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1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design, 6e (Valacich)
Chapter 6 Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling
1) A data-flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical tool that allows analysts to illustrate the flow of
data in an information system.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: One very useful thing about data-flow diagrams is that they easily allow the
decomposition of business processes into subprocesses.
CLLO: Compare and contrast different methods for developing information systems
Classification: Concept
2) Logic modeling graphically represents the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and
distribute data between a system and its environment and among components within a system.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Process modeling, not logic modeling involves graphically representing the
processes, or actions, that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data between a system.
3) Data-flow diagramming is one of several structured analysis techniques used to increase
software development productivity.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Some organizations, such as EDS, have developed their own type of diagrams to
model processes.
4) Structured analysis techniques, such as data-flow diagramming, can help companies avoid
misunderstanding how existing systems will have to work with the new system and incorrect
specifications for necessary data, forms, and reports.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The DFD provides a data flow blueprint that allows analysts to identify potential
conflicts with integrating a new system with an existing one.
5) A primitive level data-flow diagram is the first deliverable produced during requirements
structuring.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The first deliverable produced during requirements structuring is the context data-
flow diagram, which shows the scope of the system, indicating which elements are inside and
outside the system.

2
6) Data-flow diagrams (DFD) illustrate important concepts about the movement of data.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: DFDs illustrate important concepts about the movement of data between manual
and automated steps and are a way to depict workflow in an organization.
7) Data-flow diagrams evolve from the more general to the more detailed as current and
replacement systems are better understood.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Because requirements determination and structuring are often parallel steps, data-
flow diagrams evolve from the more general to the more detailed as current and replacement
systems are better understood.
8) A data flow represents data in motion, moving from one place in the system to another.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The name represents the aggregation of all the individual elements of data moving
as part of one packet–that is, all the data moving together at the same time.
9) On a data-flow diagram, a check and payment coupon mailed to the company is represented as
a data store.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: On a DFD, payment and coupon always flow together and are input to the process
at the same time.
10) Data on a customer form could be represented on a data-flow diagram as a data flow.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A data flow is data that are in motion and moving as a unit from one place in a
system to another. A data flow could represent data on a customer order form or a payroll check.
Classification: Application
11) Assume shipment data are entered into a logbook once shipments are received at the
company's warehouse; the logbook is represented on a data-flow diagram as a sink.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The logbook would be represented as a data store as it is data at rest.

3
12) Assume your local veterinarian records information about each of his patients on patient
medical history forms; the collection of medical history forms is represented on a data-flow
diagram as a data store.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The medical form would be an example of a data store because it represents data at
rest.
13) The calculation of a student's grade is represented on a data-flow diagram as a data flow.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The calculation of a student's grade would be represented as a process, where data
is transformed.
14) The determination of which items are low in stock is represented on a data-flow diagram as a
process.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A process is work or actions performed on the data such as determining which
items are low in stock.
15) Sources and sinks are internal to the system.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: A source/sink is the origin and/or destination of the data. Source/ sinks are
sometimes referred to as external entities because they are outside the system.
16) When constructing data-flow diagrams, you should show the interactions that occur between
sources and sinks.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Because sources and sinks are outside the system we are studying, many of their
characteristics and interactions are of no interest to us.
17) The data a sink receives and often what data a source provides are fixed.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Because sources and sinks are outside the system we are studying, they are
considered fixed.

4
18) A Web site's customer is represented as a source on a data-flow diagram.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A customer is a source on a DFD, represented by a square, and considered outside
the system.
19) On a data-flow diagram, an arrow represents an action, such as calculating an employee's
pay.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: On a data-flow diagram, an arrow represents a data flow, not an action. An action
is considered a process.
20) On a data-flow diagram, a diamond represents a process.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: A diamond is not part of a traditional data-flow diagram and a process is
represented by a rounded rectangle.
21) On a data-flow diagram, a rectangle with the right vertical line missing represents a data
store.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: This data store represents data at rest, which may take the form of many different
physical representations.
22) A context diagram shows the scope of the organizational system, system boundaries, external
entities that interact with the system, and the major information flows between entities and the
system.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: The boundary or scope of this system, and the system's relationship to its
environment, is represented by a data-flow diagram called a context diagram.
23) Context diagrams have only one process labeled "P-1."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The single process, labeled "0," represents the entire system; all context diagrams
have only one process labeled "0."

5
24) No data stores appear on a context diagram.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Because the data stores of the system are conceptually inside the one process, no
data stores appear on a context diagram.
25) A level-0 diagram is a data-flow diagram that represents a system's major processes, data
flows, and data stores at a high level of detail.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A level-0 diagram represents the primary individual processes in the system at the
highest possible level of detail. Each process has a number that ends in ".0" (corresponding to the
level number of the DFD).
26) Assume Process 7.4 produces a data flow and that Process 7.2 must be ready to accept it; we
would say that these processes are physically linked to each other.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: In this case, we would say the processes are coupled to each other.
27) Assume we have placed a data store between Process 5.1 and Process 5.5; we would say that
these processes are decoupled.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: These processes decoupled, likely from a buffer such as a data store.
28) A data flow can go directly back to the same process it leaves.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: At least one other process must handle the data flow, produce some other data
flow, and return the original data flow to the beginning process.
29) A fork in a data flow means that exactly the same data go from a common location to two or
more different processes, data stores, or sources/sinks.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A fork in a data flow means that exactly the same data go from a common location
to two or more different processes, data stores, or sources/sinks (it usually indicates different
copies of the same data going to different locations).

6
30) Data cannot move directly from a source to a sink.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Data must be moved by a process.
31) A data flow to a data store means update.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A data flow has only one direction of flow between symbols. It may flow in both
directions between a process and a data store to show a read before an update. The latter is
usually indicated, however, by two separate arrows because the read and update usually happen
at different times.
32) More than one data flow noun phrase can appear on a single arrow as long as all of the flows
on the same arrow move together as one package.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A data flow has a noun-phrase label. More than one dataflow noun phrase can
appear on a single arrow as long as all of the flows on the same arrow move together as one
package.
33) A process has a verb label.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Because a process indicates actions, it contains a verb label.
34) Double-ended arrows are used to represent data flowing in both directions.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Although data may flow in both directions, it is usually indicated by two separate
arrows.
35) To keep a data-flow diagram uncluttered, you may repeat data stores, sinks/sources, and
processes.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: While you may repeat data stores, sinks and sources, there is no reason to have two
processes with the same name.

