![Elsewhere, Bellah argued that Americans had created a culture
that elevated individual choice and expression to such a level
that there was no longer any shared life, no commanding truths
or values that tied us together. As Bellah wrote, “. . . we are
moving to an ever greater validation of the sacredness of the
individual person, [but] our capacity to imagine a social fabric
that would hold individuals together is vanishing. . . . The
sacredness of the individual is not balanced by any sense of the
whole or concern for the common good.” 2 But near the end of
Habits, the author proposes one measure that would go a long
way toward reweaving the unraveling culture:
To make a real difference . . . [there would have to be] a
reappropriation of the idea of vocation or calling, a return in a
new way to the idea of work as a contribution to the good of all
and not merely as a means to one’s own advancement. 3 That is
a remarkable statement. If Bellah is right, one of the hopes for
our unraveling society is the recovery of the idea that all human
work is not merely a job but a calling. The Latin word vocare—
to call—is at the root of our common word “vocation.” Today
the word often means simply a job, but that was not the original
sense. A job is a vocation only if someone else calls you to do it
and you do it for them rather than for yourself. And so our work
can be a calling only if it is reimagined as a mission of service
to something beyond merely our own interests. As we shall see,
thinking of work mainly as a means of self-fulfillment and self-
realization slowly crushes a person and—as Bellah and many
others have pointed out—undermines society itself. But if we
are to “reappropriate” an older idea, we must look at that idea’s
origin. In this case, the source of the idea of work as vocation is
the Christian Scriptures. And so, taking our cue from Bellah’s
challenge, in this book we will do what we can to help
illuminate the transformative and revolutionary connection
between Christian faith and the workplace. We’ll be referring to
this connection—and all the ideas and practices surrounding
it—as the “integration of faith and work.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/everygoodendeavortimkellerworkasvocation-introduc-221013074519-92e8bb34/85/Every-Good-EndeavorTim-KellerWork-as-Vocation-Introduc-docx-26-320.jpg)
![own way.” Their employees are finally able to respond fully to
a vital aspect of their design as workers and creators. Work is
so foundational to our makeup, in fact, that it is one of the few
things we can take in significant doses without harm. Indeed,
the Bible does not say we should work one day and rest six, or
that work and rest should be balanced evenly—but directs us to
the opposite ratio. Leisure and pleasure are great goods, but we
can take only so much of them. If you ask people in nursing
homes or hospitals how they are doing, you will often hear that
their main regret is that they wish they had something to do,
some way to be useful to others. They feel they have too much
leisure and not enough work. The loss of work is deeply
disturbing because we were designed for it. This realization
injects a deeper and far more positive meaning into the common
view that people work in order to survive. According to the
Bible, we don’t merely need the money from work to survive;
we need the work itself to survive and live fully human lives.
The reasons for this are developed more fully in later chapters,
but they include the fact that work is one of the ways we make
ourselves useful to others, rather than just living a life for
ourselves. Also, work is also one of the ways we discover who
we are, because it is through work that we come to understand
our distinct abilities and gifts, a major component in our
identities. 30 So author Dorothy Sayers could write, “What is
the Christian understanding of work?. . . [It] is that work is not,
primarily, a thing one does to live, but the thing one lives to do.
It is, or it should be, the full expression of the worker’s
faculties . . . the medium in which he offers himself to God.” 31
The Freedom of Our Work To see work in our “DNA,” our
design, is part of what it means to grasp the distinct Christian
understanding of freedom. Modern people like to see freedom as
the complete absence of any constraints. But think of a fish.
Because a fish absorbs oxygen from water, not air, it is free
only if it is restricted to water. If a fish is “freed” from the river
and put out on the grass to explore, its freedom to move and
soon even to live is destroyed. The fish is not more free, but](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/everygoodendeavortimkellerworkasvocation-introduc-221013074519-92e8bb34/85/Every-Good-EndeavorTim-KellerWork-as-Vocation-Introduc-docx-40-320.jpg)
Every Good EndeavorTim KellerWork as Vocation - Introduc.docx
- 1. Every Good Endeavor Tim Keller Work as Vocation - Introduction Our work can only be a calling if it is reimagined as a mission of service to something beyond merely our own interests. Thinking of work mainly as a means of self-fulfillment and self-realization slowly crushes a person and undermines society itself. (19) The source of the idea of work as “vocation” is the Christian Scriptures. The Reformers, like Luther and Calvin, argued all work, secular/sacred, was a calling from God. • Luther – Human work is part of God's providential care of the world. • Reformed/Kuyper – Work not only cares for creation, but directs/structures it. The purpose of work is to create a culture that honors God and enables people to thrive. Pg. 22 – Common conceptions of what it means to integrate faith/work. Everyone imagines accomplishing things, and everyone finds himself largely incapable of producing them. Everyone wants to be successful rather than forgotten, and everyone wants to make a difference in life. But that is beyond the control of any of us.
