Enhancement of Quality in a Transmission Grid using UPQC with Fuzzy and Neuron Fuzzy Logic Controller
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The document discusses the enhancement of power quality in transmission grids using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) combined with fuzzy and neural fuzzy logic controllers. It highlights the significant power quality issues arising from non-linear loads and proposes a new minimum active power injection method to effectively mitigate voltage sags and improve overall power quality. Simulations conducted using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in reducing voltage sag levels and enhancing power factor.
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 01-03, February 2017
© 2017 AJAST All rights reserved. www.ajast.net
Page | 1
Enhancement of Quality in a Transmission Grid using UPQC with Fuzzy and
Neuron Fuzzy Logic Controller
P.Dhivya1
and A.Sivakumar2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode, India. Email: pdhivyavlsi@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Al-Ameen Engineering College, Erode, India. Email: siva091@gmail.com
Article Received: 03 February 2017 Article Accepted: 14 February 2017 Article Published: 18 February 2017
1. INTRODUCTION
In the present generation, PQ has become one of the most
significant problems. Due to the use of different types of
sensitive electronic equipments, PQ issues have drawn
substantial attention from both utilities and users. The main
PQ deviations are happened by short-circuits, harmonic
distortions, notching, voltage sags, voltage flickers, voltages
wells and transients due to switching of load.
The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is one of the
FACTS devices used for mitigating the effect of voltage sags
[I].Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is a device
expected to solve almost all power problems that is similar to
a Unified Power Flow Conditioner (UPFC). It consists of both
series and shunt active power filters which compensate the
distortions of both source voltages and load currents. UPQC
is used for harmonic elimination and simultaneous
compensation of voltage and current, and it improves the
power quality offered by the harmonic sensitive loads The
UPQC employing this type of quadrature voltage injection in
series is termed as UPQC-Q.
2. POWER QUALITY ISSUES
When we are using a non-linear bulk in a power system, the
fundamental sinusoidal waveform of current will change. Due
to this non-sinusoidal voltage drop occur across the various
network foundations connected to the system resulting in
partial waveform spread throughout the system.
There are different types of PQ disturbances in an electrical
power system. A recent research by PQ experts found that
50% of all PQ problems are related to grounding, ground
bonds, and impartial to ground voltages, ground loops,
ground current or other ground related issues. Some of the
power quality issues are voltage sag, voltage swell,
harmonics, voltage flicker etc.
3. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
The FACTS devices are power electronic based controllers.
FACTS devices are mainly used for regulating the voltage and
schedule power flow through the lines. The harmonic currents
in the power networks are mainly caused by non-linear loads
used in that power networks and decreases the PQ. Thus
voltage distortions are caused due to these harmonic currents
at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).This results the
malfunctioning of equipments in the system. To eliminate
such problems, passive power filters have been used. Passive
power filters can cause annoying resonance and amplify
harmonic currents.
To daze the drawback of passive power filters, active power
filters has been used [5].According to their system
configuration, active power filters can be classified as series
and parallel active power filters [6]. The combination of
series and parallel active power filters are called the Unified
Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) [7]. In addition with
harmonic elimination, UPQCs are used for compensation of
the reactive power, unbalanced load current, source voltage
sags, source voltage unbalance, and power factor correction
[4]. The UPQC-Q introduces a quadrature injection method
which controls voltage sags and offers economical
compensation.
This paper proposed a new minimum active power injection
method that can overcome the limitations of the conventional
UPQC scheme [3]. The proposed method allows the low
power rating series compensator that injects the deficient
voltage, which allows economical compensation. If voltage
sags cannot be fully compensated by reactive power injection
because of limitations in the series compensator rating and the
phase difference between the input and output voltage,
ABSTRACT
Non-linear tons are normally affected by power quality (PQ) problems. Harmonic currents make system resonance, capacitor overloading, and
decrease in efficiency. Voltage sags are usually happening power quality difficulties in electrical systems. The unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC) is one of the FACTS controllers used for modifying the effect of voltage sags. The series compensator in the UPQC is for quadrature type of
voltage inoculation. So that at steady state the series compensator not ever ingests active power. The proposed method introduces a low power rating
series compensator that injects the voltage which perfectly recompenses the power quality problem of the system. The addition of fuzzy logic
controller with the conservative UPQC decreases the voltage sag levels in the output voltage and also develops the power factor. The control circuit
is aimed using fuzzy logic controller and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords: Minimum active power injection, unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), power quality (PQ) and voltage sag.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ajast49-170318201337/85/Enhancement-of-Quality-in-a-Transmission-Grid-using-UPQC-with-Fuzzy-and-Neuron-Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-1-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 01-03, February 2017
© 2017 AJAST All rights reserved. www.ajast.net
Page | 2
economical compensation is possible by using the proposed
minimum active power injection scheme.