7
36) Because a data flow name represents a specific set of data, another data flow that has even
one more or one less piece of data must be given a different, unique name.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: It is a mistake to reuse the same data-flow name when two packets of data are
almost the same but not identical.
37) Functional decomposition is a repetitive process of breaking the description or perspective of
a system down into finer and finer detail.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: This process creates a set of hierarchically related charts in which one process on a
given chart is explained in greater detail on another chart.
38) The lowest-level data-flow diagrams are called level-0 diagrams.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The lowest-level data-flow diagrams are called primitive DFDs.
39) The decomposition of Process 1.1 would be shown on a level-1 diagram.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The decomposition of Process 1.1 would be shown on a level-2 diagram.
40) The decomposition of Process 2.4.3.4 would be shown on a level-4 diagram.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The decomposition of Process 2.4.3.4 would be shown on a level-3 diagram.
41) As a rule of thumb, no data-flow diagram should have more than about seven processes on it.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Having more than seven processes would tend to make the diagram too crowded
and difficult to understand.

8
42) Coupling is the conservation of inputs and outputs to a data-flow diagram process when that
process is decomposed to a lower level.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Balancing, not coupling is the conservation of inputs and outputs to a data-flow
diagram process when that process is decomposed to a lower level.
43) A composite data flow on one level can be split into component data flows at the next level,
but no new data can be added and all data in the composite must be accounted for in one or more
subflows.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Composite data flow is considered one of the advance rules governing data flow
diagramming.
44) Completeness, consistency, timing, iterative development, and primitive DFDs are guidelines
for drawing DFDs.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: This list represents additional guidelines for drawing DFDs that extend beyond the
simple mechanics of drawing diagrams.
45) DFD cohesion means your DFDs include all of the necessary components for the system you
are modeling.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: DFD completeness, not cohesion means your DFDs include all necessary
components.
46) A data flow repository entry would include the composition or list of data elements
contained in the data flow.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Entries for all of the objects in all diagrams are included in the repository.
47) A gross violation of DFD consistency would be a level-1 diagram with no level-0 diagram.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: A level-0 diagram is necessary to establish the foundation for creating a level-2
diagram.

9
48) One of the primary purposes of a DFD is to represent time, giving a good indication of
whether data flows occur constantly in real time, once a day, or once a year.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: DFDs do not do a good job of representing time. A given DFD provides no
indication of whether a data flow occurs constantly in real time, once per week, or once per year.
49) Structured analysis is the process of discovering discrepancies between two or more sets of
data-flow diagrams or discrepancies within a single DFD.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: In gap analysis, the analyst's role is to discover discrepancies between two or more
sets of data-flow diagrams or discrepancies within a single DFD.
50) To date, data-flow diagrams have not been useful tools for modeling processes in business
process reengineering.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The text provides several examples how DFDs have been useful for modeling
processes in business process reengineering (i.e., IBM Credit Corporation example) where
companies have successfully reengineered its primary business processes.
51) Data-flow diagrams allow you to:
A) show the timing of data flows.
B) model how data flow through an information system.
C) demonstrate the sequencing of activities.
D) show the relationship among entities.
E) represent the internal structure and functionality of processes.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A data-flow diagram is a graphic that illustrates the movement of data between
external entities and the processes and data stores within a system.

10
52) Since data-flow diagrams concentrate on the movement of data between processes, these
diagrams are often referred to as:
A) process models.
B) data models.
C) flow models.
D) flow charts.
E) logic models.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Specifically, process modeling involves graphically representing the processes,
or actions, that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data between a system and its
environment and among components within a system.
53) Graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data
between a system and its environment and among components within a system refers to:
A) data modeling.
B) structure modeling.
C) process modeling.
D) transition modeling.
E) logic modeling.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The processes being modeled are performed every day in an organization, so it
is important to understand what organizations, especially businesses, need to do to function.
54) The diagram that shows the scope of the system, indicating what elements are inside and
outside the system, is called a:
A) context diagram.
B) level-2 diagram.
C) referencing diagram.
D) representative diagram.
E) decomposition diagram.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The boundary or scope of this system, and the system's relationship to its
environment, is represented by a data-flow diagram called a context diagram.

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11
55) Which of the following is NOT a process modeling deliverable?
A) A context data-flow diagram
B) Thorough descriptions of each DFD component
C) DFDs of the current physical system
D) An entity relationship diagram
E) DFDs of the new logical system
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In structured analysis, the primary deliverables from process modeling are a set
of coherent, interrelated data-flow diagrams.
56) Data contained on a customer order form would be represented on a data-flow diagram as a:
A) process.
B) data flow.
C) source.
D) sink.
E) relationship.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A data flow is data that are in motion and moving as a unit from one place in a
57) Student data contained on an enrollment form would be represented on a data-flow diagram
as a:
A) process.
B) data flow.
C) source.
D) data store.
E) relationship.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A data flow is data that are in motion and moving as a unit from one place in a

12
58) Data in motion, moving from one place in a system to another, best describes a:
A) data store.
B) process.
C) source.
D) data flow.
E) relationship.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The name represents the aggregation of all the individual elements of data
moving as part of one packet–that is, all the data moving together at the same time.
59) Data at rest, which may take the form of many different physical representations, best
describes a:
A) source.
B) data store.
C) data flow.
D) process.
E) relationship.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A data store (data at rest) may represent one of many different physical
locations for data, including a file folder, one or more computer-based file(s), or a notebook.
60) A file folder containing orders would be represented on a data-flow diagram as a:
A) process.
B) source.
C) data flow.
D) data store.
E) relationship.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A data store (data at rest) includes a file folder.
61) A computer-based file containing employee information would be represented on a data-flow
diagram as a(n):
A) data flow.
B) source.
C) data store.
D) process.
E) action stub.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A data store (data at rest) includes a computer-based file.

13
62) The calculation of an employee's salary would be represented on a data-flow diagram as a(n):
A) data flow.
B) source.
C) data store.
D) process.
E) action stub.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A process, such as the calculation of an employee's salary, is an action
performed on data so they are transformed, stored, or distributed.
63) Recording a customer's payment would be represented on a data-flow diagram as a(n):
A) process.
B) source.
C) data flow.
D) data store.
E) action stub.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A process, such as recording a customer's payment, is an action performed on
data so they are transformed, stored, or distributed.
64) A supplier of auto parts to your company would be represented on a data-flow diagram as a:
A) process.
B) source.
C) data flow.
D) data store.
E) relationship.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) A supplier is considered a source. This is based in part, that a source is
considered an external entity.

