connect With The ARPA-E Applicant Community. Advanced
Research Projects Agency-Energy. [Online] Available: http://
arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/
ConnectwiththeApplicantCommunity/CarbonCapture.aspx
137 Ibid.
138 Ibid.
August 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.fe.doe.gov/news/
techlines/2011/11048-Carbon_Capture_Projects_Selected.html
140 Ibid.
141 The VeloxoTherm™ Process. Inventys Homepage. [Online]
Available: http://www.inventysinc.com/technology/
142 Ibid.
143 Ibid.
144 Ibid.
145 Novel Solvent System for CO2 Capture. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. [November 2011]. [Online] Available:
http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/project/
146 Ibid.
147 Ibid.
148 Company. Kilimanjaro Homepage. [Online] Available: http://
www.kilimanjaroenergy.com/company/
149 Ibid.
150 RECTISOL® Wash. Linde Homepage. [Online] Available: http://
www.linde-engineering.com/en/process_plants/hydrogen_and_
synthesis_gas_plants/gas_processing_plants/rectisol_wash/
index.html
98 Climeworks Technology for Efficient CO2 Capture from
Ambient Air. Climeworks Homepage. [Online] Available: http://
www.climeworks.com/capture_process/articles/
capture_process.html
99 Ibid.
100 Technology Overview. CO2 Solution Homepage. [Online]
Available: http://www.co2solution.com/en/technology-overview.
php
101 Ibid.
102
Dioxide (CO2) Capture. Advanced Research Projects Agency-
Energy. [2010]. [Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/
LinkClick.aspx?ﬁleticket=Esm28mWVGXI%3D&tabid=288
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid.
105 Carbon Dioxide Capture from Large Point Sources Project No.:
FG02-04ER83925 SBIR. The national Energy Technology
technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/largepoint.
html
106 Ibid.
107 Ibid.
technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture%20Paper.
pdf
109 Ibid.
110 Process Description. Cansolv Homepage. [Online] Available:
http://www.cansolv.com/en/co2capturedescription.ch2
111 Econamine FG Plus Process
Available: http://www.ﬂuor.com/econamine/Pages/efgprocess.
aspx
112 Ibid.
113 Ibid.
114 Ibid.
technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture
%20Paper.pdf
116 FuelCell Energy Awarded $3M to Evaluate DFC in Carbon
Capture
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2011/
october/fuelcell-energy-awarded-$3m-to-evaluate-dfc-in-
carbon-capture
117 FuelCell Energy receives DOE grant for carbon capture
technology
Available: http://carbon.energy-business-review.com/news/
fuelcell-energy-receives-doe-grant-for-carbon-capture-
technology-051011
capture-development
119 Ibid.
120 Ibid.
121 Hybrid Membrane/Absorption Process for Post-combustion
CO2 Capture. The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
[November 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/

182 Ibid.
183 Ibid.
184 Sustainable Energy Solutions: Cryogenic Carbon Capture.
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. [Online] Available:
http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/
CryogenicCarbonCapture.aspx
185 Cryogenic Carbon Capture. Sustainable Energy Solutions
Homepage. [Online] Available: http://www.sustainablees.com/
index-4.html
186 Flow Diagram. Sustainable Energy Solutions Homepage.
[Online] Available: http://www.sustainablees.com/index-4.2.html
187 Ibid.
188 Sustainable Energy Solutions: Cryogenic Carbon Capture.
CryogenicCarbonCapture.aspx
189 Low-cost Sorbent for Capturing CO2 Emissions Generated by
Existing Coal-ﬁred Power Plants. The National Energy Technology
Laboratory. [January 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.