- 2. If this life is all there is... everyone will be forgotten, nothing we do will make any difference, and all good endeavors, even the best, will come to naught. Unless there is God. If the God of the Bible exists, and there is a True Reality beneath this one, and this life is not the only life, then every good endeavor, even the simplest ones, pursued in response to God's calling, can matter forever. (29) Illustration: Leaf Niggle (Tolkien) PART ONE – GOD'S PLAN FOR WORK The Design of Work The Bible's view of work as connected to the divine order and human purpose is distinct among religions. Gen 1 and 2 show that God works to create and care for his creation. • God not only works, but commissions workers to carry on his work (Gen 1:28) • “subdue” indicates creation was originally good but undeveloped • God's intention was that humanity would develop this potential Work was part of God's perfect design for human life, because we were made in God's image, and part of his glory and happiness is that he works, as does the Son of God, who said, “My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I too am working.” (36) (Jn 5:17)
- 3. Work is as much a basic human need as food, beauty, rest, friendship, prayer, and sexuality; it is not simply medicine but food for the soul. Without meaningful work we sense significant loss and emptiness. Work is one of the ways we make ourselves useful to others and discover our identities. True freedom comes from working because it is part of our design. • Illustration: A fish is only free in water, honoring the reality of its nature. • Freedom is finding the right restrictions, those that fit with the realities of our nature and the world's nature. • Therefore, God's commandments are liberating because they direct us to be what we were designed to be. (Is 48:17-18) The Limits of All Work Your relationship with God is the most important foundation of your life, and indeed it keeps all the other factors – work, friendships, family, leisure, pleasure – from becoming so important to you that they become addicting and distorted. Work must regularly give way to stoppage for bodily repair but also to joyful reception of the world and ordinary life, modeling God's rest on Day 7. (42)
- 4. In a fallen world, work is frustrating and exhausting; one can easily jump to the conclusion that work is to be avoided or simply endured. And because our disordered hearts crave affirmation and validation, it is just as tempting to be thrust in the opposite direction – making life all about career accomplishment and very little else. In fact, overwork is often a grim attempt to get our lifetime's worth of work out of the way early, so we can put work behind us. (43) The Dignity of Work Gen 1:26-27 Work is a major component of human dignity. To the Greeks, work was a curse and nothing else. This has filtered down to us in a set of pervasive ideas: • Work is a necessary evil. • Lower-status or lower-paying work is an assault on our dignity. • one result of this is people take higher-paying jobs they are not suited for • people choose to be unemployed rather than do work that is “beneath” them Work as Mark of Human Dignity Work of all kinds, whether with hands or minds, evidences our dignity as human beings because it reflects the image of God the Creator in us.
- 5. Gen 1:26 – the act of “ruling” is a defining aspect of what it means to be made in God's image. • We share in doing the things God has done in creation – bringing order out of chaos, creatively building civilization out of the material of physical and human nature, caring for all that God has made. (48) All kinds of work have dignity – God's own work is partly manual labor. The God of the Hebrews comes to earth as a carpenter. The Material World Matters All work has dignity because the material creation is good. Christianity is deeply pro-physical – the creation is “good”, God takes on material flesh in the incarnation, and in the resurrection God redeems soul and body. Application: When businesses produces material things that enhance the welfare of the community, they are engaged in work that matters to God. (52) We were built for work and the dignity it gives us as human beings, regardless of its status or pay. Therefore: • We have the freedom to seek work that suits our gifts and passions. • We can be open to greater opportunities for work when the economy is weak and jobs are
- 6. scarce. • We no longer have a basis for condescension or superiority; nor is there any basis for envy or feelings of inferiority. • Every Christian should be able to identify, with conviction and satisfaction, the ways in which his or her work participates with God in his creativity and cultivation. Work as Cultivation (Culture-Making) Gen 1:28 Filling and Subduing the Earth “fill the earth and subdue it” - the culture mandate. • Fill the earth – increase in number, first of all. • Humans are given multiplication as a task to fulfill with intentionality. • Implies civilization, not just procreation (like plants and animals). • “ruling” the world as God's image does not imply violent intent, but stewardship. • Biological procreation is a way we carry on God's work of creation. • Subdue – fill the things that are empty, as God does. Culture Making with God People must now carry on the work of development; by being fruitful they fill it even more; by subduing it they must form it even more...as God's representatives. - Al Wolters (58) That is the pattern for all work. It is creative and assertive. It
- 7. is rearranging the raw material of God's creation in such a way that it helps the world in general, and people in particular, thrive and flourish. Whenever we bring order out of chaos, draw out creative potential, elaborate and “unfold” creation beyond where we found it, we are following God's pattern of creative cultural development. Our word “culture” comes from this “cultivation.” (59) Work as Service Called and Assigned Just as God equips Christians for building up the body of Christ, so he also equips all people with talents and gifts for various kinds of work, for the purpose of building up the human community. We are not to choose jobs and conduct our work to fulfill ourselves and accrue power, for being called by God to do something is empowering enough. We are to see work as a way of service to God and our neighbor, and so we should both choose and conduct our work in accordance to his purpose. Choosing Work: “How, with my existing abilities and opportunities, can I be of greatest service to other people, knowing what I do of God's will and human need. Parents give their children what they need – character – through the diligence gained by the chores assigned by them. Luther concludes God works through our work for the same reason.