14
65) The shape of a data-flow (DFD) diagramming process is a(n):
A) arrow.
B) square.
C) rectangle.
D) rounded rectangle.
E) open box.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The process (action performed on data) is represented as a rounded rectangle in
a DFD.
66) The work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed, stored, or distributed
defines:
A) source.
B) data store.
C) data flow.
D) process.
E) action stub.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A process is the work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed,
stored, or distributed.
67) The origin and/or destination of data, sometimes referred to as external entities defines:
A) source.
B) data store.
C) data flow.
D) process.
E) predecessor.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A source is the origin of the data. It is often referred to as external entities
because they are outside the system.

15
68) An arrow on a data-flow diagram represents a(n):
A) data store.
B) data flow.
C) process.
D) source.
E) action sequence.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) On a data-flow diagram, an arrow represents a data flow showing data in
motion.
69) A square on a data-flow diagram represents a sink or a:
A) data flow.
B) data store.
C) process.
D) predecessor.
E) source.
Answer: E
Explanation: E) On a data-flow diagram, a square represents a source or sink, which accounts
for the origin and destination of data.
70) On a data-flow diagram, a rectangle represents a source or a(n):
A) data store.
B) process.
C) action stub.
D) data flow.
E) sink.
Answer: E
Explanation: E) On a data-flow diagram, a square represents a source or sink, which accounts
for the origin and destination of data.
71) On a data-flow diagram, a rectangle with the right vertical line missing represents a:
A) data store.
B) data flow.
C) process.
D) source.
E) relationship.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A data store represents data at rest, which may take the form of many different
physical representations.

Other documents randomly have
different content

Dr. Carrico. Again, this was a matter of time. The clothes were
removed by the nurses, as is the usual practice, and the full
attention was devoted to trying to resuscitate the President.
Mr. Specter. On the examination of the President's back which
you described that you performed, did you note any bleeding from
the back?
Dr. Carrico. There was considerable blood on the cart and on his
back. I could not tell if this came from his back or had fallen down
from the head injury. There was also some cerebral tissue there.
Mr. Specter. What did your examination by feeling disclose with
respect to whether he had any back wound?
Dr. Carrico. I did not feel any. Now, this certainly wouldn't detect
a small bullet entrance. All this examination is designed to do is to
establish the fact that there is no gross injury to the chest
posteriorly.
Mr. Specter. Is that a routine type of examination, to ascertain
whether there is a gross injury to the chest posteriorly?
Dr. Carrico. Yes, sir.
Mr. Specter. What did you observe as to the President's clothing
with respect to the presence of a back brace, if any?
Dr. Carrico. There was, on removing the President's shirt and
coat, we noted he was wearing a standard back support.
Mr. Specter. Would you describe that back support, please?
Dr. Carrico. As I recall, it was white cotton or some fibrous
support, with staves, bones and if I remember buckled in the front.
Mr. Specter. How wide was it?
Dr. Carrico. How wide?
Mr. Specter. Yes, sir.
Dr. Carrico. I don't know; I didn't examine below—you see—as I
recall, it came about to his umbilicus—navel area.

Mr. Specter. Was there any Ace bandage applied to the
President's hips that you observed?
Dr. Carrico. No; I didn't remove his pants.
Mr. Specter. Did you have any opportunity to observe that area of
his body when his pants were removed?
Dr. Carrico. I had the opportunity, but I didn't look.
Mr. Specter. What doctors were involved in the treatment of
President Kennedy?
Dr. Carrico. Well, of course, Dr. Perry, Dr. Clark, Dr. Baxter, Dr.
McClelland, Dr. Peters was in the room, Dr. Bashour, Dr. Ronald
Jones, Dr. Curtis, I believe, Dr. White was there—initially, at least, I
don't recall right offhand anyone else. There were other doctors in
there, I just can't specifically remember—there were 10 or 15 people
in the room before it was over.
Mr. Specter. Do you have an opinion, Dr. Carrico, as to the cause
of the punctate wound in the President's throat?
Dr. Carrico. No; I really don't—just on the basis of what I know.
We didn't make an attempt, as you know, to ascertain the track of
the bullets.
Mr. Specter. I can't hear you.
Dr. Carrico. As you know, we didn't try to ascertain the track of
the bullets.
Mr. Specter. And why did you not make an effort to determine
the track of the bullets?
Dr. Carrico. Again, in trying to resuscitate the President, the time
to do this was not available. The examination conducted was one to
try to establish what life threatening situations were present and to
correct these.
Mr. Specter. Was there any discussion among the doctors who
attended President Kennedy as to the cause of the neck wound?

Dr. Carrico. Yes; after that afternoon.
Mr. Specter. And what conversations were there?
Dr. Carrico. As I recall, Dr. Perry and I talked and tried after—
later in the afternoon to determine what exactly had happened, and
we were not aware of the missile wound to the back, and postulated
that this was either a tangential wound from a fragment, possibly
another entrance wound. It could have been an exit wound, but we
knew of no other entrance wound.
Mr. Specter. Was the wound in the neck consistent with being
either an entry or exit wound, in your opinion?
Dr. Carrico. Yes.
Mr. Specter. Or, did it look to be more one than the other?
Dr. Carrico. No; it could have been either, depending on the size
of the missile, the velocity of the missile, the tissues that it struck.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Carrico, assume these facts, if you will—first, that
President Kennedy was struck by a 6.5-mm. missile which entered
the upper-right posterior thorax, just above the scapula, being 14
cm. from the tip of the right acromion, a-c-r-o-m-i-o-n (spelling)
process, and 14 cm. below the tip of the right mastoid process, and
that the missile traveled between two strap muscles, proceeded
through the fascia channel without violating the pleural cavity,
striking the side of the trachea and exiting in the lower third of the
anterior throat. Under the circumstances which I have just described
to you, would the wound which you observed on the President's
throat be consistent with the damage which a 6.5-mm. missile,
traveling at the rate of approximately 2,000 feet per second, that
being muzzle velocity, with the President being 160 to 250 feet away
from the rifle, would that wound be consistent with that type of a
weapon at that distance, with the missile taking the path I have just
described to you?
Dr. Carrico. I certainly think it could.

