Evaluation of routing protocol with multi-mobile sinks in WSNs using QoS and energy consumption parameters

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 9, No. 4, August 2019, pp. 2880~2892
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2880-2892  2880
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Evaluation of routing protocol with multi-mobile sinks in WSNs
using QoS and energy consumption parameters
Nadia A. Shiltagh1
, Mahmood Z. Abdullah2
, Ahmed R. Zarzoor3
1
College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2
College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
3
Institute for Post-graduation Studies Iraqi Commission for Computer and informatics, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 20, 2018
Revised Mar 23, 2019
Accepted Apr 1, 2019
An efficient networks’ energy consumption and Quality of Services (QoS)
are considered the most important issues, to evaluate the route quality of the
designed routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This study
is presented an evaluation performance technique to evaluate two routing
protocols: Secure for Mobile Sink Node location using Dynamic Routing
Protocol (SMSNDRP) and routing protocol that used K-means algorithm to
form Data Gathered Path (KM-DGP), on small and large network with
Group of Mobile Sinks (GMSs). The propose technique is based on QoS and
sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters to assess route quality and
networks’ energy usage. The evaluation technique is conducted on two
routing protocols in two phases: The first phase is used to evaluate the route
quality and networks’ energy consumption on small WSN with one mobile
Sink Node (SN) and GMSs. The second phase, is used to evaluate the route
quality and networks’ energy consumption on large network (four WSNs)
with GMSs. The two phases are implementated by creating five sceneries via
using NS2.3 simulator software. The implementation results of the proposed
performance evaluation technique have demonstrated that SMSNDRP gives
better networks’ energy consumption on small single network in comparison
with KM-DGP. Also, it gives high quality route in large network that used
four mobile SN, in contrast to KM-DGP that used sixteen mobile SNs. While
in large network, it found that KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs gives better
networks’ energy consumption in comparison with SMSNDRP with four
mobile SNs.
Keywords:
Base station (BS)
Group of mobile sinks (GMSs)
Anchor nodes (ANs)
Quality of services (QoS)
Reference node (RN)
Sink node (SN)
Wireless sensor networks
(WSNs)
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Ahmed R. Zarzoor,
Institute for Post-graduation Studies,
Iraqi Commission for Computer & informatics,
Baghdad, Iraq.
Email: Ahmed.Arjabi@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The large network is composed of a number of WSNs, each of a WSN is consisted of a lot number
of sensor nodes that deployed in wide geographical area. These sensor nodes would gathered data from their
environment and forwarded it to the SN via multiple hops [1]. Which in turn would exhausted sensor nodes’
remaining energy and reduced the entire network lifetime. Consequently, designing routing protocol
efficiently, is considered a big challenge to the researchers, due to number of issues: the first one, is that all
the sensor nodes which are closed to the SN location would lost their energy very fast (i.e. died), since they
conveyed data of other sensor nodes in addition to their own data. So, when they are died this would in turn
create a hole near the SN, which caused a hot spot energy problem [2]. To overcome this problem,
researchers are suggested to use a mobile SN instead of a static SN, in order to balance the energy usage on