- 8. Vocation and the Gospel Many modern people seek a kind of salvation – self-esteem and self-worth – through work. But the gospel frees us from the relentless pressure of trying to prove ourselves and secure our identity through work, for we are already proven and secure (73) Since we already have in Christ the things other people work for, salvation, self-worth, a good conscience, and peace – now we may work simply to love God and our neighbors. Work as an Act of Love Work as a Ministry of Competence If God's purpose for your job is that you serve the human community, then the way to serve God best is to do the job as well as it can be done. The very first way to be sure you are serving God in your work is to be competent. Choosing: If so (work is an act of love and ministry of competent service), then if you have to choose between work that benefits more people and work that pays you more, you should seriously consider the job that pays less and helps more – particularly if you can be great at it. (79) All work is objectively valuable, but it will not be subjectivey fulfilling unless you see it as a calling to love your neighbor.
- 9. PART TWO – OUR PROBLEMS WITH WORK Work Becomes Fruitless Gen 3:16-19 Things Fall Apart There is a deep restlessness, which can take various forms – guilt and striving to prove ourselves, rebellion and the need to assert our independence, compliance, and the need to please others. Our culture tries to explain this without recourse to the doctrine of sin (see pg. 86-87) The Bible locates the root issue as sin. Thorns and Thistles All work and human effort will be marked by frustration and a lack of fulfillment. In all work, we will be able to envision much more than we can accomplish, both because of lack of ability and resistance from the environment. Accepting Fruitlessness We must recognize the tension of creation and fall – God's purpose, and the problem of broken world. Just because you cannot realize your highest aspirations in work does not mean you have chosen wrongly, or are not called to your profession, or that you should spend your life looking for the perfect
- 10. career devoid of frustration. (94) Deep Consolation Extremes of idealism and cynicism: • Idealism: Through my work I am going to change things, make a difference, accomplish something. • Cynicism: Nothing really changes. Just make a living. Get out of it when you can. Christians have, through their hope in God's redemption of the world, a deep consolation that enables them to work with all their being and never be ultimately discouraged by the frustrating present reality. Work Becomes Pointless Ecclesiastes 2:17 Under the Sun Ecclesiastes is an argument that nothing in this world is a sufficient basis for a meaningful life. Existential dependence on a gracious Creator God – not only abstract belief – is a precondition for a meaningful, purposeful life. (100) The Alienation of Work Work under the sun is meaningless because it does not last; and so it takes away our hope in the future. It also alienates us from God and one another, so it takes away our joy in the present. Illustration: Amadeus – composer Antonio Salieri and his envy
- 11. of Mozart's genius. Eccl 2:22-23 Grief and pain so great he cannot rest – this is the experience of the person whose soul is resting wholly on the circumstances of their work. Eccl 4:7-8 Work can convince you that you are working hard for your family and friends while you are being seduced through ambition to neglect them. The Danger of Choice One of the reasons people find work unsatisfying is that, ironically, people today have more power to choose what work they do. - see David Brooks, NYT, “The Service Patch” • Many college students do not choose work that actually fits their abilities, talents, and capacities, but rather choose work that fits within their limited imagination of how they can boost their own self-image. • Three kinds of jobs they see – those that pay well, those that directly serve society's needs, and the cool factor. (108) • Results in students choosing work that doesn't fit them or fields too competitive for them. Sets them up for dissatisfaction / meaninglessness.
- 12. Today young people are seeking to define themselves by the status of their work. It is a major identity marker. What wisdom does the Bible give, then, in choosing work? • If we have the luxury of options, we should choose work that we can do well. Make the greatest room for the ministry of competence – what's something you can excel at? • Because the main purpose of work is to serve the world, we should choose work that benefits others. We must work out in clear personal terms how our work serves the world. • We should choose work where we are able to “serve the work” itself. • Our goal should be to increase the human race's capacity to cultivate the created world. • Dorothy Sayers - “Why Work” • If you do your work so well that by God's grace it helps others who can never thank you, or it helps those who come after you do it better, then you know you are serving the work and loving your neighbor. A Handful of Quietness – Eccl 4:5-6 Tranquility without toil will not bring us satisfaction; neither will toil without tranquility. There must be both. Maintaining this balance is a main theme of wisdom in
- 13. Scripture. • Recognizing and renouncing our tendency to make idols of money and power. • Putting relationships in their proper place. • Most of all, pursuing rest in Jesus Christ, who through his work has provided true rest for our souls. Work Becomes Selfish Genesis 11:2-4 (Babel) Today's most ambitious workers maximize their power, glory, and autonomy. Even this boast reveals radical insecurity (lacking a “name”). We either get our name – our defining essence, security, worth, and uniqueness – from what God has done for us and in us (Rev 2:17) or we make a name through what we can do for ourselves. A life of self-glorification makes unity and love between people impossible. It leaves us with the dreary choice between making the self an idol (which leads to disunity of individualistic cultures) and making the group an idol (which leads to the suppression of individual freedom in tribal or collectivist cultures). The two things we all want so desperately – glory and relationship – can coexist only with God. (116) Pride gets no pleasure out of having something- only out of having more than the next man. - C.S. Lewis