Mr. Specter. And what would your thinking be as to why it could
produce that result?
Dr. Carrico. I think a missile of this size, traveling in such a
direction that it had very little deformity, struck nothing which would
cause it to begin tumbling, and was slowed very little by passing
through this relatively easy traversed planes, would not expend a
great deal of energy on exit and would very likely not tumble, thus
producing a small, round, even wound.
Mr. Specter. What has been your experience, if any, with gunshot
wounds?
Dr. Carrico. In working in the emergency room at Parkland, we
have seen a fairly good number of gunshot wounds, and with .22
and .25 caliber weapons of somewhat, possibly somewhat lower
velocity but at closer range, we have seen entrance and exit wounds
of almost the same size, especially the same size, when passing
through superficial structures.
Mr. Specter. And what superficial structures did those missiles
pass through to which you have just referred?
Dr. Carrico. The ones I was referring to in particular were
through the muscles of the leg superficially.
Mr. Specter. Approximately how many missile wounds, bullet
wounds, have you had an opportunity to observe in your practice,
Doctor?
Dr. Carrico. I would guess 150 or 200.
Mr. Specter. Would you describe as precisely for me as possible
the nature of the head wound which you observed on the President?
Dr. Carrico. The wound that I saw was a large gaping wound,
located in the right occipitoparietal area. I would estimate to be
about 5 to 7 cm. in size, more or less circular, with avulsions of the
calvarium and scalp tissue. As I stated before, I believe there was
shredded macerated cerebral and cerebellar tissues both in the
wounds and on the fragments of the skull attached to the dura.

Mr. Specter. Did you notice any other opening in the head
besides the one you have just described?
Dr. Carrico. No, sir; I did not.
Mr. Specter. Specifically, did you notice a bullet wound below the
large gaping hole which you described?
Dr. Carrico. No, sir.
Mr. Specter. What is your opinion, Doctor, if you have one, as to
how many bullets were involved in the injuries inflicted on the
President?
Dr. Carrico. As far as I could tell, I would guess that there were
two.
Mr. Specter. Prior to today, have you ever been interviewed by
any representative of the Federal Government?
Dr. Carrico. Yes, sir; the Secret Service talked to us shortly after
the President's death.
Mr. Specter. Do you recall who talked to you on that occasion?
Dr. Carrico. No; I don't recall his name.
Mr. Specter. What was the content of that interview?
Dr. Carrico. We spoke to him in Dr. Shires' office in the medical
school concerning the President's death, mostly my part was just a
statement that the written statement that I had submitted was true.
Mr. Specter. I now call your attention, Doctor, to a document
heretofore identified as Commission Exhibit No. 392, to a 2-page
summary which purports to bear your signature, and dated
November 22, 1963, 1626 hours, and ask you first of all if that is a
photostatic copy of a report which you submitted?
Dr. Carrico. Yes; it is.
Mr. Specter. And, is that your signature at the end?
Dr. Carrico. Yes.

Mr. Specter. And are the facts set forth in there true and correct?
Dr. Carrico. They are.
Mr. Specter. With respect to this notation of a ragged wound of
the trachea, which is contained in your report, could you describe
that in more specific detail?
Dr. Carrico. In inserting the endotracheal tube, a larynzo scope
was inserted and it was noted that there was some discoloration at
the lateral edge of the larynx and there appeared to be some
swelling and hematoma and in looking through the chords which
were partially open, a ragged tissue and some blood was seen within
the trachea itself. This was the extent of what I saw.
Mr. Specter. Would that specific portion of the wound give any
indication as to direction of the bullet?
Dr. Carrico. No; it wouldn't.
Mr. Specter. Was there any characteristic within the neck area to
give any indication of the direction of the bullet?
Dr. Carrico. No, sir.
Mr. Specter. Did the Secret Service man whom you just described
ask you any questions beyond whether the contents of your report
were true?
Dr. Carrico. I can't recall any specific questions. He did ask some
others and they did concern the wounds, and what we felt the
wounds were from, the direction, and so forth.
Mr. Specter. And what response did you make to those inquiries?
Dr. Carrico. Essentially the same as I have here. I said I don't
remember specifically.
Mr. Specter. Have you talked to any other representative of the
Federal Government prior to today?
Dr. Carrico. Not in connection with this.

Mr. Specter. Well, have you talked to someone in connection with
something else?
Dr. Carrico. Just some Government employment—Civil Service.
Mr. Specter. But the only time you talked to anyone about your
treatment of President Kennedy and your observations relating to
that treatment was on this one occasion with the Secret service?
Dr. Carrico. Yes; except I just recalled since that time, another
Secret Service Agent—I did speak to him briefly. He asked me if I
had any other information and I said "no".
Mr. Specter. Is that the total contents of that conversation?
Dr. Carrico. Yes.
Mr. Specter. Prior to the time we went on the record here before
you were sworn in, did you and I have a brief conversation about
the purpose of this disposition, and the general nature of the
questions which I would ask you?
Mr. Specter. And was the information which you gave me at that
time the same as that to which you have testified here on the
record?
Dr. Carrico. Yes; it was.
Mr. Specter. Have you ever changed any of your opinions
regarding your treatment and observations of President Kennedy?
Dr. Carrico. Not as I recall.
Mr. Specter. By the way, Dr. Carrico, how old are you at the
present time?
Dr. Carrico. Twenty-eight.
Mr. Specter. Was any bullet found in the President's body.
Dr. Carrico. Not by us.

Mr. Specter. Do you have any other notes or written record of any
sort concerning your treatment of President Kennedy?
Dr. Carrico. Not concerning the treatment. I have a note I wrote
to my children for them to read some day, but it doesn't concern the
treatment.
Mr. Specter. What does that concern?
Dr. Carrico. It just concerns the day and how I felt about it and
why it happened—maybe.
Mr. Specter. Personal observations on your part?
Dr. Carrico. Yes.
Mr. Specter. Did you participate in any of the press conferences?
Dr. Carrico. No.
Mr. Specter. Do you have anything to add which you think might
be of assistance in any way to the President's Commission?
Dr. Carrico. No, sir; I don't believe I do.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Carrico, have I made available to you a letter
requesting your appearance on Monday, March 30, before the
Commission, and do you acknowledge receipt of that?
Dr. Carrico. I do.
Mr. Specter. And would it be possible for you to attend and testify
at that time?
Dr. Carrico. I certainly can.
Mr. Specter. Washington, D.C.
Dr. Carrico. Yes.
Mr. Specter. Thank you very much, Dr. Carrico.