doe.gov/publications/factsheets/project/NT0005497.pdf
190 Ibid.
191 Ibid.
192 Advanced Amine Solvent Formulation and Process Integration
for Near-Term CO2 Capture Success Project No.: FG02-
06ER84625 SBIR. The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
[Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/
coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/adv-amine.html
193 Ibid.
194 Ibid.
195 Ibid.
196 United Technologies Research Center: CO2 Capture With
Enzyme Synthetic Analogue. Advanced Research Projects
Agency-Energy. [Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/
ProgramsProjects/OtherProjects/CarbonCapture/
CO2CapturewithEnzymeSyntheticAnalogue.aspx
197 Ibid.
198 Ibid.
199 Ibid.
200 CO2 Removal from Flue Gas Using Microporous Metal Organic
Frameworks. The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
[Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/
factsheets/project/NT43092.pdf
201 Ibid.
202 Ibid.
203 Evaluation of Concentrated Piperazine for CO2 Capture from
Coal-Fired Flue Gas. The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
204 Ibid.
205 Ibid.
capture-development
207 Ibid.
208 Ibid.
209 Earth & Environmental Engineering, Columbia University:
Chemical And Biological Catalytic Enhancement Of Weathering Of
Silicate Minerals As Novel Carbon Capture And Storage
Technology. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. [Online]
Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/
210 Ibid.
151 Ibid.
152 Ibid.
153 Ibid.
154 Membrane Process to Capture CO2 from Power Plant Flue
Gas. The National Energy Technology Laboratory. [May 2009].
factsheets/project/Proj593.pdf
155 Ibid.
156 Ibid.
157 Ibid.
technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture
%20Paper.pdf
159 Mitchell, Ronald. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ Carbon Capture
Technology
[Online] Available: http://www.precaution.org/lib/
carbcapjournal_v1_n1.080101.pdf
160 Ibid.
161 Nalco Company: Energy Efficient Capture Of CO2 From Coal
Flue Gas. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. [Online]
Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/
OtherProjects/CarbonCapture/
162 Ibid.
163 Energy Efficient Capture of CO2 from Coal Flue Gas. Advanced
abid=206
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid.
167 Ibid.
168 Ibid.
169 Ibid.
170 Low-Energy Solvents for CO2 Capture Enabled by a
Combination of Enzymes and Ultrasonics. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. [November 2011]. [Online] Available:
171 Ibid.
172 Ibid.
173 Carbon Capture. Process Group Homepage. [Online]
Available: http://www.processgroup.com.au/index.php?id=63
174 Ibid.
175 Ibid.
176 Ibid.
177 Ibid.
178 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Energy-Efficient Carbon
Sequestration. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.
[Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/LinkClick.aspx?ﬁletic
ket=XwQhkUHfz9E%3d&tabid=205
179 Ibid.
180 Ibid.
181 Slipstream Development and Testing of Siemens POSTCAP
Capture and Separation Technology Project No.: DE-FE0003714.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/
post-combustion/siemens-postcap.html

212 Ibid.
213 Ibid.
214 Georgia Tech Research Corporation: High Performance MOF-
Polymer Composite Membranes For CO2 Capture. Advanced
arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/
215 Ibid.
216 What We Do. Sholl Research Group Homepage. [Online]
Available: http://sholl.chbe.gatech.edu/research.htm
217 Reversible Ionic Liquids as Double-Action Solvents for Efficient
CO2 Capture Project No.: DE-NT0005287. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.
gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/double-
action.html
218 Ibid.
219 Ibid.
220 Ibid.
capture-development
222 Ibid.
223 Nanometric Thin-Film Membranes Capture More Carbon
Dioxide. Capture Ready. [21 September 2010]. [Online] Available:
http://www.captureready.com/en/Channels/News/showDetail.
asp?objID=1966&isNew=
224 Ibid.
225 Ibid.
226 Ibid.
227 Ibid.
228 CO2 Capture from Flue Gas by PhaseTransitionalAbsorption
Project No.: FG26-05NT42488.The National EnergyTechnology
Laboratory.[Online]Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/
coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/transitional.html
229 Ibid.
230 Air Capture Technology Ready by 2018 -UK Engineers.
AlertNet. [26 October 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.
thomsonreutersfoundation.com/alertnet/news/air-capture-
technology-ready-by-2018--uk-engineers/
231 Ibid.
232 Ibid.
233 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: High-Throughput
Discovery Of Robust Metal-Organic Frameworks For CO2 Capture.