- 14. To clarify – no one can live purely in serving other people at all times. Our acceptance of our brokenness, and the world's, keeps us going back to God in reliance and dependence. Esther as an example of serving God “in the palace” - the place of cultural influence. If you see that Jesus gave up the ultimate “palace” for you – you will be able to serve God and your neighbor from your place in the “palace.” (127) Work Reveals Our Idols Ex 34:17 We have an alternate or counterfeit god if we take anything in creation and begin to “bow down” to it – love, serve, and derive meaning from it more than from the true God. Setting up idols “in our hearts” (Ezekiel 14:3-7) means imagining and trusting anything to deliver the control, security, significance, satisfaction, and beauty that only the real God can give. It means turning a good thing into an ultimate thing. (131-32) God says that either he will be our God, or something else will. There is no in between posssibility. Luther connected the dots between trying to save yourself through your own efforts and setting up an idol. (Pg. 133) Finding some other way to justify yourself is finding an idol. It could be argued that everything we do wrong – every cruel action, dishonest word, broken
- 15. promise, self-centered attitude – stems from a deep conviction that there is something more crucial to our happiness and meaning than the love of God. Idolatry has power over our actions because it has power over our hearts. (134) When we set our hope on an idol in this way, we are saying to ourselves, “If I had that, it would fix everything give things value and meaning.” If anything is our “salvation” in this way, we must have it, and we treat it as nonnegotiable. If circumstances threaten it, we are paralyzed with fear; if it is taken away, we burn with anger or sink in despair. Idols of Traditional Cultures idol of race: national security, cultural or racial purity. Idol of social stability Idols of Modern Cultures Reason, empiricism, individual freedom (individualism) overrule everything. Idols of Postmodern Cultures The idol of “reality as it is” The idol of experience We now get a sense of self not through family or society but as consumers. We are encouraged to create a persona through the brands we choose to purchase and the identity we are able to construct for ourselves online. (149) The happy life is one that is “going well” - full of experiential
- 16. pleasure, according to modern culture. The ancients defined it as the life that was well-lived. Finding Hope for Our Work The gospel furnishes us with the resources for more inspired, realistic, satisfying, and faithful work. How? • It gives us an alternate worldview for work. • It gives us a rich conception of work as partnering with God in his love and care for the world. • It gives us a new moral compass. PART THREE – THE GOSPEL AND WORK A New Story for Work Why are stories important? Illustration: A man comes up to you at the bus stop and says, “The name for the common wild duck is histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus. How your respond is dependent on the story (context) of this action by the man. If you get the story wrong, your responses will be wrong. Narratives are so foundational to how we think they determine how we understand and live life itself. (157) The Gospel and Worldview Any worldview poses and answers three questions: • How are things supposed to be? • What is the main problem with things as they are?
- 17. • What is the solution and how can it be realized? The Biblical worldview uniquely understands the nature, problem, and salvation of humankind as fundamentally relational. We were made for a relationship with God, we lost our relationship with God through sin, and we can be brought back into that relationship through his salvation and grace. The Christian story even helps us appreciate what's partially true in other worldviews. The gospel is the true story that God made a good world that was marred by sin and evil, but through Jesus Christ he redeemed it at infinite cost to himself, so that someday he will return to renew all creation; end all suffering and death; and restore absolute peace, justice, and joy in the world forever. The Gospel and Business Idols of business: money and power. Implicit assumptions in the marketplace are that making money is the main thing in life; that business is fundamentally about accumulating wealth and wielding power, and that maximizing profit within legal limits is an end in itself. (167) The gospel-centered business would have a discernible vision for serving the customer in some unique way, a lack of adversarial relationships and exploitation, an extremely strong emphasis on the excellence and quality of products, and an ethical environment
- 18. that goes all the way down the chart. The Gospel and Journalism The gospel leads one to being neither naively positive or overly cynical in selection and reporting. The Gospel in Higher Education, Medicine, the Arts, etc... Questions to Ask for Seeing Your Vocation in a Gospel Worldview (See Pg. 181) A New Conception of Work Eccl 9:10 Everyone Participates in God's Work God's loving care comes to us largely through the labor of others. Work is a major instrument of God's providence; it is how he sustains the human world. The fullness and balance of the biblical teaching prevents us from valuing only “Christian” work or only professional work. Much work that Christians do is not done, in its visible form, any differently than the way non- Christians do it. Of course, all Christians work with radically different inner motives than those who don't believe, and this can certainly make a difference in the quality, spirit, and honesty with which a believer labors. (185) The Balance of Common Grace Is 28:24-29 – work advancements come from God's common
- 19. grace. The best of what non-Christians do will be based on truths that they “know” at one level and yet do not know or have corrupted at another. (190) Ex: atheist Leonard Bernstein saying music indicated something was “right” with the world. The Freedom of Common Grace God gives out gifts of wisdom, talent, beauty, and skill according to his grace – that is, in a completely unmerited way. Therefore, Christians are free to study the world of human culture in order to know more of God; for as creatures made in his image we can appreciate truth and wisdom wherever we find it. Common grace leads to making common ground with non- Christians a motivation to serve the world. Dualism vs. Integration Dualism leads some to think that if their work is to please Christ, it must be done overtly in his name. Or, the opposite, Christians think of themselves only as Christians within “church activities.” (196) The integration of faith and work is the opposite of dualism. We will adopt a stance of critical enjoyment of human culture and its expressions in every field of work because of the tension of common grace and human sin. (197)