TESTIMONY OF DR. MALCOLM
OLIVER PERRY
The testimony of Dr. Malcolm Oliver Perry was taken at 3:25
p.m., on March 25, 1964, at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Tex.,
by Mr. Arlen Specter, assistant counsel of the President's
Commission.
Mr. Specter. May the record show that Dr. Malcolm O. Perry is
present in response to a letter request that he appear here to have
his deposition taken in connection with the proceedings of the
President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy,
which is now inquiring into all facets of the shooting, including the
medical attention received by President Kennedy at Parkland
Hospital, in which Dr. Perry participated.
With that preliminary statement of purpose, would you please
stand up, Dr. Perry, and raise your right hand?
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you give before the
President's Commission in these deposition proceedings will be the
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Dr. Perry. I do.
Mr. Specter. All right. Would you state your full name for the
record, please?
Dr. Perry. Malcolm Oliver Perry.
Mr. Specter. What is your profession, sir?

Dr. Perry. Physician and surgeon.
Mr. Specter. And how old are you?
Dr. Perry. Thirty-four.
Mr. Specter. Are you duly licensed to practice medicine in the
State of Texas?
Dr. Perry. Yes.
Mr. Specter. Would you outline briefly your educational
background, please?
Dr. Perry. Starting with high school?
Mr. Specter. That will be fine.
Dr. Perry. I attended high school at Allen High School and at
Plano High School, graduating from the latter in 1947. I entered the
University of Texas from whence I duly graduated with a degree of
Bachelor of Arts in 1951. I went to Southwestern Medical School of
the University of Texas for the subsequent 4 years, graduating in
1955 with a degree of Doctor of Medicine. I interned at Letterman's
Army Hospital in San Francisco, and returned to a residency in
surgery at Parkland Hospital in July 1958. I finished that residency in
June 1962, and then returned to San Francisco and spent 1 year as
additional specialization in vascular surgery. I then returned in
September 1963, to Southwestern Medical School of the University
of Texas as an assistant professor of surgery.
Mr. Specter. What were your duties on November 22, 1963?
Dr. Perry. Well, as is accustomed, I was at that time on two
services, both a general surgery service and a vascular surgery
service as a consultant and attending surgeon.
Mr. Specter. And, what were you doing specifically shortly after
noontime on November 22?
Dr. Perry. Well, at the time of the incident in question, I was
having lunch in the main dining room with the chief resident, Dr.

Ronald Jones, in preparation for the usual Friday rounds at 1 o'clock
with the residents.
Mr. Specter. And what occurred during the course of that
luncheon?
Dr. Perry. Dr. Jones, as I say, and I were having lunch when an
emergency call came over the speaker system for Dr. Tom Shires,
who is the chief of surgery. I knew that Dr. Shires was in Galveston
giving a paper and was not in the hospital, so Dr. Jones picked up
the page to see if he or I could be of assistance. We were informed
by the hospital operator that Mr. Kennedy had been shot and was
being brought to Parkland Hospital for care.
Mr. Specter. And what action did you take as a result of learning
those factors?
Dr. Perry. The dining room was located one floor up from the
emergency room, so Dr. Jones and I went immediately to the
emergency room to render what assistance we could.
At the time of our arrival in the emergency room, the President
was already there, and as I entered trauma room No. 1, Dr. James
Carrico, the surgical resident on duty, had just placed an
endotracheal tube to assist respiration.
Mr. Specter. Who was present in addition to Dr. Carrico, if you
recall, at that time?
Dr. Perry. I cannot with accuracy relate all the people that were
there—Dr. Carrico, I saw and spoke to briefly. There were several
other people in the room. There were several nurses there—I don't
know at this time who they were. Mrs. Kennedy was in the room and
there was a gentleman with her and there were several other
gentlemen both in the door and right outside the door to the room.
Some of them, I assume, part of the legal force.
Mr. Specter. Did you observe any other doctors in the room at
that time?

Dr. Perry. No, sir; I did not. There was somebody else in the
room, but I don't know who it was. I remember only Dr. Carrico—I
had the impression that one of the interns was in the room, but this
may be an impression gathered after the fact.
Mr. Specter. What did you observe as to the President's condition
at the time you first saw him?
Dr. Perry. He was lying supine on the emergency cart directly in
the center of the room under the overhead lamp. His shirt had, been
removed, and intravenous infusion was being begun in the right leg,
I believe. Dr. Carrico was at the head of the table attaching the
oxygen apparatus to assist in respiration.
I noted there was a large wound of the right posterior parietal
area in the head exposing lacerated brain. There was blood and
brain tissue on the cart. The President's eyes were deviated and
dilated and he was unresponsive. There was a small wound in the
lower anterior third in the midline of the neck, from which blood was
exuding very slowly.
Mr. Specter. Will you describe that wound as precisely as you can,
please?
Dr. Perry. The wound was roughly spherical to oval in shape, not
a punched-out wound, actually, nor was it particularly ragged. It was
rather clean cut, but the blood obscured any detail about the edges
of the wound exactly.
Mr. Specter. What was the condition of the edges of the wound, if
you can recollect?
Dr. Perry. I couldn't state with certainty, due to the fact that they
were covered by blood and I did not make a minute examination. I
determined only the fact that there was a wound there, roughly 5
mm. in size or so.
Mr. Specter. Have you now described it as precisely as you can;
that wound?
Dr. Perry. I think so.

Mr. Specter. What else, if anything, did you observe as to the
condition of the President?
Dr. Perry. Spasmodic respiratory efforts were obvious, but I did
not detect a pulse nor a heart beat on a very rapid examination. It
was apparent that respirations were ineffective, even with the use of
the endotracheal tube and oxygen. At that point I asked Dr. Carrico
if this was a wound in his neck or had he begun the tracheotomy,
and he said it was a wound and I, at that point, asked someone to
get me a tracheotomy tray, and put on some gloves and initiated the
procedure.
Mr. Specter. Now, have you described everything that you can
recollect about your observations of the President before you started
to work on him?
Dr. Perry. There was no evidence to that cursory examination of
any other wound. I did not move the President. I did not turn him
over.
Mr. Specter. Why did you not turn him over?
Dr. Perry. At that point it was necessary to attend to the
emergent procedure and a satisfactory effective airway is uppermost
in such a condition. If you are unable to obtain an effective airway,
then the other procedures are to be of no avail.
Mr. Specter. Well, on the subject of turning him over, did you ever
turn him over?
Dr. Perry. I did not.
Mr. Specter. Why didn't you turn him over after you had taken
the initial action on him?
Dr. Perry. After the tracheotomy tube was in place and we were
breathing for him, Dr. Clark and I had begun external cardiac
massage, since we had been unable to detect a heart beat, blood
pressure, or pulse. I continued with the cardiac massage while Dr.
Clark examined the head wound, and he and Dr. Jenkins conferred in
regard to the electrocardiogram. It was determined that none of the