4. UNIFIED POWER QUALITY COMPENSATOR
The Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) consists of
two Voltage Source Converters (VSC), one is shunt
connected to the power system, and another is series
connected to the load. The two converters are connected by
common DC bus, as shown in Fig.1. [9].During the voltage
dip, the controllable voltage, both magnitude and phase angle,
is injected by the UPQC to keep the load terminal voltage and
the required energy at the DC bus is delivered by the shunt
connected VSC, which excerpts the energy from the power
system. As the power drawn by the shunt connected VSC is
kept equal to the power delivered to the series connected
Scathe energy storage device at the DC bus is not necessary in
the UPQC. The power coming from the power system will be
greatly reduced during the voltage dip. The shunt connected
VSC must be designed to operate correctly with reduced or
even unbalanced input voltage.
The block diagram of UPQC is shown in Fig.2. A source gives
the AC supply to the rectifier. The input side having one
inductive filters. It is used to improve the input power factor.
Inverter is used to convert DC voltage to AC voltage.
Transformer is used for step down/step up purpose. It is also
used for isolation. Rectifier converts AC supply to DC supply.
DC supply having some ripples. It is filtered with the help of
capacitor filter. Multi-level inverter generates AC output
voltage. The control of output voltage is done using pulse
width modulation.
Fig.1. Unified Power Quality Compensator
Fig.2. Block diagram of UPQC
5. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
Fuzzy logic is the portion of artificial intelligence or machine
learning which interprets the human act. Computers can
interpret only true or false values but a human being can
reason the grade of truthiness or degree of wrongness. Fuzzy
models interpret the human actions and are also called
intelligent systems. Fuzzification is the process of changing
areal scalar value into a fuzzy value. This is achieved with the
different types of fusiliers. Fuzzy logic is a rule-based system.
These rules are stored in the knowledge base of the system.
The input to the fuzzy system is a scalar value that is fuzzified.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations of the proposed method have been carried out by
using the simulation tool MATLAB/SIMULINK. The
simulation is done without and with Fuzzy logic controller.
The output wave forms without fuzzy logic controller and
with fuzzy logic controller are compared and the results are
discussed. The addition of fuzzy logic controller with the
conventional UPQC reduces the voltage sag levels in the
output voltage.
6.1 Without Fuzzy Logic Controller
The output voltage and output current with interruption is
shown in Fig.4. Here the interruption occurs for a period 0.05
sec. After that, due to the power quality disturbances, the
output waveforms have been distorted. The circuit diagram of
UPQC without fuzzy logic controller is shown in Fig.3.
Fig.3. Circuit diagram without fuzzy logic controller
Fig.4. Output voltage and output current with interruption
The occurrence of PQ disturbances was shown in Fig.5, which
exits for a duration of 0.05 sec before the introduction of UP
QC. The harmonic waveforms of voltage and current due to
the usage of non-linear loads are shown in Fig. 5.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ajast49-170318201337/85/Enhancement-of-Quality-in-a-Transmission-Grid-using-UPQC-with-Fuzzy-and-Neuron-Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-2-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 01-03, February 2017
© 2017 AJAST All rights reserved. www.ajast.net
Page | 3
Fig.5. Harmonic waveforms of voltage and current
6.2 With Fuzzy Logic Controller
The circuit diagram of UP QC with the addition of fuzzy logic
controller is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows a subsystem for
the fuzzy logic controller.