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Evaluation of routing protocol with multi-mobile sinks in WSNs using QoS and energy ... (Nadia A. Shiltagh)
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different areas in the WSN [3, 4] and mitigate the hot spot energy problem [5]. The second issue, is about
considering the QoS constratians when evaluaton of the routing path quality [6, 7], i.e. the best path quality is
the one that achieved the lowest (delay and total data dropped packets) and gives highest (Packet Deliveary
Ratio (PDR) and Average throughput) from other designed paths in the network. Thus, using a small number
of mobile SN in a large WSN is considered impractical solution, because it maximized latency. To overcome
this problem, one of the solation is to decease the latency by dividing the large network area into sub-areas
and using a GMSs [8]. Finally, the third issue, is about considering the efficienty of the designed routing
paths between each of the mobile SN and BS, by taking into account two things: The first one, is the way that
the sensor nodes are deployed in the network because there is some sub-area with high density, while other
with low-density. In the high-density area, a lot of data transmission processing would occurred frequently.
Besides, route reliability is increased because there is more than one route can be constructed among any pair
of sensor nodes in the network. While in the low-density, data conveyed process and route reliability is
decreased. The second one, when using a larger number of mobile SNs this would increased the network cost
and maximized the overhead complexity to maintain routing table for each SN in the network.
Therefore, this study is aimed to propose a new evaluation method of the routing protocol that
would cover the three menstion above issues. In order, to evaluate the performance of “Secure Mobile Sink
Node location using Dynamic Routing Protocol” (SMSNDRP) that was developed by us in the previous
studies [9, 10], via making a comparsion of its performance in small and large network with other routing
protocol called K-means to form Data Gathered Path (KM-DGP) which is described in related works section.
So, the evaluation process is conducaded in two phases: small WSN (with one mbile SN and GMSs) and
Group of WSNs with GMSs based on QoS and the sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters. However,
the performance results of SMSNDRP in small WSN gives high qulity of routing routes and consumed less
energy in comparsion with the KM-DGP. While, in large network the KM-DGP is consumed less energy and
gives low qulity routing routes in comparsion with the SMSNDRP. The rest of this study will be presented as
follows: section 2 explored of related works that used routing protocol on WSNs with GMSs, Section 3
described performance evaluation method two phases: evaluation of Route quality for small WSN and
evaluation route quality for large network. Section 4, discussed the implementation results of five scenarios:
the first three scenarios are used in small WSN that consisted of 50 nodes with one or four mobile SN.
The last two scenarios are used in large network that composed of 200 nodes, four WSNs, four or sixteen
mobile SN, four or sixteen reference nodes, six anchor nodes and single BS. Finally, section 5 includes study
conclusion.
2. RELATED WORKS
There are a number of studies that proposed designing a route with the GMSs. This was considered
due the GMSs’ route having a major benefit, since they reduced data traffic around the SN and alleviate the
hot spot-energy problem. In Farooq et. al study, they proposed a technique called “Low-Power and Lossy
Networks” RPL [11]. In this technique they solved high data traffic jam via selected the optimal path, that is
used for routing data from sensor node to the GMSs with minimum number of hop, lowest latency and
maximum PDR. The path selection is based on number of parameters such as the size of remaining data on
communication link (large size means more bandwidth available on the link), the waiting time for each
packet in “MAC layer queue” [11] before it conveyed to the next destination node (i.e. latency), managing
data packet in MAC layer buffer or queue occupancy (e.g. place the packets that come from the node with
high rate generated first in the queue) and hop counter. Thus, the path that provided high bandwidth, lowest
delay and required minimum number of hop will be selected as the optimal path for routing data in the
network.
In Chatterjee and Das [12] study, they proposed a method to deploy GMSs in a large network based
on graphic theorem. This was proposed in order to optimize the number of clusters and cluster coverage
range. To illustrate graphic theorem, let say graphic G (N, E), where N is the number of nodes’ neighbor and
E is the number of edges that were used to connect the current node with its’ neighbors in one cluster.
The Euclidean distance is used to calculate the distance between the current node and its’ neighbors, which
represent the hop-distance (i.e. number of hop) on the short path between them. The clusters are constructed
after the GMSs and sensor nodes are deployed randomly in the area, then a random selection for seed nodes
is made, in order to form the clusters based on using G (N, E) and hop-distance. In Barani et. Al study [13],
they investigated the effects of mobile sink position on the network capacity and latency parameters.
They used two different SN position schemes: the common position scheme and random scheme.
They studied the two schemes via deployed SNs on number of cells either randomly or based on the common
location rule (the most visited locations on the cells by SN in previously). In the next step, each sensor node
would searched to find the SN in one hop to transmit its’ sensory data to this SN, if there is no SN in one hop