- 20. A New Compass for Work Is 58:3, 6-7 Marketplace ethics usually are inadequate because they have as their foundation material reward; incentives can easily be skewed. Christians are able to take a stand against unethical behavior even if it means great sacrifice on their part. We are to be honest, compassionate, and generous not because these things are rewarding (though they usually are) but because they are right in and of themselves – because to do so honors God in his design for human life. (203) Love as the driving ethic – at the end of your life, will you wish that you had devoted more time, passion, skill, into work environments and products that helped people to give and receive more love? Christian faith gives us another resource for ethical behavior – a specific basis for honoring human rights (image of God). If not for the Christian view of the value of the individual, modern philosophies of human rights would never have emerged. (208) Guidance Eph 5:15-16 Wisdom – The Book of Proverbs To be wise is to know how to use every moment strategically. And this insight comes from the influence of the Holy Spirit, who also strengthens us to live a life worthy of the Lord (Col 1:11)
- 21. Here is how the Spirit makes us wise: • Not by little nudges and insider tips • Rather, he makes Jesus Christ a living, bright reality; transforming our character, giving us new inner poise, clarity, humility, boldness, contentment, and courage. A Different Audience: Our work serves the Lord. This changes how we treat employees and respond to employers. The Orientation of a New Compass: • Christians should be known to be not ruthless. • They should be known for generosity. • They should be calm and poised in the face of difficulty and failure. • We will respect others we differ with, but be unashamed to identify with Jesus. Human life is fundamentally relational. But contemporary capitalism increasingly has the power to eliminate the intimacy and accountability of human relationships. So in the marketplace, as in every field, there is an urgent need for those with a moral compass. New Power for Work The Work Under the Work: For many, being productive and “doing” becomes an attempt at redemption. Through our work, we try to build worth, security, and meaning. (226)
- 22. The Power of True Passion Acedia (sloth): the sin that “believes in nothing, cares for nothing, enjoys nothing, loves nothing, hates nothing, finds purpose in nothing., lives for nothing, and only remains alive because there is nothing for which it will die.” - Dorothy Sayers Puts the cynical self at the center of life, and releases all the worst vices and sins to be the main animating energies behind work. The Bible's definition of passion is sacrificing your freedom for someone else (Christ's Passion). Romans 12:1-2 living sacrifice: a way of saying you have to continually be in rhythm of dying to your own interest and living for God. That's the passion God asks of you. Romans 12:11 We are asked to bring emotion, discipline, and urgency to the task of being living sacrifices in the lives we lead and work we do. We are asked to live with passion. Where does passion come from? • “in view of God's mercy” Rom 12:1 • When you see Jesus suffer and sacrifice for you, when his passion is burned into your imagination, it will become very clear whether the things you are passionate about are just forms of the other six deadly sins.
- 23. Jesus Christ's passion was for you and for his Father – not for himself. There is our model. When the extent and depth of Jesus' passion for you fully dawns on your heart, it will generate a passion for the work he has uniquely called you to do in the world. When you realize what he has done to rescue you, your pride and envy begin to disappear because you don't need to get your self-worth from being richer, cooler, more powerful, or more comfortable. (233) True passion is born out of selflessness. • You are adopted into God's family, so you already have your affirmation. • You are justified in God's sight, so you have nothing to prove. • You have been saved through a dying sacrifice, so you are free to be a living one. • You are loved ceaselessly, so you can work tirelessly with a quiet inner fullness. The Power of Deep Rest All of us are haunted by the work under the work – that need to prove and save ourselves, to gain a sense of worth and identity. But if we can experience gospel rest in our hearts, if we can be free from the need to earn our salvation through our work, we will have a deep reservoir of refreshment that continually rejuvenates us, restores our perspective, and renews our passion. (234) Sabbath: since God rested from creation, we must also rest after our work. This rhythm is for
- 24. everyone, part of our created nature. Ex 20:8-11, Deut 5:12-15. Sabbath is a celebration of our design. It is also a declaration of our freedom – anyone who cannot obey God's command to rest is a slave, even a self-imposed one. Finally, Sabbath is an act of trust in the sovereignty of God. (Mt 6:25-34) Through the sympathy and encouragement of Christian friends, we experience God refreshing us and supporting us in our work. (Gal 6:2, Mt 11:28-30, 1 pet 5:7, Ps 68:19) The Rest Under the Rest A Christian is able to rest only because God's redemptive work is finished in Christ. When your heart comes to hope in Christ and the future world he has guaranteed – when you are carrying his “easy yoke” - you finally have the power to work with a free heart. You can accept gladly whatever level of success and accomplishment God grants you in your vocation, because he has called you to it. Ex: Coltrane – Nunc dimittis – I can die happy now. (240) The Importance of Church-Based Faith/Work Ministry It draws in cultural influencers to become more shaped by the gospel; it provides the church a greater shared vision to serve the world; and it gives the church greater credibility in the culture in which it serves. Every church should develop something to fit its own context.