resuscitative measures were effective and the procedures were then
abandoned.
I had no further business in the room at that point, and I left the
room momentarily. I returned within a minute or so, because I had
left my coat where I dropped it and asked one of the nurses to hand
me my coat, and I left the room and went to the operating suite
from there.
Mr. Specter. And did that conclude your participation in the
treatment of President Kennedy?
Dr. Perry. It did.
Mr. Specter. What is your best estimate as to the time you arrived
in the Emergency Room?
Dr. Perry. I really don't know the time. It was about 12:30 or so
when I was eating and the call must have come thereabouts, and I
didn't look at my watch at that time, nor did I have an opportunity
to look at it again until after I had left the room.
Mr. Specter. What is your best estimate as to the time which
elapsed from the point that you knew it was 12:30, until the time
you arrived at the emergency room?
Dr. Perry. It must have been within the next few minutes. I really
don't know. As I say, we were sitting there eating and I had no
occasion to look at my watch again. At that time I was much too
busy to consult it further.
Mr. Specter. What is your best estimate as to the time you left
the emergency room after finishing your treatment and work on the
President?
Dr. Perry. After I left trauma room No. 1, I went outside and
washed my hands and then I retrieved my coat and I sat down for a
few minutes in a chair there in the emergency room for probably 10
or 15 minutes, I suppose, and then I went from there to the
operating suite to assist in the care of the Governor, so I must have

left the emergency room probably somewhere around 1:15 or 1:20,
I would gather.
Mr. Specter. At approximately what time was the President
pronounced to be dead?
Dr. Perry. I don't know this for a fact, other than what was
related to me by Dr. Clark, and he tells me that this was at 1 o'clock.
Once again, I did not verify the time.
Mr. Specter. Have you described all of the efforts which were
made to revive the President?
Dr. Perry. There were other procedures done that I did not do
during this period. I did not describe in detail the performance of the
tracheotomy. It seems that that is really not necessary at this time,
unless you want it.
Mr. Specter. Will you describe it in detail, the procedures which
were followed in the efforts to save the President's life?
Dr. Perry. All right. Well, to regress, then, at the time I began the
tracheotomy, I made an incision right through the wound which was
present in the neck in order to gain complete control of any injury in
the underlying trachea.
I made a transverse incision right through this wound and
carried it down to the superficial fascia, to expose the strap muscles
overlying the thyroid and the trachea. There was an injury to the
right lateral aspect of the trachea at the level of the external wound.
The trachea was deviated slightly to the left and it was necessary to
divide the strap muscles on the left side in order to gain access to
the trachea. At this point, I recall, Dr. Jones right on my left was
placing a catheter into a vein in the left arm because he handed me
a necessary instrument which I needed in the performance of the
procedure.
The wound in the trachea was then enlarged to admit a cuffed
tracheotomy tube to support respiration. I noted that there was free
air and blood in the superior right mediastinum.

Although I saw no injury to the lung or to the pleural space, the
presence of this free blood and air in this area could be indicative of
a wound of the right hemithorax, and I asked that someone put a
right chest tube in for seal drainage. At the time I did not know who
did this, but I have been informed that Dr. Baxter and Dr. Paul Peters
inserted the chest tube and connected it to underwater drainage.
Blood transfusions and fluid transfusions were being given at this
time, and through the previous venesections that had been done by
Dr. Jones and Dr. Carrico.
Also, the President had received 300 mg. of Solucortef in order
to support his adrenal glands, since it was common medical
knowledge that he suffered from adrenal insufficiency.
Of course, oxygen and pressure breathing were being effected
under the guidance of Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Giesecke, who were
handling the anesthesia machine at the head of the table.
Dr. Bashour and Dr. Seldin, in addition to Dr. Clark, had arrived
and also assisted in monitoring cardiac actions, as indicated by the
oscilloscope and the cardiotachioscope.
Mr. Specter. Have you now described all of the operative
procedures performed on the President?
Dr. Perry. Yes, all that I am familiar with.
Mr. Specter. Are there any doctors who participated other than
those whom you have already identified in the course of your
description?
Dr. Perry. Yes, sir; immediately on arriving there, and as I say,
Dr. Jones and I, and I saw Dr. Carrico, and I have the impression
there was another physician there, but I don't know who it was. I
asked that an emergency call be placed for Dr. Kemp Clark, chief of
neurosurgery, for Dr. Robert McClelland, and Dr. Charles Baxter,
assistant professors of surgery. They responded immediately. I don't
know how long it took them to get there, but they were probably
there within the next few minutes. My first recollection of Dr.

McClelland and Dr. Baxter being there was when I was doing the
tracheotomy, they suddenly were there assisting me. I don't know
when they came in the room, nor do I know when Dr. Clark or the
other gentlemen arrived, and there must have been 10 or 12 doctors
all told by then.
Mr. Specter. Are there any others whom you could identify?
Dr. Perry. Dr. Peters—I previously mentioned, Dr. Paul Peters,
assistant professor of urology, Dr. Fouad Bashour, associate professor
of medicine, and chief of cardiology, and Dr. Don Seldin, chief of
medicine.
I mentioned Dr. M. T. Jenkins, chief of anesthesia, and Dr.
Giesecke, his assistant professor of anesthesiology—that's the only
people that I saw directly.
Mr. Specter. Could the first doctor whom you saw have been Dr.
Don Curtis?
Dr. Perry. That's entirely possible—I don't recall.
Mr. Specter. Was Dr. Dulany there?
Dr. Perry. I have initially had the impression that Dr. Dulany was
in the room when I came in there, but as I understand it, he actually
was just going into the room across the hall, but he was there by
the door when I came in, but I had the impression he was leaving
that room, but I understand he was not, that actually he was going
—just going in the room across the hall with the Governor, although
I initially thought Dr. Dulany was there.
Mr. Specter. What did you observe, if anything with respect to
bruising in the interior portion of the President's neck?
Dr. Perry. There was considerable hematoma in the right lateral
portion of the neck and the right superior mediastinum, as I noted.
As for bruising, per se, it would be difficult to describe that, since by
definition, hematoma would be a collection of blood, and there was
so much blood that the tissues were discolored. I did not attempt to
ascertain trajectory or path of the bullet at the time, but directed