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then it would searched for rely node, which in turn repeat the same process until it the SN location is reached.
Also, they used redundant packets with SNs’ position, in order to measure its impact on the network capacity
and latency parameters. They found it has no impact on capacity and its reduced latency. Although in [14]
study, the researchers suggest a method to decrease the hop-distance that was required to convey data in a
trip from the sensor node to the SN. In the first step of their method, they divided the network into a number
of isolated clusters using K-mean algorithm. In the next step they deployed GMSs using “Particle Swarm
Optimization” PSO algorithm.
In another study [15], researchers improved the network lifetime via using GMSs with WSN.
They proposed a technique, in which the SN is moved toward high density area in the network. In this area,
each sensor node is connected to the mobile SN through one-hop only. So, the far sensor nodes that are not in
the coverage range of SN may be covered by other deployed SNs’ coverage range. The main idea is to make
each sensor node use one-hop to convey its’ data to the SN. While Singh et al, proposed using a virtual grid
cells to propagate data between the source “dissemination nodes” and mobile SN [16]. To illustrate, if GMSs
are deployed in area and BS send a query for data in that area, then all the sensor nodes in that area will
cooperated together to construct a “virtual grid cell”. The sized of each cell in that grid is dependent on
sensor nodes’ radius size. The next step is about making a selection for the dissemination node, which is
the node that has the highest residual energy and responsible for query transmission to the SN via using short
path. The SN in turn can estimates the distance and specified the sensor nodes’ location in that area based on
the received query. Subsequently, the best path to that area is specified and SN can move toward it.
While Wang et al, proposed a method that used clustering technique with GMSs, in order to improve
the network lifetime [17]. They divided the large network into several clusters via using LEACH protocol
and the used “Ant Colony Optimization” to find the best mobility path for the mobile SN. In order to collect
data from Cluster Head CH of each cluster in the network.
In [18] the researchers proposed group of mobile SNs with routing protocol in underwater WSNs to
maximize PDR and minimize the networks’ energy exhaustion. This protocol consisted of two phases:
layering and construction. In the layering phase, the sensor nodes are deployed around the SN in (n) layers.
The SN is allocated in layer (0), sensor nodes with one-hop from SN are allocated in layer (1), with 2-hop are
placed in layer (2) and so on. The sensor nodes are re-deployed periodically, when PDR become below
the threshold value, due to SN mobility. In construction phase, sensor nodes in layer (1) send the data direct
to the SN, while sensor nodes in layer 2, 3…, n would selected as relay node, inorder to forward data to next
layer until SN is reached. Although Uppal et al, proposed using GMSs and multi-path technique with WSNs,
in order to avoid link communication failures and reduced energy consumption in the network [19]. The main
idea in their study is about using routing table that is formed by each sensor node in the network. The routing
table would continued parameters such as number of hops, successful conveyed data ratio and remaining
energy. So, each sensor node in the network established multi-path with its’ neighbour via distance (one-
hop). Thus, the optimal path is path that has minimum number of hops, constricted from sensor nodes’ that
have high residual energy and maximum data conveyed ratio.
Also, Gebremeskel and Rao [20], used GMSs to improve network lifetime based on changing
the SNs’ location in the network. They distributed the SNs and sensor nodes randomly in the network then
constracted clusters in the network by using K-means method. In this method the SNs will be selected
randomly. The next step in this method is about calculating the distance between each sensor node and SN in
the network. Consequently, each sensor node that would have less distance to the SN will join its’ cluster.
Finally, the SNs change their position and move toward the center point of each clusters. So, in this way
network lifetime is optimized by decreasing the distance between SN and sensor node. In other study [21],
Although they used K-means algorithm to split the large scale network into clusters and specified data
gathering path (DGP), that used to move mobile SN in a way that optimized the network lifetime. Since, each
data gather point on the routing path is the optimal point location in the cluster that specified by K-means
algorithm. So, the mobile SN is stops on it for period of time to collect data and then move toward the next
point in the DGP.
However, most of the above studies used GMSs, in order to solve the problem of hot spot energy
problem and prolong the network lifetime. But this solution still considered as high cost solution because of
using more than one mobile SNs in large network. Therefore, in this study an evaluation method is proposed
to evaluate the performance of SMSNDRP that used a small number of mobile SNs in small WSN and large
network based on QoS and sensor nodes’ energy consumpation parameters.
3. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION METHOD
In this paper an evaluation performance technique is proposed to measure the route quality and
energy usage in large and small network based on QoS parameters (End to End delay, Average throughput,