Fig.6. Circuit diagram with fuzzy logic controller
Fig.7. Output waveform without UPQC
6.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller/Subsystem
Fig. 6 Circuit diagram with fuzzy logic controller/subsystem.
The output waveform without UPQC is shown in Fig. 7. Here
the power quality disturbances occur for a period of 1sec.
before the implementation of UP QC.
When we have introduced UPQC and fuzzy, here the power
quality disturbances have been mitigated and the output
waveforms obtained is shown in Fig. 7.
7. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a new control method for UPQC
using minimum active power injection technique. The
conventional UPQC cannot mitigate the voltage sag
effectively. The limitations of the conventional UPQC are
rectified by the proposed minimum active power injection
method. A new control technique and mathematical models
were framed and then simulated by MA TLAB/SIMULINK.
The experimental results were presented using fuzzy logic
controller to verify the performance of the proposed new
control technique.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Han, B. Bae, S. Baek and G. Jang, “New configuration
of UPQC for medium-voltage application”, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vo1. 21. pp. 1438- 1444, Ju1. 2006.
[2] Kesler and Ozdemir, “Synchronous-Reference-Frame
Based Control Method for UPQC under Unbalanced and
Distorted Load Conditions", IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, 2011.
[3] Woo Cheol Lee, Dong Myung Lee and Taeck Kie Lee.,
“New Control Scheme for a Unified Power Quality
Compensator-Q with Minimum Active Power Inject”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, 2010.
[4] Suja and Jacob Raglend, "Power quality improvement in
grid connected wind Energy system using STATCOM",
International Conference on Computing Electronics and
Electrical Technologies (TCCEET), 2012.
[5] B.Singh, K.Al-Haddad and A.Chandra, "A review of
active filters for power quality improvement", IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron, vo1.46, no. 5, pp.960-971, 0ct. 1999.
[6] J.Allmeling, "A control structure for fast harmonic
compensation in active filters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vo1. 19, no. 2, pp.508- 515, Mar. 2004.
[7] H.Fujita and H.Akagi, "The unified power quality
conditioner: The integration of series- and shunt-active
filters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vo1.13, no.2,
pp.315-322, Mar. 1998.
[8] D.O.Kisck, V.Navrapescu and M.Kisck, "Single-phase
Unified Power Quality Conditioner with optimum voltage
angle injection for minimum VA requirement", IEEE Power
Eng. Soc. Comm., 2007, vo1.2, pp. 574-579.
[9] H.Akagi, "New trends in active filters for power
conditioning”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vo1.32, no.6, pp.
1312-1322, Nov./Dec. 1996.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ajast49-170318201337/85/Enhancement-of-Quality-in-a-Transmission-Grid-using-UPQC-with-Fuzzy-and-Neuron-Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-3-320.jpg)
Enhancement of Quality in a Transmission Grid using UPQC with Fuzzy and Neuron Fuzzy Logic Controller
- 1. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 01-03, February 2017 © 2017 AJAST All rights reserved. www.ajast.net Page | 1 Enhancement of Quality in a Transmission Grid using UPQC with Fuzzy and Neuron Fuzzy Logic Controller P.Dhivya1 and A.Sivakumar2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode, India. Email: pdhivyavlsi@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Al-Ameen Engineering College, Erode, India. Email: siva091@gmail.com Article Received: 03 February 2017 Article Accepted: 14 February 2017 Article Published: 18 February 2017 1. INTRODUCTION In the present generation, PQ has become one of the most significant problems. Due to the use of different types of sensitive electronic equipments, PQ issues have drawn substantial attention from both utilities and users. The main PQ deviations are happened by short-circuits, harmonic distortions, notching, voltage sags, voltage flickers, voltages wells and transients due to switching of load. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is one of the FACTS devices used for mitigating the effect of voltage sags [I].Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is a device expected to solve almost all power problems that is similar to a Unified Power Flow Conditioner (UPFC). It consists of both series and shunt active power filters which compensate the distortions of both source voltages and load currents. UPQC is used for harmonic elimination and simultaneous compensation of voltage and current, and it improves the power quality offered by the harmonic sensitive loads The UPQC employing this type of quadrature voltage injection in series is termed as UPQC-Q. 2. POWER QUALITY ISSUES When we are using a non-linear bulk in a power system, the fundamental sinusoidal waveform of current will change. Due to this non-sinusoidal voltage drop occur across the various network foundations connected to the system resulting in partial waveform spread throughout the system. There are different types of PQ disturbances in an electrical power system. A recent research by PQ experts found that 50% of all PQ problems are related to grounding, ground bonds, and impartial to ground voltages, ground loops, ground current or other ground related issues. Some of the power quality issues are voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonics, voltage flicker etc. 3. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT The FACTS devices are power electronic based controllers. FACTS devices are mainly used for regulating the voltage and schedule power flow through the lines. The harmonic currents in the power networks are mainly caused by non-linear loads used in that power networks and decreases the PQ. Thus voltage distortions are caused due to these harmonic currents at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).This results the malfunctioning of equipments in the system. To eliminate such problems, passive power filters have been used. Passive power filters can cause annoying resonance and amplify harmonic currents. To daze the drawback of passive power filters, active power filters has been used [5].According to their system configuration, active power filters can be classified as series and parallel active power filters [6]. The combination of series and parallel active power filters are called the Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) [7]. In addition with harmonic elimination, UPQCs are used for compensation of the reactive power, unbalanced load current, source voltage sags, source voltage unbalance, and power factor correction [4]. The UPQC-Q introduces a quadrature injection method which controls voltage sags and offers economical compensation. This paper proposed a new minimum active power injection method that can overcome the limitations of the conventional UPQC scheme [3]. The proposed method allows the low power rating series compensator that injects the deficient voltage, which allows economical compensation. If voltage sags cannot be fully compensated by reactive power injection because of limitations in the series compensator rating and the phase difference between the input and output voltage, ABSTRACT Non-linear tons are normally affected by power quality (PQ) problems. Harmonic currents make system resonance, capacitor overloading, and decrease in efficiency. Voltage sags are usually happening power quality difficulties in electrical systems. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is one of the FACTS controllers used for modifying the effect of voltage sags. The series compensator in the UPQC is for quadrature type of voltage inoculation. So that at steady state the series compensator not ever ingests active power. The proposed method introduces a low power rating series compensator that injects the voltage which perfectly recompenses the power quality problem of the system. The addition of fuzzy logic controller with the conservative UPQC decreases the voltage sag levels in the output voltage and also develops the power factor. The control circuit is aimed using fuzzy logic controller and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Keywords: Minimum active power injection, unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), power quality (PQ) and voltage sag.
- 2. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 01-03, February 2017 © 2017 AJAST All rights reserved. www.ajast.net Page | 2 economical compensation is possible by using the proposed minimum active power injection scheme. 4. UNIFIED POWER QUALITY COMPENSATOR The Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) consists of two Voltage Source Converters (VSC), one is shunt connected to the power system, and another is series connected to the load. The two converters are connected by common DC bus, as shown in Fig.1. [9].During the voltage dip, the controllable voltage, both magnitude and phase angle, is injected by the UPQC to keep the load terminal voltage and the required energy at the DC bus is delivered by the shunt connected VSC, which excerpts the energy from the power system. As the power drawn by the shunt connected VSC is kept equal to the power delivered to the series connected Scathe energy storage device at the DC bus is not necessary in the UPQC. The power coming from the power system will be greatly reduced during the voltage dip. The shunt connected VSC must be designed to operate correctly with reduced or even unbalanced input voltage. The block diagram of UPQC is shown in Fig.2. A source gives the AC supply to the rectifier. The input side having one inductive filters. It is used to improve the input power factor. Inverter is used to convert DC voltage to AC voltage. Transformer is used for step down/step up purpose. It is also used for isolation. Rectifier converts AC supply to DC supply. DC supply having some ripples. It is filtered with the help of capacitor filter. Multi-level inverter generates AC output voltage. The control of output voltage is done using pulse width modulation. Fig.1. Unified Power Quality Compensator Fig.2. Block diagram of UPQC 5. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER Fuzzy logic is the portion of artificial intelligence or machine learning which interprets the human act. Computers can interpret only true or false values but a human being can reason the grade of truthiness or degree of wrongness. Fuzzy models interpret the human actions and are also called intelligent systems. Fuzzification is the process of changing areal scalar value into a fuzzy value. This is achieved with the different types of fusiliers. Fuzzy logic is a rule-based system. These rules are stored in the knowledge base of the system. The input to the fuzzy system is a scalar value that is fuzzified. 6. SIMULATION RESULTS Simulations of the proposed method have been carried out by using the simulation tool MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation is done without and with Fuzzy logic controller. The output wave forms without fuzzy logic controller and with fuzzy logic controller are compared and the results are discussed. The addition of fuzzy logic controller with the conventional UPQC reduces the voltage sag levels in the output voltage. 6.1 Without Fuzzy Logic Controller The output voltage and output current with interruption is shown in Fig.4. Here the interruption occurs for a period 0.05 sec. After that, due to the power quality disturbances, the output waveforms have been distorted. The circuit diagram of UPQC without fuzzy logic controller is shown in Fig.3. Fig.3. Circuit diagram without fuzzy logic controller Fig.4. Output voltage and output current with interruption The occurrence of PQ disturbances was shown in Fig.5, which exits for a duration of 0.05 sec before the introduction of UP QC. The harmonic waveforms of voltage and current due to the usage of non-linear loads are shown in Fig. 5.
- 3. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 01-03, February 2017 © 2017 AJAST All rights reserved. www.ajast.net Page | 3 Fig.5. Harmonic waveforms of voltage and current 6.2 With Fuzzy Logic Controller The circuit diagram of UP QC with the addition of fuzzy logic controller is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows a subsystem for the fuzzy logic controller. Fig.6. Circuit diagram with fuzzy logic controller Fig.7. Output waveform without UPQC 6.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller/Subsystem Fig. 6 Circuit diagram with fuzzy logic controller/subsystem. The output waveform without UPQC is shown in Fig. 7. Here the power quality disturbances occur for a period of 1sec. before the implementation of UP QC. When we have introduced UPQC and fuzzy, here the power quality disturbances have been mitigated and the output waveforms obtained is shown in Fig. 7. 7. CONCLUSION This paper has presented a new control method for UPQC using minimum active power injection technique. The conventional UPQC cannot mitigate the voltage sag effectively. The limitations of the conventional UPQC are rectified by the proposed minimum active power injection method. A new control technique and mathematical models were framed and then simulated by MA TLAB/SIMULINK. The experimental results were presented using fuzzy logic controller to verify the performance of the proposed new control technique. REFERENCES [1] B. Han, B. Bae, S. Baek and G. Jang, “New configuration of UPQC for medium-voltage application”, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vo1. 21. pp. 1438- 1444, Ju1. 2006. [2] Kesler and Ozdemir, “Synchronous-Reference-Frame Based Control Method for UPQC under Unbalanced and Distorted Load Conditions", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011. [3] Woo Cheol Lee, Dong Myung Lee and Taeck Kie Lee., “New Control Scheme for a Unified Power Quality Compensator-Q with Minimum Active Power Inject”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2010. [4] Suja and Jacob Raglend, "Power quality improvement in grid connected wind Energy system using STATCOM", International Conference on Computing Electronics and Electrical Technologies (TCCEET), 2012. [5] B.Singh, K.Al-Haddad and A.Chandra, "A review of active filters for power quality improvement", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vo1.46, no. 5, pp.960-971, 0ct. 1999. [6] J.Allmeling, "A control structure for fast harmonic compensation in active filters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vo1. 19, no. 2, pp.508- 515, Mar. 2004. [7] H.Fujita and H.Akagi, "The unified power quality conditioner: The integration of series- and shunt-active filters”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vo1.13, no.2, pp.315-322, Mar. 1998. [8] D.O.Kisck, V.Navrapescu and M.Kisck, "Single-phase Unified Power Quality Conditioner with optimum voltage angle injection for minimum VA requirement", IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Comm., 2007, vo1.2, pp. 574-579. [9] H.Akagi, "New trends in active filters for power conditioning”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vo1.32, no.6, pp. 1312-1322, Nov./Dec. 1996.