HighThroughputDiscoveryofRobustMetalOrganic.aspx
234 Ibid.
235 Ibid.
236 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLNS: Catalytic
Improvement Of Solvent Capture Systems. Advanced Research
Projects Agency-Energy. [Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.
gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/
CatalyticImprovementofSolventCaptureSystems.aspx
237 Lehigh University: Electric Field Swing Adsorption For Carbon
Capture Applications. Advanced Research Projects Agency-
238 Ibid.
239 Electric Field Swing Adsorption for Carbon Capture
Applications. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.
[Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/LinkClick.aspx?ﬁleti
cket=jucaCHbekgk%3d&tabid=207
240 Lehigh University: Electric Field Swing Adsorption For Carbon
Capture Applications. Advanced Research Projects Agency-
241 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology: Electrochemically
Mediated Separation For Carbon Capture And Mitigation.
ElectrochemicallyMediatedSeparationforCarbonC.aspx
242 Ibid.
243 Ibid.
U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Sequestration Program.The
245 Ibid.
246 NETL-Developed Process for Capturing CO2 Emissions Wins
National Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer. The National
Available: http://www.fossil.energy.gov/news/
techlines/2011/11009-NETL_Process_Wins_Award.html
247 Ibid.
248 Li, Yuandi. Carbon Capture with Sawdust. Royal Society of
Chemistry. [18 March 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.rsc.
org/chemistryworld/News/2011/March/18031103.asp
249 Ibid.
250 Sustainable Porous
Carbons With A Superior Performance For CO2 Capture. [17
December 2010]. [Online] Available: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/
content/articlelanding/2011/ee/c0ee00784f
251 ‘All-Natural’ Material Created To Capture Carbon. Ecoseed.
[26 September 2011]. [Online] Available: http://www.ecoseed.
org/energy-efficiency-blog/carbon-capture-and-storage/
article/78-carbon-capture-and-storage/11314-?tmpl=component
252 Ibid.
253 Ibid.
254 Ionic Liquids Project No.: FC26-07NT43091. The National
Energy Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://www.
netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-
combustion/ionic.html
255 Ibid.
256 Ibid.
257 University Of Notre Dame: CO2 Capture With Ionic Liquids
Involving Phase Change. Advanced Research Projects Agency-
ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/
CO2CapturewithIonicLiquidsInvolvingPhaseCha.aspx
258 Ibid.
259 Ionic Liquids Project No.: FC26-07NT43091. The National
Energy Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://www.
netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-
combustion/ionic.html
U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Sequestration Program.The

261 University Of Notre Dame: CO2 Capture With Ionic
Liquids Involving Phase Change. Advanced Research
Projects Agency-Energy. [Online] Available: http://
arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/
CO2CapturewithIonicLiquidsInvolvingPhaseCha.aspx
262 Oak Ridge National Laboratory: High Performance CO2
Scrubbing Based On Hollow Fiber-Supported Designer Ionic
Liquid Sponges. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.
[Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/
aspx
263 Ibid.
264 Department of Energy Announces $41 Million Investment
for Carbon Capture Development. The Department of Energy.