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PDR and total number of dropped data packets) that are used to evaluate the route quality of two routing
protocols (SMSNDRP and KM-DGP). Also, the method based on three of sensor nodes’ energy consumption
parameters which are: number of nodes with sufficient energy, number of died nodes and number of nodes
with low energy. So, the best networks’ energy consumption is achieved when there is low number of died
nodes and high number of nodes with sufficient energy during routing data process in the network. However,
the evaluation performance method is condaucted into two phases:
a. Evaluation of Routes Quality for Small Network (Single WSN)
b. Evaluation of Routes Quality for Large Network (Four WSNs)
3.1. Evaluation of routes quality for small network (single WSN)
In this phase, an evaluation is conducted to the route quality and sensor nodes’ energy consumption
on small single WSN, via using two routing protocols: SMSNDRP and KM-DGP. The routing protocol
SMSNDRP is aimed to move mobile SN in the network in a way that reduced network energy consumption,
and maximized the anonymity of SNs’ location against traffic analysis attack. However, in the first step of
the SMSNDRP, is about dividing the network into number of sub-area in order to form clusters and elect
CHs using DECAR [20] algorithm. So, the node is selected as CH, if it has the highest remaining energy and
minimum distance from SN in comparsion with other sensor nodes in the same cluster. The second step,
is about calculating the coordination points (x, y) for the new SNs’ location via computing the mean function
of all elected CHs’ location, in order to move SN toward it in the network. The third step, is about
the forming the path between CH and mobile SN, through rearranging CHs in ascending order according to
their distance from SN and then rearrange them again according to their residual energy in descending order.
So, the CHs with higher remaining energy will be placed in nearst position to the SN and only its will be
allowed to send data directly to the SN. The routing path is reconstructing again through using the same steps
that mention above, when one or more CHs’ residual energy is below the energy threshold value.
While in the KM-DGP, the first step is about forming clusters via random deployment of sensor
nodes in the network. In the next step, the seed nodes are selected randomly and the distance between
the seed node and each sensor node in the network is calculated. Thus, each sensor node that have minimum
distance to the seed will be added to the cluster. The third step, is about computing the average nodes’
coordination point value in each cluster. So, if there is no change in the cluster then stop otherwise repeat
from step 2. At the end, the optimal routing path DGP is constructed from the last average coordination point
value in each cluster. Subsequently, the SNs are moved in the network using DGP, in order to collect data
from sensor nodes in each cluster in the network.
However, the evaluation process in this phase is implemented on single small WSN will be as
follow:
a. Evaluate the energy consumption for the paths that generated by SMSNDRP and KM-DGP with single
mobile sink node by using networks’ energy consumption parameters
b. Evaluate the route quality for the paths that generated by SMSNDRP and KM-DGP with single mobile
SN through using QoS parameters
c. Evaluate the energy consumption for the path that generated by KM-DGP with four mobile SNs via using
networks’ energy consumption parameters
d. Evaluate the route quality for the paths that generated by KM-DGP with four mobile SNs via using QoS
parameters
3.2. Evaluation of routes quality for large network (four WSNs)
In this phase, the same QoS and sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters that used in phase
one will be used in this phase for large network (four WSNs). Also, the best path quality between each SN
and BS, is designed via using method that developed by us in study [10]. In this method the optimal path is
designed based on six anchor nodes and one reference node for each mobile SN in each WSN. The six anchor
nodes are formed a ring around unknown BS location in order to specify it location. While, the reference
node is used to gather the new SN location infomation in each WSN and send it to the anchor nodes, which in
turn store mobile SN location information in routing table that maintained by anchor node. The routing table
contained: WSN ID, number of hops, SN location, BS location and path details. Thus, according to routing
table information the best route is selected between mobile SN and BS. The best route is the one that has
minimum number of hops and consumed less sensor nodes’ residual energy. Although, its quality is
evaluated based on QoS parameters.
So, the evaluation process in this phase is implemented on large network will be as follow:
1. Evaluate the energy consumption for paths that generated into two large networks: one used SMSNDRP
with four mobile SNs and the other one is used KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs. Also, the optimal path
between SN and BS in both network is designed via using anchor nodes and reference node. The network

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energy consumption is computed through using the same sensor nodes’ energy parameter that used in
phase one.
2. Evaluate the route quality for the paths that generated in same two large networks in step one. The route
quality is computed through using the same QoS parameters that used in phase one see Figure 1,
which demonstrated the two phases of the proposed performance evaluation method in this paper.
Figure 1. Illustrate the study method two phases
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The routing protocol SMSNDRP has been evaluated before in small network based on QoS
parameters in our pervious study [22]. In this study a new evaluation performance method is applied on
SMSNDRP to evaluate it performances in small and large network, based on QoS and the sensor nodes’
energy consumption. Also, a comparsion with other routing protovol KM-DGP has been done in this study,
in order to analysis its performance. So, the evaluation process is conducaded via cearting five scenarios
using NS2.3 software simulator. The first three scenarios are conducted on single WSN that consisted of 50
nodes, one mobile SN for scenario 1 and 2 and four mobile SNs for scenario 3. While the last two scenarios
are conducted on large network consisted of four WSNs, 200 nodes, six anchor nodes, four reference nodes
for scenario 4, sixteen reference nodes for scenario 5, and one BS for scenario 4 and 5, see Table 1.
So, the first phase of the study method is implemented in scenario 1, 2 and 3, while the second phase is
performed in scenario 4 and 5.