- 25. • Most could develop vocation groups to discuss the particular challenges and opportunities for workers in three basic fields: business, arts, and human services. • Also, book discussion groups reading through Every Good Endeavor. Project 3 Based upon the research conducted for Projects 1 and 2, select the method that you believe would be most appropriate. Next, explain why that method is the most appropriate for your research study if that was the one you chose to pursue. The problem statements and the research question should be listed, with the chosen method following. Be sure to include the justification as to why other methods would not be appropriate. Create research questions for the problem identified. Context will need to be included (i.e. how the questions relate to the problem statements), along with the actual problem statements and corresponding context. There should be at least one research question for a quantitative study, along with a corresponding hypothesis, and at least one qualitative research question. This project must contain at least two scholarly resources integrated. Every Good Endeavor INTRODUCTION The Importance of Recovering Vocation Robert Bellah’s landmark book, Habits of the Heart, helped many people name the thing that was (and still is) eating away at the cohesiveness of our culture—“expressive individualism.”
- 26. Elsewhere, Bellah argued that Americans had created a culture that elevated individual choice and expression to such a level that there was no longer any shared life, no commanding truths or values that tied us together. As Bellah wrote, “. . . we are moving to an ever greater validation of the sacredness of the individual person, [but] our capacity to imagine a social fabric that would hold individuals together is vanishing. . . . The sacredness of the individual is not balanced by any sense of the whole or concern for the common good.” 2 But near the end of Habits, the author proposes one measure that would go a long way toward reweaving the unraveling culture: To make a real difference . . . [there would have to be] a reappropriation of the idea of vocation or calling, a return in a new way to the idea of work as a contribution to the good of all and not merely as a means to one’s own advancement. 3 That is a remarkable statement. If Bellah is right, one of the hopes for our unraveling society is the recovery of the idea that all human work is not merely a job but a calling. The Latin word vocare— to call—is at the root of our common word “vocation.” Today the word often means simply a job, but that was not the original sense. A job is a vocation only if someone else calls you to do it and you do it for them rather than for yourself. And so our work can be a calling only if it is reimagined as a mission of service to something beyond merely our own interests. As we shall see, thinking of work mainly as a means of self-fulfillment and self- realization slowly crushes a person and—as Bellah and many others have pointed out—undermines society itself. But if we are to “reappropriate” an older idea, we must look at that idea’s origin. In this case, the source of the idea of work as vocation is the Christian Scriptures. And so, taking our cue from Bellah’s challenge, in this book we will do what we can to help illuminate the transformative and revolutionary connection between Christian faith and the workplace. We’ll be referring to this connection—and all the ideas and practices surrounding it—as the “integration of faith and work.”
- 27. The Many “Streams” of Faith and Work We are not alone in this attempt. Perhaps not since the Protestant Reformation has there been so much attention paid to the relationship of Christian faith to work as there is today. The number of books, scholarly projects, academic programs, and online discussions on this subject has grown exponentially in the past two decades. Nevertheless, Christians who are seeking practical guidance for their work are often poorly served by this growing movement. Some, like Katherine Alsdorf (see the Foreword), have been frustrated by the shallowness of the advice and examples. Others are bewildered by the diversity—some would say cacophony—of voices giving counsel on how to be a Christian at work. We can think of the current “faith and work movement” as a river being fed by a number of streams from very different headwaters. Perhaps most of the energy and most of the groups seeking to help people integrate faith and work are those with an evangelical understanding of the Bible and the Christian faith, but there have been very significant contributions from other traditions and wings of the faith. The ecumenical movement has contributed an emphasis on Christians using their work to further social justice in the world. That helped us understand that faithful work demands the application of distinctly Christian ethics. 4 The small group movement of the twentieth century emphasized the need for believers to give one another nurture and support for the struggles and hardships of work. This showed us that faithful work requires inner spiritual renewal and heart transformation. 5 The revivalist impulse within evangelicalism has seen the workplace especially as a place to be a witness for Jesus Christ. 6 Faithful work indeed means some kind of public identification with Jesus, in such a way that a coworker might want to know more about him. Many have also sought older sources for the integration of faith and work. The sixteenth-century Protestant Reformers, particularly Martin Luther and John Calvin, argued that all work, even so- called secular work, was as much a calling from God as the
