Engines and components
- 1. Engines
- 2. Goals • Identify the three common types of engines used today • Identify and understand the purpose of the major engine components • Identify common engine problems
- 3. Engine Types
- 4. Engine Types • Inline engines – 4 Cylinder – 5 Cylinder – 6 Cylinder – 8 Cylinder – 9, 10, 12, 14 too!
- 5. Hey! That’s under MY hood!
- 6. Dad had one of these…
- 7. Jag with Weber carbs-for Duke Buzza
- 9. The Japanese just have to do it bigger
- 11. Engine Types • V Type Engines – V 2 – V 4 – V 6 – V 8 – V 10 – V 12 – 16, 20 – and 24!
- 12. Aprilla V-4
- 15. VW CRAZY!
- 16. Out of acorns…
- 17. …mighty Big Blocks grow!
- 18. First, take one 12 cylinder block…
- 19. …then add a handful of parts.
- 20. 27 Liter or 1650 c.i. 2600 h.p.
- 22. Engine Types • Flat / Horizontally Opposed – 2 Cylinder – 4 Cylinder – 6 Cylinder – 8 Cylinder – 10 Cylinder – 12 Cylinder – 16 Cylinder
- 23. Less common engine configs • There have also been “W” engines-Volkswagen has one! • And Square 4’s too • And let’s not forget …
- 24. Rotary Engine • 1, 2 or 3 Rotor design made famous by Mazda Zoom!-Zoom!
- 25. Rocket motors-not in this class!
- 26. Engine Components • Engine Block • Crank Shaft • Piston • Connecting Rod • Bearings • Cylinder Head • Cam Shaft • Valves • Valve Springs • Push Rods • Lifters
- 27. Engine Block • Can be cast iron or aluminum • Used to house engine components • Designed to keep combustion in and lubricate and cool internal components
- 28. Performance block with “4 bolt main caps” • Main caps: • Keep the crank true • Hold up to greater pressure
- 29. Crank Shafts • Used to transmit and change the linear power of the pistons to rotational power and apply it to the transmission • The crankshaft turns 720 degrees (2 revolutions) for every 4 stroke cycle
- 30. Crank Shafts • Two types – Cast – Forged (Stronger) • Stroker Crank – A crank shaft that has had the journal placement changed to increase the stroke of the piston
- 31. Connecting Rod • Attaches piston to crank shaft • Several types – Standard Duty – Forged “H” beam – Cracked Cap
- 32. Connecting Rods • H Beam connecting rod is stronger and usually forged
- 33. Piston and Rings • Pistons allow the rapidly expanding gasses a surface to “press” on and force the crank shaft to turn • Pistons use Rings to form a seal against the cylinder wall – Compression Rings – Oil rings • Pistons are attached to the connecting rod by a Piston Pin / Wrist Pin
- 34. Pistons • Pistons must be matched to cylinder head • Type of Induction system must be considered • Cam shaft profile must be considered
- 35. Bearings • Several types of bearing – Rod bearings – Crank Shaft Bearings – Cam Bearings • Used to reduce friction in rotating components • Can be different sizes to compensate for machining tolerances
- 36. Bearings Main Bearings Rod Bearings
- 37. Engine Lubrication System • Oil pump • Oil filter • Oil By-pass valve • Oil Galleys • Crank Shaft • Cam Shaft • Top End Lube
- 38. Oil Pumps • Driven by distributer and drive rod • Pick-up attached to pump
- 39. Oil Pumps • Driven by crank shaft
- 41. Oil Filters • Oil filters are cheap insurance • You can cut them open to look for potential problems • Stick a magnet on the end for extra protection
- 42. Oil Filter Bypass Valve
- 43. Oil Galleys
- 44. Oil Flow • Oil flows through holes in crank shaft to lubricate bearings • Falls into pan when done • Oil flows through block and into crank shaft to lube bearings
- 45. Oil Change • Start with good oil – API Rating • Look for SN or GF-5 rating (this is latest/highest quality) in gas engines • Look for CJ-4 if it’s a Diesel engine • Check Owners Manual for Viscosity rating – Using wrong viscosity can hurt fuel economy and cause engine damage!
- 46. API Doughnut • Oil is tested at 0° F and 212° F • The “W” means winter not weight! • 15W40 – This oil flows like SAE 15W at 0° – This oil flows like SAE 40 at 212°
- 47. Synthetic Motor Oil • Less sensitive to thermal break down • Lower viscosity at low temperatures • Group IV or V best (Mobil 1 or Red Line) • Great for use in air cooled engines
- 48. OIL , AIR and FUEL Filters… You get what you pay for! • Purchase good oil and filters (OEM) • Refer to service manual for proper oil weight (at least $3.00/qt.) • New drain plug washer
- 49. Oil System Diagnosis • Low oil pressure – Wrong oil used – Worn bearings – Bad sender or gauge • Burning oil – Leaks due to failed gaskets – Blocked PCV – Worn piston rings
- 50. Cylinder Head & Valvetrain • Completes combustion chamber • Houses valves and spark plug • Can house cam shaft (OHC) • Most cost affective performance improvement that you can make!
- 51. Multi Valve Cylinder Heads
- 52. Valve Train • Timing Gear and Chain • Timing Belt • Cam Shaft • Rocker Arms • Push Rods • Lifters
- 53. OHV & OHC
- 54. OHV Valve Train • Timing Gears and Chain – Connects Crank Shaft to Cam – Crank Spins 2 times for every Cam Shaft Revolution • Gear Drive – More accurate – Very noisy (But sounds cool!!)
- 55. OHC Timing Belt
- 56. Cam Shaft • Cam shafts open and close the valve – directly (OHC) – Indirectly (OHV) by means of Lifter and Push Rod • How FAR the Valve opens is LIFT • How LONG it is open is DURATION
- 57. Push Rods, Lifters… & Rocker Arms • Camshaft lobes push on lifters • Lifters push up on Push Rods • Push Rods push on Rocker Arms • Rocker Arms open Valves
- 58. … & Rocker Arms
- 59. DOHC Valve Components • Valve Spring • Valve Stem Seal • Valve Guide • Valve • Valve Seat
- 60. Review Technician A says that in a OHV engine, the cam shaft works directly on the rocker arm Technician B says that the OHV engine uses push rods Who is correct? Technician B
- 61. Review What is this part? A. Push Rod B. Cam Shaft C. Drive Shaft D. Crank Shaft
- 62. Review How many times does the crank shaft rotate for every rotation of the cam shaft? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
- 63. Base Engine Problems • Blue Smoke – Cause by burning oil • Rings • Valve Stem Seals • Valve Guides
- 64. Base Engine Problems • Engine Noise – Valve Train Noise (Top End) • Misadjusted rocker arms OHC • Misadjusted lifters OHV • Worn Rocker Arms or Push Rods – Main / Rod Noise (Bottom End) • Worn bearings • Low oil pressure • Carbon build up on pistons
- 65. Diagnostic Tools • Compression Tester • Cylinder Leak Down Tester • Stethoscope • Oil Sample Diagnosis