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Table 1. Simulation parameters details
Parameters Values
Time of simulation end 60 s
Number of nodes
50 for scenario 1,2 and 3
200 for scenario 4 and 5
Number of sink nodes
16 for scenario 5
Number of anchor nodes
Not used for scenario 1,2 and 3
Number of reference node
Not used scenario for 1,2 and 3
4 for scenario 4
16 for scenario 5
Channel type Channel/WirelessChannel
Network interface type Phy/WirelessPhy
Area 1000x1000
MAC type Mac/802_11
Traffic Model FTP
4.1. Small network implementation results
In scenario 1, the routing protocol SMSNDRP is implemented on a WSN that consisted of 50 nodes
with single SN, see Figure 2. The simulation result for sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters are:
number of nodes with sufficient energy is 25, number of nodes with low energy is 24 and number of die
nodes is 1. For QoS parameters the results are: PDR is 99.261%, Total dropped packet is 10, Average
Throughput is 134.55 kbps and End to End latency is 328.4652 milliseconds. Also, in scenario 2 the same
WSN structured that used in the first scenario will be used, but using routing protocol KM-DGP instead of
SMSNDRP, see Figure 3. The simulation result for sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters are:
number of nodes with sufficient energy is 20, number of nodes with low energy is 13 and number of die
nodes is 17. For QoS parameters the result: PDR is 98.261%, Total dropped packet is 54, Average
Throughput is 308.02 kbps and End to End latency is 147.688 milliseconds.
Figure 2. Scenario 1 screenshot from NS2.3 simulator software, that demonstrated the implementation of
routing protocol SMSNDRP with one mobile SN in the network. The green node represents node with
sufficient energy, yellow node represents node with low energy and red node represent the die nodes
In scenario 3 the same WSN structure of the second scenario is used again, but with four mobile
SNs, see Figure 4. The simulation result for sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters are: number of
nodes with sufficient energy is 4, number of nodes with low energy is 4 and number of die nodes is 42. For
QoS parameters the result: PDR is 97.611%, Total dropped packet is 100, Average Throughput is
419.02 kbps and End to End latency is 174.688 milliseconds. However, based on the results, it has been

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discovered that SMSNDRP with one mobile SN improved the network energy consumption, in comparison
with using routing protocol KM-DGP with one or four mobile SNs in small network,
see Figure 5. Nevertheless, when comparison has made according to route quality using QoS parameters,
it found the best route quality that is generated by SMSNDRP since its give the highest End to End latency
(328.4652 milliseconds) value in comparison with KM-DGP with one mobile SN (147.688 milliseconds)
value or four SNs (174.688 milliseconds) value, see Figure 6. But, its give the lowest data dropped packet
(value=10) in comparison with KM-DGP that operate with one mobile SN (value=54) or four mobile SNs
(value=100), for PDR the SMSNDRP gives the highest value (99.2614%) in comparison with KM-DGP,
see Figure 7. So, the route quality that is generated by the KM-DGP with four mobile SNs gives better
performance than the route qulity that is generated by SMSNDRP with one mobile SN, because its
minimized the latency and maximized average throughput. But still the routes that are generated
by SMSNDRP with one mobile SN gives a better performance for PDR and total dropped packets in contrast
with KM-DGP with one or four mobile SNs.
Figure 3. Scenario 2 screenshot from NS2.3 simulator software that demonstrated the implementation of
routing protocol KM-DGP with one mobile SN in the network
routing protocol KM-DGP in the network with four mobile SNs

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Figure 5. Demonstrate that SMSNDRP given better sensor nodes’ energy consumption in comparison
with KM-DGP, because it gives the lowest number of die nodes and maximum number of nodes with
sufficient energy
Figure 6. Demonstrate that KM-DGP produced the lowest end to end latency in comparison with SMSNDRP,
which make it gives better network performance than SMSNDRP

