Enhancement of the direct power control applied to DFIG-WECS

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2020, pp. 35~46
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp35-46  35
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE
Enhancement of the direct power control applied to
DFIG-WECS
Hala Alami Aroussi1
, ElMostafa Ziani2
, Manale Bouderbala3
, Badre Bossoufi4
1,2
Laboratory of Electrical and Maintenance Engineering (LGEM), Mohamed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
3,4
LISTA Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 29, 2018
Revised Jul 20, 2019
Accepted Aug 29, 2019
This work is dedicated to the study of an improved direct control of powers
of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) incorporated in a wind energy
conversion system 'WECS'. The control method adopts direct power control
'DPC' because of its various advantages like the ease of implementation
which allows decoupled regulation for active and reactive powers, as well as
a good performance at transient and steady state without PI regulators and
rotating coordinate transformations. To do this, the modeling of the turbine
and generator is performed. Therefore, the Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) technology is implemented to extract optimal power at variable
wind speed conditions. Subsequently, an explanation of the said command is
spread out as well as the principle of adjusting the active and reactive power
according to the desired speed. Then, the estimation method of these two
control variables will be presented as well as the adopted switching table of
the hysteresis controller model used based on the model of the multilevel
inverters. Finally, the robustness of the developed system will be analyzed
with validation in Matlab/Simulink environment to illustrate the performance
of this command.
Keywords:
DFIG
DPC
Hysteresis controllers
MPPT
WECS
Copyright © 2020 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Hala Alami Aroussi,
Laboratory of Electrical and Maintenance Engineering (LGEM),
Ecole Supérieur de Technologie, Mohamed Premier University,
BP 473 Complexe universitaire Al Qods, Oujda 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
Email : h.alamiarroussi@ump.ac.ma, alami.aroussi.hala@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The production of electrical energy in the world generates various pollutions. Thus, thermal power
stations (coal, oil) are responsible for atmospheric emissions linked to the combustion of fossil fuels.
In contrast, nuclear power plants, whose development will increase following the oil crisis, have no
adverse influence on air quality although they produce radioactive waste that causes storage problems,
treatment or transport.
Today, the fear of being limited to ephemeral energies, the awareness of the negative impact of
these on the environment, the craze for renewable energies and the opening of the market of the production
of energy towards other alternatives are factors that give an important place to these energies (hydraulic,
wind, solar, biomass, ...) in the production of electricity [1-3].
Among the most coveted renewable energies, we find the wind energy that interests more and more
countries as it produces a clean and sustainable energy. We also notice that a large part of wind turbines
installed today is equipped with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The latter allows the production of
electricity under variable speed, this makes it possible to better exploit turbine resources. These turbines are
also equipped with variable blade pitch angle in order to be adapted to different wind conditions.
The turbine is controlled so as to permanently maximize the power produced independently of the variation
of the wind profile [4].

Int J E
36
a DFI
is to
contro
the DP
and si
2. T
a theo
the fo
the sp
of the
Nume
expre
a func
With
and :
the co
passes
design

Elec & Comp
The main
IG in a wind e
ensure the sa
ol of the activ
In this pe
PC control law
imulation resu
TURBINE M
A theoreti
oretical power
P
The aerod
ollowing formu
P .
The powe
peed ratio λ an
e blades and th
λ
erical approxi
ssions have be
In the con
ction of the sp
C λ, β
: c1= 0.587
.
Figure 2
oefficient C
s through a m
nate by λ (w
Eng, Vol. 10,
objective of t
energy conver
ampling of sin
e and reactive
erspective, a
w [5-7]. The w
ults are expose
Figure 1. S
MODEL
ically undistu
r of the wind o
. ρ. A. v
dynamic pow
ula:
. ρ. A. C λ, β
er coefficient C
nd the pitch an
he wind speed
imations have
een proposed
ntext of this
peed λ and the
c c .
2, c2= 116, c3
.
.
shows the
as a function
maximum (C _
where λ
, No. 1, Febru
this work is to
rsion system (
nusoidal curre
e powers.
complete mo
whole of the s
ed and analyze
Synopsis of the
urbed wind cr
or wind power
wer appearing
. v
C λ, β repre
ngle of the bla
d:
e been develo
[4, 8].
work, we wil
angle β as fol
c . β c .
3 = 0.4, c4= 5
simulation
of the speed
_ 0.48) f
8).
uary 2020 : 35
o study the dir
(WECS) as sh
ents while gu
odeling of the
system is imp
ed in order to
e direct power
rossing a surf
r correspondin
g at the roto
esents the aero
ade β. The spe
oped in the lit
ll use an app
llows:
e
c . λ
, c5 = 21, c6=
results unde
d ratio λ for a
for β 0 and
5 - 46
rect power co
hown in Figure
uaranteeing a
e architecture
plemented und
prove the effi
r control of th
face A withou
ng to the follo
or of the turb
odynamic effi
eed ratio is de
terature to mo
proximate exp
λ
= 0.0085.
er MATLAB/
few pitch an
d a particular
ontrol (active a
e 1. The comm
unit power fa
e is proposed
der the Matlab
iciency of the
e DFIG-WEC
ut a decrease
wing expressi
bine is deter
iciency of the
efined as the r
odel the coeff
pression of th
/SIMULINK
gles β. We no
value of the s
ISSN: 2
and reactive)
mon goal of th
factor with a
d in order to
b/Simulink en
control.
CS
in speed v w
ion:
(
rmined analy
(
e turbine. It d
ratio of the lin
(
ficient C and
he power coef
(
of the evo
ote that this c
speed ratio th
2088-8708
applied to
his control
decoupled
elaborate
vironment
would give
(1)
tically by
(2)
epends on
near speed
(3)
d different
fficient as
(4)
olution of
coefficient
at we will