- 28. ministry of the monk or priest. 7 The headwaters of Lutheran theology put special stress on the dignity of all work, observing that God cared for, fed, clothed, sheltered, and supported the human race through our human labor. When we work, we are, as those in the Lutheran tradition often put it, the “fingers of God,” the agents of his providential love for others. This understanding elevates the purpose of work from making a living to loving our neighbor and at the same time releases us from the crushing burden of working primarily to prove ourselves. Those in the Calvinist, or “Reformed,” tradition, such as Abraham Kuyper, spoke of another aspect to the idea of work as God’s calling. Work not only cares for creation, but also directs and structures it. In this Reformed view, the purpose of work is to create a culture that honors God and enables people to thrive. Yes, we must love our neighbor, but Christianity gives us very specific teachings about human nature and what makes human beings flourish. We must ensure that our work is done in line with these understandings. Faithful work, then, is to operate out of a Christian “worldview.” 8 All of these different traditions give somewhat different answers to the question of how we should go about the task of recapturing vocation. The streams are often confusing to Christians, for they are not perfectly complementary to one another. Lutheran theology tends to resist the Reformed idea of “worldview” and argues that Christians should not do their work in a very different way from non-Christians. Much of the mainline church does not feel the same urgency that evangelicals feel to evangelize, because it does not see classical Christianity as the only way to salvation. Many find the emphasis of worldview- oriented writers and organizations to be too cognitive, with too little emphasis on inner heart change. And even those people cannot agree on what inner transformation and spiritual growth actually look like. So if you are a Christian who is trying to be faithful in your work, you might find yourself trying to weigh sentiments as varied as these: • The way to serve God at work is to further social justice in the
- 29. world. • The way to serve God at work is to be personally honest and evangelize your colleagues. • The way to serve God at work is just to do skillful, excellent work. • The way to serve God at work is to create beauty. • The way to serve God at work is to work from a Christian motivation to glorify God, seeking to engage and influence culture to that end. • The way to serve God at work is to work with a grateful, joyful, gospel-changed heart through all the ups and downs. • The way to serve God at work is to do whatever gives you the greatest joy and passion. • The way to serve God at work is to make as much money as you can, so that you can be as generous as you can. To what extent are these sentiments complementary or actually opposed to one another? That is a difficult question, for there is at least a measure of biblical warrant for every one of them. And the difficulty lies not merely in the plethora of theological commitments and cultural factors involved, but also in how they operate in different ways depending on the field or type of work. Christian ethics, motives, identity, witness, and worldview shape our work in very different ways depending on the form of the work. For example, suppose a Christian visual artist regularly shows concern for justice, conducts her career with honesty in all transactions, has support from others to help her navigate the ups and downs of life, lets others in her field know of her Christian faith, and understands her art to be an act of service to God and her neighbors rather than as a way to get self-worth and status. Is that all it means to integrate her faith with her work? In addition to these, does the Christian teaching about the nature of reality bear on what she depicts and how she depicts it through her art? Will it influence what stories she tells with her art? Will her art be influenced by her beliefs about sin and redemption and hope for the future? It seems that it must be. And so we discover that faithful work requires the will, the emotions, the soul, and the mind—as we think out and live out the implications of our beliefs on the canvas of our daily work. On the other hand, what if you are a Christian pianist, or a shoemaker? How does a Christian worldview affect
- 30. the type of shoe you make, or the way you play the Moonlight Sonata? The answer is not so clear. Who will deliver us from all this complexity? Most people who have begun to read books or become involved in groups integrating faith and work have either (a) only partaken of one of the theological streams or (b) already been confused by reading or hearing contradictory teaching from different streams. There is a tendency for churches and organizations emphasizing faith and work to be somewhat unbalanced, emphasizing one or two of these story lines to the exclusion of the others. Yet simply combining all the emphases—and hoping they add up to something coherent— is not the solution. We do not expect to resolve all these differences in this book. But we do hope to make things clearer. And we can begin by making two observations about the list of propositions above. First, if you revise each of the propositions by adding the word “main”—as in “the main way to serve God at work is . . .”—then the views do in fact contradict. You will have to choose one or two and discard the rest. In fact, most people who hold forth on issues of faith and work do exactly this, either tacitly or explicitly. But if you keep the propositions the way they are, claiming that each is a way to serve God through work, then the different statements are ultimately complementary. Second, as we have already noted, these factors can assume very different forms and levels of importance depending on your particular vocation, culture, and historical moment. When we keep these two principles in mind, we can move forward looking at the various streams, statements, and truths as a kind of tool kit to be used to build a model for the integration of faith and work in your field, time, and place. Just as important as making these ideas clearer, we aim to make them more vivid, real, and practical. Our goal is to feed your imagination and stir your action with the richness of what the Christian faith says (directly and indirectly) about this inexhaustible subject. The Bible teems with wisdom, resources, and hope for anyone who is learning to work, looking for work, trying to work, or going to work. And when we say that the