myself to obtaining an adequate airway and carried my examination
no further down than it was necessary to assure myself that the
trachea was controlled and that there was no large vessel injury at
that level.
Mr. Specter. Were there sufficient facts available to you for you to
reach a conclusion as to the cause of the wound on the front side of
the President's neck?
Dr. Perry. No, sir, there was not. I could not determine whether
or how this was inflicted, per se, since it would require tracing the
trajectory.
Mr. Specter. What did you observe as to the President's head,
specifically?
Dr. Perry. I saw no injuries other than the one which I noted to
you, which was a large avulsive injury of the right occipitoparietal
area, but I did not do a minute examination of his head.
Mr. Specter. Did you notice a bullet hole below the large avulsed
area?
Dr. Perry. No; I did not.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Perry, earlier I asked you whether you turned
over the President at any time during the course of your treatment
or examination of him, and you indicated that you had not, and I
then asked you why, and you proceeded to tell me of the things that
you did in sequence, as being priority items to try to save his life.
Why did you not turn him over at the conclusion of those operative
procedures?
Dr. Perry. Well, actually, I didn't have a specific reason, other
than it had been determined that he had expired. There was nothing
further that I could do and it was not my particular prerogative to
make a minute examination to determine any other cause. I felt that
that was a little bit out of my domain.
Mr. Specter. Did you have any occasion to examine the
President's clothing to ascertain direction of the missile?

Dr. Perry. No; I did not. The only aspect of clothing that I know
about—I happen to recall pushing up the brace which he had on in
an attempt to feel a femoral pulse when I arrived, and I could not,
but the shirt had been removed by the personnel there in the
emergency room, I assume.
Mr. Specter. What did you observe as to the description of that
brace?
Dr. Perry. I couldn't give you a description. I just saw and felt the
lower edge of one, and I reached to feel the left femoral pulse.
Mr. Specter. Did you see whether the President was wearing any
sort of an Ace bandage on the midsection of his body when his
trousers were taken down?
Dr. Perry. There was evidence of an Ace bandage—I saw it
sticking out from the edge on the right side, as I recall. I don't
believe it was on the midsection, although it may have been. I
believe it was on his right leg—his right thigh.
Mr. Specter. Do you know whether it was on the left leg and thigh
as well?
Dr. Perry. No, I don't. I just saw that briefly when I was reaching
for that pulse and I didn't do any examination at all of the lower
trunk or lower extremities.
Mr. Specter. Did you personally make any examination by feeling,
or in any other way, of the President's back?
Dr. Perry. I did not.
Mr. Specter. Did you participate in a press conference or press
conferences following the death of the President?
Dr. Perry. Yes.
Mr. Specter. And when was the first of such press conferences?
Dr. Perry. I don't know the exact time, Mr. Specter. It must have
been within the hour, I would say; I don't know exactly.

Mr. Specter. And who was present at that press conference by
way of identifying, if you can, the members of the news media?
Dr. Perry. I have no idea. The press conference was held in
classrooms 1 and 2 combined here at Parkland. The room was quite
full of people. I remember noting some surprise how quickly they
had put in a couple of telephones at the back. There were numerous
cameras and lights, and flashbulbs, and I went there with one of the
administrators, Mr. Landregan, and Dr. Kemp Clark and Mr. Hawkes,
who was identified to me as being with the White House Press. I
don't know—there were numerous people of the press.
Mr. Specter. What doctors appeared and spoke at that press
conference?
Dr. Perry. Dr. Clark, myself, and Dr. Baxter was also there. He
arrived a little bit late. I called him just before I went down and
asked him and Dr. McClelland to come. I could not find Dr.
McClelland. He apparently was busy with a patient at the time. I
recall Dr. Baxter came in after the press conference had begun, but I
don't believe he said anything. Dr. Clark and I answered the majority
of the questions.
Mr. Specter. Well, what questions were asked of you and what
responses did you give at that press conference?
Dr. Perry. Well, there were numerous questions asked, all the
questions I cannot remember, of course. Specifically, the thing that
seemed to be of most interest at that point was actually trying to get
me to speculate as to direction of the bullets, the number of bullets,
and the exact cause of death.
The first two questions I could not answer, and my reply to them
was that I did not know, if there were one or two bullets, and I
could not categorically state about the nature of the neck wound,
whether it was an entrance or an exit wound, not having examined
the President further—I could not comment on any other injuries.
As regards the cause of death, Dr. Clark and I concurred that
massive brain trauma with attendant severe hemorrhage was the

underlying cause of death, and then there were questions asked in
regard to what we did, and I described as I have for you, although
not in such detail—essentially the resuscitative measures that were
taken at that time; namely, the reinfusion of a balanced salt solution
of blood, Solucortef, assisting of respiration with oxygen and
pressure apparatus, the tracheotomy, and the chest tubes and the
monitoring with the cardiotachioscope.
Mr. Specter. Did you express a view as to what might have
happened with respect to the number of bullets?
Dr. Perry. I was asked by several of the people of the press,
initially, if there were one or two or more bullets, and to that, Dr.
Clark and I both replied that we could not say. I was then asked if it
was conceivable that it could have been caused by one bullet, and I
replied in the affirmative, that I did not know, but it was conceivable.
Mr. Specter. Did you elaborate on how it could have been caused
by one bullet?
Dr. Perry. I was asked if this were one bullet, how would it occur,
and I said, "It is conceivable or possible that a bullet could enter and
strike the spinal column and be deviated superiorly to exit from the
head."
Mr. Specter. And where would that point of entry have been?
Dr. Perry. The surmise was made that if the point of entry were
in the neck, how would it have happened, and that is the way I
would have reconstructed it. Again, this was speculation.
Mr. Specter. Did you denominate it clearly as speculation?
Dr. Perry. I did.
Mr. Specter. Or, what could have been as opposed to what your
opinion was?
Dr. Perry. I did. I said this was conceivable—this was possible,
but again, Dr. Clark and I emphasized again that we did not know
whether there was one or two bullets.