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Figure 7. Demonstrate that SMSNDRP given the highest PDR value and lowest total dropped packets in
comparison with KM-DGP, which make it gives better network performance than KM-DGP
4.2. Large network implementation results
The second phase of evaluation method is applied on large network using two scenarios 4 and 5.
In scenario 4 the routing protocol SMSNDRP is implemented on four WSNs, each one has single mobile SN
and consisted of 50 nodes and one reference node for each mobile SN, see Figure 8. The reference node
stores the last location information that SN is moved toward it. Also, reference node sends SN new position
in each WSN to the six anchor nodes, that form a ring around one BS The anchor nodes are used to specify
the unknown BS location and construct the routing path between (each SN in each WSN and the BS) based
on the routing table information [10]. The simulation result of scenario 4, for sensor nodes’ energy
consumption parameters as follows: number of nodes with sufficient energy is 128, number of nodes with
low energy is 38 and number of die nodes is 34. For QoS parameters the result: PDR is 98.261%,
Total dropped packet is 336, Average Throughput is 1966 kbps and End to End latency is 187 milliseconds.
While, in scenario 5 the KM-DGP is used instead of SMSNDRP on the same WSN structure that used in
scenario 4 but with sixteen mobile SNs, see Figure 9. The simulation result of scenario 4, for sensor nodes’
energy consumption parameters as follows: number of node with sufficient energy is 164, number of nodes
with low energy is 10 and number of die nodes is 26. For QoS parameters the result: PDR is 74.128%, Total
dropped packet is 1988, Average Throughput is 781.72 kbps and End to End latency is 503 milliseconds.
So, based on the scenario 4 and 5 results, the routing protocol KM-DGP with 16 mobile SNs
improved the network energy consumption, in comparison with the routing protocol SMSNDRP with four
mobile SNs in large network, see Figure 10. Nevertheless, when made a comparison based on route quality
using QoS parameters, it found the best route quality is the one that generated by SMSNDRP, because it
gives the lowest End to End latency (187 milliseconds) value in comparison with KM-DGP (503
milliseconds), see Figure 11. Although, it gives the lowest data dropped packet (value=1966) in comparison
with the KM-DGP (value=1998). Also, for PDR the SMSNDRP gives the highest (value=98.261%) in
comparison with KM-DGP (value=74.128%). Thus, the route quality of the SMSNDRP with four mobile
SNs is better than route quality that generated by KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs, because it minimized
the (latency and total dropped packets) and maximized (average throughput and PDR), see Figure 12.

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Figure 8. Scenario 4 screenshot from NS2.3 simulator software, that demonstrated the implementation of
routing protocol SMSNDRP in the network with four WSNs and each has one mobile SNs, one reference
node for each WSN, six anchor node and one BS
routing protocol KM-DGP in the network with four WSNs and each has four mobile SNs, four reference
node for each WSN, six anchor node and one BS

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Figure 10. Demonstrate that KM-DGP given better sensor nodes’ consumption in comparison with
SMSNDRP
Figure 11. Demonstrate that SMSNDRP given the lowest end to end latency in comparison with KM-DGP,
which make it gives better network performance than KM-DGP

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Figure 12. Demonstrate that SMSNDRP given the highest PDR, Average throughput value and lowest total
dropped packets in comparison with KM-DGP, which make it gives better network performance
than KM-DGP
5. CONCLUSION
This study is proposed an evaluation performace technique to evaluate routing protocols SMSNDRP
performance in WSNs with GMSs based on QoS and sensor nodes’ consumption parameters. The evaluation
technique is conducted in two phases on two routing protocols SMSNDRP and KM-DGP: The first phase is
used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on small WSN with one mobile SN and
GMSs. The second phase, is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on large
network (four WSNs) with GMSs. Five sceneries are created by using NS2.3 simulator software, in order to
implement the evaluation method. For the first phase three scenarios are used: the first two scenarios are
conducted on one small WSN using two routing protocols (SMSNDRP and KM-DGP) with one mobile SN,
the third scenario is conducted on same WSN using only routing protocol KM-DGP with four mobile SNs.
While in the second phase, two scenarios are used: the first one used SMSNDRP (with four mobile SNs) and
last one used KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs, in order to evaluate the route quality between: (CH and
SN), (node and CH) and (each mobile SN in each WSN and single BS in large network).
However, it found that SMSNDRP gives better networks’ energy consumption on small WSN with
one mobile SN in comparison with KM-DGP with one mobile SN or four mobile SNs. Also, it generates
routes that gives highest PDR value and lowest total dropped packets in contrast of using KM-DGP with one
mobile SN or four mobile SNs, which make it gives better network performance in comparison
with KM-DGP. But, it maximizes latency in contrast with KM-DGP. While in large network it found that
KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs gives better network energy consumption in contrast with SMSNDRP
with four mobile SNs. Nevertheless, the SMSNDRP generates a high quality route on large network with
four mobile SNs in comparison of using KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to appreciate all the excellent suggestions of anonymous reviewers to enhance the
quality of this paper

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