Encrypting an audio file based on integer wavelet transform and hand geometry

TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020, pp. 2012~2017
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i4.14216  2012
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Encrypting an audio file based on integer wavelet transform
and hand geometry
Zeena N. Al-Kateeb, Saja J. Mohammed
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Mosul, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 26, 2019
Revised Feb 17, 2020
Accepted Mar 18, 2020
A new algorithm suggested for audio file encryption and decryption utilizing
integer wavelet transform to take advantage of the property for adaptive
context-based lossless audio coding. In addition, biometrics are used to
give a significant level of classification and unwavering quality because
the procedure has numerous qualities and points of interest. The offered
algorithm utilized many properties of hand geometry estimations as keys to
encode and decode the audio file. Many tests were carried out on a set of audio
files and quality metrics such as mean square error and correlations were
calculated which in turn confirmed the efficiency and quality of the work.
Keywords:
An audio file
Decryption
Encryption,
Hand geometry
Integer wavelet transformation This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Zeena N. Al-Kateeb,
Department of Computer Science,
College of Computer Science and Mathematics,
University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
Email: zeenaalkateeb@yahoo.com, zeenaalkateeb@uomosul.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
Data encryption has a great importance to preserve the real information from detection and forgery
and works on its non-visibility in all of its types. It considered a contributing factor in adding more protection
against reading, hearing, tampering or destruction. The techniques used to encode the information are differed,
also their methods evolved to reach as which it is currently. Because of the extraordinary improvement and the
electronic uprising, the concept of biometric information then it was introduced into secret data encryption
systems has emerged. This led to developing the concept of bio-encryption systems.
Cryptography is the ability and study of keeping significant data from disturber and hackers who try
to utilize them for forbidden usage. What's more, it might be characterized as a procedure that guarantees
the protection of the correspondence between the two gatherings [1, 2]. It chiefly includes two parts: encryption
and decryption. Encryption manages mixed the substance of a safe message to make it disjointed or
undecipherable for any unapproved individual or program. Where decryption is a process of converting
the encrypted message to its identical plaintext [3, 4].
The wavelet space is growing up rapidly. Wavelets have been adequately used as an amazing asset in
numerous various fields such as signal processing, star watching, and cryptography [5]. Integer wavelet
transform is a kind of wavelet transform that map integer data set with another integer data set, the significant
property of the integer wavelet transform (IWT) its coefficients have a similar dynamical range as the first
sign. This makes simpler usage contemplations in regards to the size of the factors to be utilized and the reaches
to accommodate in the coding calculation [6].