Mr. Specter. Did you express any view as to whether it might
have been one bullet or two bullets or either, or what?
Dr. Perry. I said I did not know.
Mr. Specter. And were you asked any other questions at that
press conference that you can recollect as being important at this
time?
Dr. Perry. Someone did ask us about Mrs. Kennedy, and I recall
that I mentioned that I did not speak to her, but that she was very
composed and very quiet.
Mr. Specter. Now, were you a part of any other press
conferences?
Dr. Perry. Yes; I was.
Mr. Specter. And when did the next one occur?
Dr. Perry. There were several organized press conferences that
occurred in the administration suite in the hospital, Mr. Specter, and I
don't know the exact times of these. There were several later that
afternoon. There were some the following day, on Saturday, also
held in the administrator's office, and then there were subsequent
conferences in relation to the other incident that occurred on Sunday
with Mr. Oswald. I don't know how many there were.
Mr. Specter. Were all these conferences set up by the
administration of the hospital?
Dr. Perry. They were all conducted here. They weren't
necessarily—I wouldn't say—set up by the administration. They were
done here at the hospital, with one exception, of which you are
aware, that I spoke with you about the gentleman that came to me
when I was out of town.
Mr. Specter. Will you elaborate upon what occurred on that
occasion, please?
Dr. Perry. I had taken the course of complying with the press
insofar as was possible about what I could speak that was common

knowledge and which had already been covered at the initial press
conference. I had done that in the administrative suite or in the
hospital or in the medical school under an organized situation as
opposed to doing it, say, at home.
I left town Monday following the incident on Sunday with
Oswald, in order to secure a little bit of rest for myself and my
family, and approximately 36 hours later, members of the press had
located me and requested an interview, which I granted, denying
any photographs and the interview consisted of essentially the same
thing that I had given to the previous press conference at the
hospital.
Mr. Specter. Where was that interview conducted?
Dr. Perry. That was in McAllen, Tex.
Mr. Specter. In the course of all of these press conferences did
you say anything other than that which you have already related you
said during the course of the first press conference?
Dr. Perry. That would require a little bit of thought. I don't think
in essence I said anything different. Of course, the wording certainly
would have been different. I subsequently had a little bit more
knowledge about the initial episode attendant of course upon my
discussions with the other doctors and the writing out of our
statements, knowledge which I did not have initially, which may
have made subsequent statements perhaps more accurate as
regards to time and people, but in essence, things that I did and
things that I said that I did are essentially the same in all of these.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Perry, I now show you a group of papers
heretofore identified as Commission Exhibit No. 392, and I turn to
two sheets which are dated November 22, 1963, which have the
name "Perry" beside the doctor and purport to bear your signature,
and the time—1630 hours, 22 November 1963, and I ask you if this
is a photostatic copy of the handwritten report which you submitted
concerning the attention you gave to the President on the day of the
assassination?

Dr. Perry. Yes; it is.
Mr. Specter. Is this your signature appearing on the second
sheet?
Dr. Perry. That is my signature.
Mr. Specter. And are the facts set forth herein true and correct?
Dr. Perry. They are, to the best of my knowledge, correct.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Perry, have contents of the autopsy report
conducted at Bethesda Naval Hospital been made available to you?
Dr. Perry. They have.
Mr. Specter. And are the findings in the autopsy report consistent
with your observations and conclusions concerning the source and
nature of the President's wounds?
Dr. Perry. Yes; they are. I think there are no discrepancies at all.
I did not have that information initially, and as a result was
somewhat confused about the nature of the wounds, as I noted—I
could not tell whether there was one or two bullets, or from whence
they came, but the findings of the autopsy report are quite
compatible with those findings which I noted at the time that I saw
the President.
Mr. Specter. And have you noted in the autopsy report the
reference to the presence of a wound on the upper right posterior
thorax just above the upper border of the scapula, being 7 by 4 mm.
in oval dimension and being located 14 cm. from the tip of the right
acromion process and 14 cm. below the tip of the right mastoid
process?
Dr. Perry. Yes; I saw that.
Mr. Specter. Assuming that was a point of entry of a missile,
which parenthetically was the opinion of the three autopsy surgeons,
and assuming still further that the missile which struck the President
at that spot was a 6.5-mm. jacketed bullet shot from a rifle at a
distance of 166 to 250 feet, having a muzzle velocity of

approximately 2,000 feet per second, and that upon entering the
President's body, the bullet traveled between two strap muscles,
through a fascia channel, without violating the pleural cavity, striking
the trachea, causing the damage which you testified about being on
the interior of the President's throat, and exited from the President's
throat in the wound which you have described in the midline of his
neck, would your findings and observations as to the nature of the
wound on the throat be consistent with the set of facts I just
presented to you?
Dr. Perry. It would be entirely compatible.
Mr. Specter. And what is the basis for your conclusion that the
situation that I presented to you would be entirely compatible with
your observations and findings?
Dr. Perry. The wound in the throat, although as I noted, I did not
examine it minutely, was fairly small in nature, and an undeformed,
unexpanded missile exiting at rather high speed would leave very
little injury behind, since the majority of its energy was expended
after it had left the tissues.
Mr. Specter. And would the hole that you observed on the
President's throat then be consistent with such an exit wound?
Dr. Perry. It would. There is no way to determine from my
examination as to exactly how accurately I could depict an entrance
wound from an exit wound, without ascertaining the entire
trajectory. Such a wound could be produced by such a missile.
Mr. Specter. Were any facts on trajectory available to you at the
time of the press conferences that you described?
Dr. Perry. They were not.
Mr. Specter. In response to an earlier question which I asked you,
I believe you testified that you did not have sufficient facts available
initially to form an opinion as to the source or direction of the cause
of the wound, did you not?

Dr. Perry. That's correct, although several leading questions were
directed toward me at the various conferences.
Mr. Specter. And to those leading questions you have said here
today that you responded that a number of possibilities were present
as to what might have happened?
Dr. Perry. That's correct. I had no way of ascertaining, as I said,
the true trajectory. Often questions were directed as to—in such a
manner as this: "Doctor, is it possible that if he were in such and
such a position and the bullet entered here, could it have done
that?" And my reply, "Of course, if it were possible, yes, that is
possible, but similarly, it did not have to be so, necessarily."
Mr. Specter. So that, from the physical characteristics which you
observed in and of themselves, you could not come to any
conclusive opinion?
Dr. Perry. No, sir; I could not, although I have been quoted, I
think, as saying, and I might add parenthetically, out of context,
without the preceding question which had been directed, as saying
that such was the case, when actually, I only admitted that the
possibility existed.
Mr. Specter. And in the hypothetical of the rather extended
nature that I just gave you that your statement that that is
consistent with what you found, is that also predicated upon the
veracity of the factors, which I have asked you to assume?
Dr. Perry. That is correct, sir. I have no way to authenticate
either by my own knowledge.
Mr. Specter. Has your recollection of the nature of the President's
neck wound changed at any time from November 22 to the present
time?
Dr. Perry. No, sir. I recall describing it initially as being between 3
and 5 cm. in size and roughly spherical in shape, not unlike a rather
large puncture wound, I believe is the word I used initially.

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