Int J E
3. M
by ex
the m
Power
It is p
the co
adapts
Such
the wi
TSR
contro
to ma
4. D
summ
4.1. E
4.2. F
Elec & Comp
MAXIMUM
Wind turb
xploiting the e
mechanical or e
r Point Track
possible to cha
ontrol of the g
s itself to ea
systems also
ind becomes t
In this co
(Tip Speed R
ol because of
aintain λ at an
DOUBLY FE
In the lite
marized in four
Electrical equ
V R
V R
V R
V R
Flux equation
The stator
ψ L
ψ L
ψ L
ψ L
Eng
Enhancem
Fig
POWER PO
bines, used for
energy availab
electrical part
king (MPPT).
ange the pitch
generator. The
ach variation
o introduce sa
too strong and
ontext, severa
Ratio) control,
its simplicity
optimal value
ED INDUCTI
erature, we fin
r types of equ
uations
i –
i
i
i
ns
r and rotor flux
L i Mi
L i Mi
L i Mi
L i Mi
IS
ent of the dire
gure 2. Power c
OINT TRACK
r the productio
ble in the win
, are develope
These system
h angle of the
search for the
n of wind to
afety devices
d may damage
l types of M
, Power contr
and accuracy
e so that the po
ION GENER
nd that the D
ations: electri
ω ψ
ω ψ
ω ω ψ
ω ω ψ
x are connecte
SSN: 2088-87
ect power con
coefficient as
KING STRAT
on of electrici
nd. This is wh
ed to maximiz
ms use differ
blades, or the
e maximum is
o be in a co
s that allow f
e the wind turb
MPPT algorith
rol and Hill C
y. This techniq
ower extracted
RATOR MOD
DFIG model i
ical, magnetic
ed to currents
Maximum
Power
Point (MPP)
708
trol applied to
a function of
TEGY
ity, must allow
hy many win
ze the energy
rent means to
e speed of rota
s done perman
onfiguration o
for example
bine.
hms exist. Th
Climbing [9].
que regulates
d is maximal.
DEL
in the referen
, electromagn
by the follow
o DFIG-WEC
λ and β
w the producti
d turbine con
conversion. T
obtain this m
ation of the pr
nently and the
of maximum
to limit the
ey can be di
In this work,
the rotational
ce dq related
etic and mech
wing relations:

CS (Hala Alam
ion maximum
ntrol systems,
This is called M
maximum pow
ropeller or eve
e wind turbine
m extraction o
power produ
ivided in thre
, we focus on
l speed of the
d to the rotati
hanical [10-14
(
(

mi Aroussi)
37
m of power
acting on
Maximum
wer point.
en play on
e therefore
of power.
uced when
ee groups:
n the TSR
generator
ng flux is
4].
(5)
(6)

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2020 : 35 - 46
38
4.3. Electromagnetic torque
The expression of the electromagnetic torque as a function of the stator flux and rotor current
is given by
T i ψ i ψ ) (7)
4.4. Mechanical equation
The evolution of the mechanical speed from the total mechanical torque (T ) is determined by the
fundamental equation of dynamics:
J T T T fΩ (8)