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 
Encrypting an audio file based on integer wavelet transform and hand geomatry (Zeena N. Al-Kateeb)
2013
Many encryption methods have appeared and many researchers have tried to develop new, modern
and novel ways to encrypt confidential data, such as [7], they used the RSA algorithm in a new way to encrypt
and decrypt audio files, in order to protect its confidential data. In [8] a voice encryption framework is created
as a real-time software application using advanced encryption standards (AES) to perform this cryptography.
Where [9] presented an application to encrypt audio and stereo data samples using single and double dimension
discrete-time chaotic systems were. To enhance security during encryption. [10] gives a complete presentation
about some of the existing cryptographic techniques and their performance for all data types chiefly audio files.
Some researchers have attempted to decrease audio encryption time by choosing parts of the audio
file carefully [11-13], where in [11] the audio files encrypted using the discrete fourier transform (DFT) to
encrypt lower frequency bands, and some researchers perform encoding by employing a shuffle stream cipher
[14]. In [15] the researchers try to use block cipher encryption system with (.wav) file. They mix block ciphers
and chaotic systems to encrypt speech file (.wav) using two of block cipher modes (CBC, CFB). Other scientists
utilized chaotic maps, [16] used deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encrypting rules and hybrid chaotic shift
transform (HCST) to perform a novel audio cryptosystem. Nishith Sinha, et al. Embedding encoded data in
the audio files, where the original text message encoded by updating Vigenère cipher, and using LSB encoding
to hide it into the cover audio, next, exposed the audio file to transposition utilizing of Blum Blum Shub
pseudo-random number generator [17].
2. UTILIZING BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES
As of late, a new science (or term) is appeared, it is a concept of biometrics "Biometric technologies".
It is defined as a programmed strategies for verifying/or recognizing. Biometric technologies have grown
and used in different areas of life, the personality of a living individual depends on two types [18, 19]:
- Behavioral biometrics: It can be defined as a scale of human actions such as gait, signature. Behavioral
biometrics, measure human electrocardiograms also such as (ECG) signals which can employ in personality
recognition and authentication
- Physiological biometrics: It can be used to distinguish individual, from one to others, depending on are
the individual physical properties of such as hand geometry, fingerprint, odor, hand vein, ear, iris, palm
print, retina, face, voice, infrared thermogram and DNA.
Biometric technologies must meet the predetermined necessities to be useful and dependable [20, 21]:
 Uniqueness: There are no two people who can have this property identically,
 Availability: It means, that everyone has this characteristic or property,
 Permanence: It means, this characteristic is stable and does not change by time’s factors or that it is slightly
affected by the time’s factors, then the template should be updated periodically,
 Collectability: It means the adjective can be quantified by electronic sensors easily,
 Performance: that means the use of characteristic gives accurate results at a good speed of distinction, and that
the material resources to use that attribute are available,
 Acceptability: It means the collection of this property is accepted by the public and does not meet objections,
 Resistance to Circumvent: It means the technology can resist the fraud tactics that hackers can use [20-22].
Biometric encryption systems are an important application of biometric technologies, It combins
the benefits of encryption and biometrics for exploiting the advantages of both [23]. Encryption provides high
levels of security, as well as provids biometrics with a non-disclaimer feature. All of these things saves our
efforts to protect the symbols and saves us from forgetting passwords problems. In biometric cryptosystems,
a cryptographic key is created from the biometric template for a client kept in the database so that the key can't
be found without a fruitful biometric validation [19, 24]. There are many domains deal with encryption and
steganography the audio signal, such as transform domain, temporal domain, and coded domain.
Encryption/steganography in transform domain gives greater security [25, 26]. Other researchers have also
suggested using chaotic and hyperchaotic systems in encryption to increase data security [27-40].
3. INTEGER WAVELET TRANSFORM OF AN AUDIO SIGNAL
Integer wavelet transform (IWT) is a type of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). It has a significant
property that making it better than (DWT), where IWT coefﬁcients have the similar dynamical range as
the original signal. This facilitates the progress, especially, the considerations deal with the size of the variables
to be utilized, and the ranges to accommodate in the coding algorithm [41, 42]. IWT It is used as an efficient
transform that converts and rebuilds data without loss. This provides high efficiency of encryption systems and
makes the decoding process for data retrieval work with high accuracy [43-45].

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020: 2012 - 2017
2014
3.1. Audio file encryption using hand geometry
The proposed algorithm encrypt data of audio file in the frequency domain, where the algorithm first
converts the audio file from the spatial domain into the frequency domain using integer wavelet transform (IWT),
taking advantage of the characteristics and features of this transform, as mention above, the most important of
these properties is converts and rebuilds data without loss. Then the algorithm receives an image of a human hand
in order to deduce the geometry characteristics of its. The hand geometry features used as keys to encrypt
the audio file data. The extracting characteristics of the hand image are reaching to 50 characteristics, such as,
the width of the five fingers in three different regions, the finger lengths, some angles, reference points the and
width of the palm in two areas. We are noting, that the value of each property is a real value that has an integer
part and a fractional part, each part of them will be used as a separate key to encrypt audio data. The encryption
is applied to the integer wavelet transform (IWT) coefficient using the extracted bio_encryption keys. Next,
the IWT two parts are switched to increase randomness and complexity. Final, changes over the encrypted sound
from the frequency domain to the spatial domain and sent from the sender to receiver via the transport channel.
The encrypted message is received by an authorized person and similar activities are performed in reverse order
to get the confidential voice message. In Figure 1 is shown diagram illuminates the encryption and encryption of
the proposed algorithm. By using hand geometric properties in the encryption field, any audio file can be encoded
depending on the hand image of a specific client, that will give us protection, privacy and reliability. Besides, each
part of the audio file is encrypted.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the proposed algorithm
3.2. The steps of the proposed encryption algorithm
We can explain the steps of the proposed encryption algorithm as follows:
Input: Audio file, Hand image
Output: Encrypted audio file.
1. Begin
2. Find the hand properties which are 50 properties, each one of them is a real
number.
3. Split each feature value (say F) to two parts, E_key1 is the integer number of F
and E_key2 is an F fractional part. Note E_key1 and E_key2 must be [1-255]
4. Split the audio file into N of segments, where N is a number of the founded hand
properties.
5. Convert each segment to IWT which will be producing two other portions: CA and CD.
6. All CA segments encrypt by E_key1 and E_key2 depending on CD coefficients,
the following equation show that more clearly:
Encrypted CA = {
((CA ⊕ E_key1) ⊕ E_key2) if CD < 0
((CA ⊕ E_key2) ⊕ E_key1) if CD >= 0
7. Switching locations between the two segments (CA and CD) and usage IWT inverse to
convert the two segments of the special domain.
8. Reconstruct the signal by segment combination.