[25 August 2011]. [Online] Available: http://energy.gov/articles/
capture-development
265 Ibid.
266 Ibid.
267 CO2 Capture from Flue Gas Using Solid Molecular Basket
Sorbents. The National Energy Technology Laboratory. [Online]
Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/
268 Ibid.
269 Dry Regenerable Sorbents Project No.: FC26-07NT43089.
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-
combustion/dry-regen.html
270 Ibid.
technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture%20Paper.pdf
272 CO2 Capture Membrane Process for Power Plant Flue Gas Project
No.: DE-NT0005313.The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
[Online]Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/
ewr/co2/post-combustion/membrane-process.html
273 Ibid.
274 Research Triangle Institute (RTI International):
Novel Non-Aqueous CO2 Solvent-Based Capture Process
With Substantially Reduced Energy Penalties. Advanced
Research Projects Agency-Energy. [Online] Available:
NovelNonAqueousCO2SolventbasedCaptureProces.aspx
275 Ibid.
276 Development of Novel Carbon Sorbents for CO2 Capture.
NT0005578.pdf
277 Ibid.
278 Ibid.
279 Ibid.
280 Texas A&M University: Stimuli-Responsive Metal-Organic
Frameworks For Energy-Efficient Post-Combustion Carbon
Dioxide Capture. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.
[Online] Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/
281 Ibid.
282 Ibid.
283 Metal Monolithic Amine-Grafted Zeolites for CO2 Capture
Project No.: FC26-07NT43086. The National Energy Technology
technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/zeolite.html
284 Ibid.
285 Ibid.
286 Stark, Anne M. Speeding Up Mother Nature’s Very Own CO2
Mitigation Process. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
[19 January 2011]. [Online] Available: https://www.llnl.gov/news/
newsreleases/2011/Jan/NR-11-01-03.html
287 Ibid.
288 Ibid.
289 Ibid.
290 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado: Achieving
A 10,000 Gpu Permeance For Post-Combustion Carbon
Capture With Gelled Ionic Liquid-Based Membranes. Advanced
Achievinga10000GPUPermeanceforPostCombusti.aspx
291 Ibid.
292 Development and Evaluation of a Novel Integrated Vacuum
Carbonate Absorption Process Project No.: DE-NT0005498.
combustion/vacuumcarbonate.html
293 Ibid.
294 Ibid.
295 Bench-Scale Development of a Hot Carbonate Absorption
Process with Crystallization-Enabled High Pressure Stripping
for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Project No.: DE-FE0004360.
combustion/bench-scale-dev.html
296 Ibid.
297 Ibid.
298 Ibid.
299 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation: A
Solvent-Membrane Hybrid Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
Process For Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants. Advanced
ASolventMembraneHybridPostcombustionCO2Capt.aspx
300 Ibid.
301 Ibid.
302 Novel Dual Functional Membrane for Controlling Carbon
Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fueled Power Plants Project No.:
FG26-04NT42120. The National Energy Technology Laboratory.
[Online] Available: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/
coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/dual-function.html
303 Ibid.
304 Ibid.
305 Ibid.
306 EERC Performs Cutting-Edge Research On CO2 Capture.
University of North Dakota. [Online] Available: http://www.
undeerc.org/homearticle.aspx?id=223
307 Ibid.
308 Ibid.
capture-development
310 Ibid.
311 Ibid.
312 Pearson, Caden. Carbon Emissions Captured by Aussie
Crystals. The Epoch Times. [13 September 2010]. [Online]
Available: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/
view/42500/

313 Ibid.
314 Ibid.
315 Ibid.
316 Ibid.
317 Ibid.
318 Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption with Potassium
Carbonate Project No.: FC26-02NT41440. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.
doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/
potassium.html
technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/CO2%20Capture%20Paper.
pdf
320 Carbon Dioxide Capture by Absorption with Potassium
Carbonate Project No.: FC26-02NT41440. The National Energy
Technology Laboratory. [Online] Available: http://www.netl.
doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/co2/post-combustion/
potassium.html
321 Ibid.
322 Ibid.
323
Carbonaceous Sorbents: Toward a Low-Cost Multifunctional
Engineering Chemistry Research. [29 April 2008]. [Online]
Available: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie0707974
324 Ibid.
325 Ibid.
326 Ibid.
capture-development
328 Ibid.
329 Ibid.

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