5. DIRECT POWER CONTROL APPLIED TO THE DFIG
5.1. Principle of the direct power of control
The basic principle of direct power control (DPC) was proposed by Noguchi [15], it is based
initially on the direct control of torque (DTC), intended for the control of the electric motors [16-20].
In the case of DPC, active and reactive powers replace torque electromagnetic and the amplitude of the stator
flux of the DTC. This non-linear control strategy is defined as a technique of direct control because it
chooses the appropriate voltage vector of the converter without any modulation technique. The basic concept
is to select the appropriate switching states from a switch table based on errors, which are limited by a band
hysteresis, present in the active and reactive powers.
Instant active and reactive powers are calculated from the expressions below:
P ω |ψ ||ψ |sinδ (9)
Q
3
2
ω
σL
|ψ |
L
L
|ψ |cosδ |ψ |
with : δ The angle between the stator’s flux and the rotor’s flux vectors.
σ 1
²
: Coefficient of dispersion.
The reference active power is calculated from the output of the DC bus voltage regulator UDC [21].
The reference of the reactive power is maintained at zero in order to ensure a unit power factor.
Then, the powers are compared and the errors obtained are applied to regulators of hysteresis.
5.2. Hysteresis controller
The main idea of direct power control is to maintain the instant active and reactive powers in
a desired band. This control is based on two hysteresis comparators which use as input the error signals
between the reference values and estimates of the active and reactive powers. These two controllers are
responsible for deciding how much a new switch and/or output voltage vector of the inverter is applied.
If the error of the power (ePs or eQs) is increasing and reaches the higher level, the hysteresis controller
changes its output to '1'.
5.3. Vector selection
The influence of each output vector on the active and reactive powers is very dependent on
the actual position of the vector of the source voltage Thus, in addition to the signals of the two hysteresis
controllers, the switching table operates according to the position of the vector of the source voltage, which
turns to the pulsation ( m), in the complex plan. However, instead of introducing to the switching table
the exact position of the vector of the voltage, the sector selection block informs us in which domain
the current vector of the source voltage is located [22, 23]. Therefore, we propose to use a modified DPC
which, unlike the conventional DPC, can produce twenty seven voltage vectors instead of the eight vectors.
In other words, we will decompose twelve sectors instead of six in order to increase the accuracy and also to
avoid the problems encountered in boundaries of each control vector. With this in mind, we used a five-stage
hysteresis corrector for the reactive power and a three-level corrector for the active power.

Int J E
5.4. S
vector
also b
In thi
optim
6. A
gener
6.1. S
(sub-s
induct
the sim
Elec & Comp
Switching tab
The switch
r of the inver
based on the p
is work, we a
mal minimizati
Secto
1
0
-1
=[
=[0
=[
APPLICATI
The Figur
ator for a win
Setpoint trac
The syste
synchronous,
tion generato
mulation are s
Eng
Enhancem
ble
hing table is t
rter in order to
position of the
adopted a mo
on in error po
Table
or’s Number
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
2
1
0
-1
-2
[0,0,0] ; =[1,0,0
0,-1,-1] ; =[0,0,
1,-1,-1] ; =[1,
=[0
IONS AND R
e 3 shows the
nd system in M
Figu
cking test
em is analyse
synchronous
or and the wi
shown in Figu
IS
ent of the dire
the paramoun
o orient the in
e source volta
odified switch
ower as shown
e 1. Switching
1 2 3
0] ; =[1,1,0] ;
-1] ; =[-1,0,-1
1,-1] ; =[-1,1,
0,1,-1] ; =[-1,1
RESULTS
e block diagram
Matlab/Simulin
ure 3. Direct p
ed during ste
s and super-s
nd turbine ar
ure 4.
SSN: 2088-87
ect power con
nt part in direc
nstantaneous
age vector and
hing table com
n in Table 1.
g table for 3-le
4 5
=[0,1,0] ; =[0
1] ; =[-1,0,0] ;
-1] ; =[-1,1,1]
1,0] ; =[-1,0,1]
am of the mod
nk environme
power control
eady-state an
synchronous)
re given resp
708
trol applied to
ct power contr
active and rea
d the errors of
mpared to th
evels and 5-le
6 7 8
0,1,1] ; =[0,0,1]
=[-1,-1,1] ;
] ; =[-1,-1,1] ;
] ; =[0,-1,1] ;
del used for th
nt [25]:
(DPC) block
nd transients
. The differe
ectively in T
o DFIG-WEC
rol. It selects
active powers
f the active an
at developed
vels inverter
9 10
] ; =[1,0,1] ;
=[0,-1,0] ; =
=[1,-1,1] ;
=[1,-1,0]
e control of th
diagram
conditions at
ent parameter
able 2 and T