2015
9. Randomize the resulted signal to guarantee strong security.
10. Keep the encoded data in a new wave file, and send the resulted audio file to the
receiver side via a transmission channel.
11. End.
3.3. The proposed decryption algorithm
Input: Encrypted audio file, Hand image
Output: Decrypted audio file.
1. Begin
2. Find the hand properties, and split each value of them into two parts (D_key1 &
D_key2).
3. Reorganize the encoded audio data.
4. Split audio signal into N of segments, where N is a number of the founded hand
properties.
5. Convert each segment to IWT that will generate two parts: CA and CD.
6. Switching locations between the two segments (CA and CD).
7. Decrypt CA part using D_key1 with D_key2 depending on CD coefficients,
the following equation shows that more clearly:
Decrypted CA = {
((CA ⊕ D_key1) ⊕ D_key2) if CD < 0
((CA ⊕ D_key2) ⊕ D_key1) if CD >= 0
8. Use IWT inverse to convert the encoded segments of the special domain.
9. Collective all segments to construct the retrieved signal and play it.
10. End.
4. EXPERIMENTAL
Some metrics are calculated to measure the efficiency and quality of encryption and decoding
performance. These metrics are: the value of mean square error (Mse1) among the original audio file and
encrypted audio as well as the value of correlation among them (Corrl1). Also calculate the value of mean
square error (Mse2) and the value of the correlation (Corrl2) among the original audio file and decrypted audio.
Figure 2 explain the audio file before encryption then after encryption and last one after decryption process.
Where Table 1 shows the gotten results from applying the proposed algorithm on a set of different size of WAV
type audio files.
Figure 2. The audio file; (a) original sound, (b) encrypt sound, (c) decrypt sound
Table 1. Show the results gotten from the proposed algorithm on
a set of different size of WAV type audio files
File name Mse1 Corrl1 Mse2 Corrl2 File size
Auf 1.wav 0.008026188663009 6.900753870297950e-04 9.711840286945674e-36 1 16000×1
Auf 2.wav 0.043354788896016 -0.005671487632175 5.290580000000001e-04 0.986451026200484 16000×1
Auf 3.wav 0.003572735902461 -0.002034611144430 1.171953761837611e-35 1 32000×1
Auf 4.wav 0.008312414386621 -0.004513955165074 7.877442169342467e-36 1 24000×1
Auf 5.wav 0.008084075614115 0.007854030696005 5.540245934747540e-36 1 40000×1
Auf 6.wav 0.005824275896583 0.006411342208959 5.232360454380166e-37 1 16000×1

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020: 2012 - 2017
2016
5. CONCLUSION
Due to the growth of information security technology and the fact that it has become a necessity of
life, and the introduction of the concept of biometric technology in all areas of life due to the power and
advantages of that technology, so the research suggested a system to encrypt important audio files and voice
messages using the characteristics of human hand geometry as a kind of Biometrics, 50 of these properties
were extracted and used as keys to encrypt the audio file, First, the audio file is divided into 50 segments,
according to the number of extracted properties. The algorithm suggested that encryption should be in
the frequency domain using the integer wavelet transform to increase the efficiency of the encryption algorithm
and to take advantage of the non-loss property of this transform. The quality measures that were calculated
shows the goodness of work, where the Mse1 between the original file and the encrypted file was a very small
value, and the correlation coefficient between them is also very small value, which indicates that the file is
encrypted in high quality. While the Mse2 between the original file and the retrieved file was very large value
in addition to the fact that the correlation coefficient has a value close to the one, which gives a clear indication
that the recovery process is done almost completely efficiently.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are very grateful to the University of Mosul/College of Computer Science and
Mathematics for their provided facilities, which helped to improve the quality of this work.
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