CS (Hala Alam
the appropria
s in their desi
nd reactive po
by Noguchi
11 12
=[1,1,1] ;
=[-1,-1,-1] ;
=[1,0,-1] ;
he doubly fed
t variable wi
ers of the do
Table 3. The

mi Aroussi)
39
ate voltage
ired value,
wers [24].
to ensure
d induction
ind speed
oubly fed
results of

Int J E
40 
Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10,
Table 2
R
N
R
G
M
V
Figure 4. (a
, No. 1, Febru
2. Parameters
Nominal P
Stator Vo
Stator Fre
Stator Re
Stator Ind
Rotor Res
Rotor Ind
Mutual In
No. of Pa
Table 3. Pa
Rated power
Number of blades
Rotor Radius
Gearbox ratio
Moment of inertia
Viscous friction co
a) Curves of: t
uary 2020 : 35
of the doubly
DFIG Paramet
Power
oltage
equency
sistance
ductance
sistance
ductance
nductance
air of Poles
arameters of th
Turbine Parame
a
oefficient
(a)
(b)
the wind spee
5 - 46
y fed induction
ters
Pn = 1.5 KW
Vs = 220/380V
fs = 50 Hz
Rs = 1.18 Ω
Ls = 0.4 H
Rr = 1.66 Ω
Lr = 0.18 H
M = 0.17 H
P =2
he wind turbin
ters
1.5 KW
3
R = 1 m
G = 2
J = 1000Kg.m²
fv = 0.007 N.m.s-
ed, (b) the stat
n generator
ne
-1
or active pow
ISSN: 2
wer
2088-8708

Int J EElec & Comp
Figure 4. (c
Eng
Enhancem
) the stator rea
IS
ent of the dire
active power,
SSN: 2088-87
ect power con
(c)
(d)
(e)
(d) the curren
708
trol applied to
nts of the stato
o DFIG-WEC
or, (e) the curr

CS (Hala Alam
rents of the ro

mi Aroussi)
41
tor

Int J E
42
6.2. R
tempe
of the
the fo
a. Re
b. Ind
in Fig
a. Th
to
b. Th
the tra
their r

Elec & Comp
Robustness te
The param
erature increas
e parameter v
ollowing condi
esistance R m
ductances L a
Figure 5 sh
gure 4 and Fig
he stator activ
hysteresis con
he stator and r
From thes
ansient regime
reference valu
Eng, Vol. 10,
Figure 4. (
est
meters of the
se, skin effect
variations. So,
itions:
multiplied by 2
and L multip
hows the simu
gure 5 we can
e and reactive
ntroller but th
rotor currents
se results, w
e, and fewer d
ues. The robus
, No. 1, Febru
f) the voltages
e DFIG are
t, etc. In this c
, the robustne
2
lied by 0.5.
ulation’s resul
ensure, even b
e powers follo
e values of po
(respectively
e can conclu
disturbance os
stness of this a
uary 2020 : 35
(f)
(g)
s of the stator
exposed to
case, the prop
ess of the com
lts obtained. C
by changing th
ow their refere
owers quickly
voltages) in th
ude that the
scillations in th
approach rema
5 - 46
, (g) the volta
variations ca
posed DPC mu
mmand used
Comparing the
he initial valu
ences with few
regain their r
he frame (a, b
technique of
he curves of t
ains good for
ges of the roto
aused by var
ust guarantee
(DPC) has be
e results of the
ues of DFIG, th
wer oscillation
eferences.
, c) have a sin
DPC has a
he various cur
the wind ener
ISSN: 2
or
rious changes
good results
een tested acc
e simulations
that:
ns and disturb
nusoidal shape
low respons
urves that quic
rgy conversion
2088-8708
s such as
regardless
cording to
illustrated
bances due
e.
se time in
ckly regain
n system.

Int J E
Figure
Elec & Comp
e 5. Curves of
Eng
Enhancem
f: (a) the stato
IS
ent of the dire
r active powe
SSN: 2088-87
ect power con
(a)
(b)
(c)
er, (b) the stato
708
trol applied to
or reactive pow
o DFIG-WEC
wer, (c) the cu

CS (Hala Alam
urrents of the

mi Aroussi)
43
stator

Int J E
44
Figu

Elec & Comp
ure 5. Curves
Eng, Vol. 10,
of: (d) the cu
, No. 1, Febru
urrents of the r
uary 2020 : 35
(d)
(e)
(f)
rotor, (e) the v
5 - 46
voltages of thee stator, (f) the
ISSN: 2
e voltages of t
2088-8708
the rotor

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Enhancement of the direct power control applied to DFIG-WECS (Hala Alami Aroussi)
45
7. CONCLUSION
This work proposes an improvement of the classical DPC control applied to the doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG) integrated in a wind energy conversion system 'WECS'. The whole system is
modeled and simulated in the environment Matlab/Simulink. Also, a technique (TSR) to reach
the maximum power point (MPP) is presented in order to capture the maximum of power. The results
(setpoint tracking and robustness test) in steady and transient regimes show a complete correlation. They both
prove the robustness and efficiency of the method developed. In general, the simulation’s results obtained
during the application of the control under variable speed show an excellent dynamic performance and
tracking ability of the powers generated at the corresponding reference values with the preservation of
sinusoidal shapes for both currents and voltages (stator and rotor).
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Int J E
46
[24] S
s
p
[25] G
i
E
BIOG

Elec & Comp
Shanzhi Li, Ha
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induction mach
Electron., vol. 2
GRAPHIES O
Eng, Vol. 10,
aoping Wang, Y
on an intellig
16.
A. Rodrguez, J
hine with reduc
23, no. 3, pp. 10
OF AUTHOR
Hala Alami
Engineering
currently pur
Oujda, Moro
maintenance
conversion sy
Elmostafa Z
University, T
Department o
of electrical e
application o
systems and
systems "win
power electro
Bouderbala
Sciences Dh
She is memb
Industrial Au
interests incl
electronics.
Badre Bosso
degree in Ele
of Sciences,
and Compute
in 2013. He
Sciences Dh
His research
Smart Grid, R
, No. 1, Febru
Yang Tian, Abd
gent proportion
J. Poza, "Two
ed torque and f
050-1061, May
RS
i Aroussi rec
from Sidi M
rsuing her Ph.
occo. She is
(LGEM). Her
ystems using a
Ziani received
Tangier, Moroc
of the Ecole Su
engineering and
of intelligent ins
the contributi
nd and photov
onics and autom
Manale is a
ar El Mahraz,
ber of LISTA
utomated System
ude Renewable
oufi was born i
ectrical Engine
Morocco and P
er, Romanie and
is a Professor
ar El Mahraz,
interests includ
Renewable Ene
uary 2020 : 35
del Aitouch, Jo
nal-integral sli
level VSC bas
flux ripples at l
y 2008.
ceived her M
Mohammed Ben
D in Electrica
a member of
r research inter
doubly fed indu
his PhD in El
cco. Currently,
upérieur de Tec
d maintenance.
strumentation t
ion to the con
voltaic".His re
mation.
Ph.D. Student
Sidi Mohamm
Laboratory. S
ms at the Facul
e Energy, static
in Fez city, Mo
eering from Uni
PhD. degree fr
nd Montefiore In
of Electrical E
Sidi Mohamm
de static conve
ergy and Artific
5 - 46
ohn Klein, “Dir
iding mode co
sed predictive
low constant sw
M.S degree in
n Abdellah Un
al Engineering
f the laborator
rests include m
uction machine
lectrical Engin
he is the dire
chnologie-Oujd
He is author o
to the monitorin
ntrol and optim
search interest
in Electrical E
med Ben Abde
She had her m
lty of Sciences
c converters, e
orocco, on May
iversity Sidi M
rom University
nstitute of elect
Engineering, at
med Ben Abde
erters, electrical
cial Intelligent.
ect power cont
ontrol”, ISA T
direct torque c
witching freque
Industrial Au
niversity, Fez,
at Mohamed P
y of electrica
modeling, contr
and renewable
eering from Ab
ector of the Ap
a and a membe
of several articl
ng of complex
mization of ele
ts include elec
Engineering fro
ellah University
master's degree
Dhar el Mahrez
lectrical motor
y 21, 1985. He
Mohammed Ben
of Pitesti, Fac
trical engineeri
the LISTA Lab
ellah University
l motor drives,
ISSN: 2
trol of DFIG w
Transactions, V
control of the
ency", IEEE Tr
utomated Syst
Morocco. Sh
Premier Univer
al engineering
rol of wind en
e energy.
Abdelmalek Ess
pplied Enginee
er of the labora
les dealing with
systems, indus
ectrical conver
ctrical engineer
rom the Faculty
y, Fez - Moro
in Engineering
z Fez. Her rese
r drives, and po
received the P
n Abdellah, Fac
culty of Electro
ing, Luik, Belg
boratory Facult
y, Fez - Moro
power electron
2088-8708
wind turbine
Volume 64,
doubly fed
ans. Power
tems
he is
rsity,
and
ergy
saadi
ering
atory
h the
strial
rsion
ring,
y of
occo.
g of
earch
ower
Ph.D.
culty
onics
ium,
ty of
occo.
nics,

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