- 31. Christian Scriptures “give us hope” for work, we at once acknowledge both how deeply frustrating and difficult work can be and how profound the spiritual hope must be if we are going to face the challenge of pursuing vocation in this world. I know of no more provocative witness to this hope than the overlooked little story by J.R.R. Tolkien “Leaf by Niggle.” There Really Is a Tree When J.R.R. Tolkien had been working on writing The Lord of the Rings for some time, he came to an impasse . 9 He had a vision of a tale of a sort that the world had never seen. As a leading scholar in Old English and other ancient Northern European languages, he knew that most ancient British myths about the inhabitants of “Faerie”—elves, dwarves, giants, and sorcerers—had been lost (unlike the myths of the Greeks and Romans or even of the Scandinavians). He had always dreamed of re-creating and re-imagining what an ancient English mythology would look like. The Lord of the Rings was rooted in this lost world. The project required creating at least the rudiments of several imaginary languages and cultures as well as thousands of years of various national histories—all in order to give the narrative the necessary depth and realism that Tolkien believed was crucial for the tale to be compelling. As he worked on the manuscript, he came to the place where the narrative had divided into a number of subplots. Major characters were traveling to various parts of his imaginary world, facing different perils, and experiencing several complicated chains of events. It was an enormous challenge to unfold all these subnarratives clearly and then give each a satisfactory resolution. Not only that, but World War II had begun, and though the fifty-year-old Tolkien was not called into the military, the shadow of war fell heavily on him. He had experienced firsthand the horror of World War I and had never forgotten it. Britain was now in a precarious position, with invasion imminent. Who knew if he’d survive the war even as a civilian? He began to despair of ever completing the work of his life. It was not just a labor of a few years at that point. When he
- 32. began The Lord of the Rings, he had already been working on the languages, histories, and stories behind the story for decades. The thought of not finishing it was “a dreadful and numbing thought.” 10 There was in those days a tree in the road near Tolkien’s house, and one day he arose to find that it had been lopped and mutilated by a neighbor. He began to think of his mythology as his “internal Tree” that might suffer the same fate. He had run out of “mental energy and invention.” 11 One morning he woke up with a short story in his mind and wrote it down. When The Dublin Review called for a piece, he sent it in with the title “Leaf by Niggle.” It was about a painter. In the first lines of the story we are told two things about this painter. First, his name was Niggle. The Oxford English Dictionary, to which Tolkien was a contributor, defines “niggle” as “to work . . . in a fiddling or ineffective way . . . to spend time unnecessarily on petty details.” 12 Niggle was of course Tolkien himself, who knew very well this was one of his own flaws. He was a perfectionist, always unhappy with what he had produced, often distracted from more important issues by fussing over less important details, prone to worry and procrastination. Niggle was the same. We are also told that Niggle “had a long journey to make. He did not want to go, indeed the whole idea was distasteful to him; but he could not get out of it.” Niggle continually put the journey off, but he knew it was inevitable. Tom Shippey, who also taught Old English literature at Oxford, explains that in Anglo-Saxon literature the “necessary long journey” was death. 13 Niggle had one picture in particular that he was trying to paint. He had gotten in his mind the picture of a leaf, and then that of a whole tree. And then in his imagination, behind the tree “a country began to open out; and there were glimpses of a forest marching over the land, and of mountains tipped with snow.” Niggle lost interest in all his other pictures, and in order to accommodate his vision, he laid out a canvas so large he needed a ladder. Niggle knew he had to die, but he told himself, “At any rate, I shall get this one picture done, my real picture, before I have to
- 33. go on that wretched journey.” So he worked on his canvas, “putting in a touch here, and rubbing out a patch there,” but he never got much done. There were two reasons for this. First, it was because he was the “sort of painter who can paint leaves better than trees. He used to spend a long time on a single leaf, . . .” trying to get the shading and the sheen and the dewdrops on it just right. So no matter how hard he worked, very little actually showed up on the canvas itself. The second reason was his “kind heart.” Niggle was constantly distracted by doing things his neighbors asked him to do for them. In particular, his neighbor Parish, who did not appreciate Niggle’s painting at all, asked him to do many things for him. One night when Niggle senses, rightly, that his time is almost up, Parish insists that he go out into the wet and cold to fetch a doctor for his sick wife. As a result he comes down with a chill and fever, and while working desperately on his unfinished picture, the Driver comes to take Niggle on the journey he has put off. When he realizes he must go, he bursts into tears. “‘Oh, dear!’ said poor Niggle, beginning to weep, ‘And it’s not even finished!’” Sometime after his death the people who acquired his house noticed that on his crumbling canvas his only “one beautiful leaf” had remained intact. It was put in the Town Museum, “and for a long while ‘Leaf: by Niggle’ hung there in a recess, and was noticed by a few eyes.” But the story does not end there. After death Niggle is put on a train toward the mountains of the heavenly afterlife. At one point on his trip he hears two Voices. One seems to be Justice, the severe voice, which says that Niggle wasted so much time and accomplished so little in life. But the other, gentler voice (“though it was not soft”), which seems to be Mercy, counters that Niggle has chosen to sacrifice for others, knowing what he was doing. As a reward, when Niggle gets to the outskirts of the heavenly country, something catches his eye. He runs to it—and there it is: “Before him stood the Tree, his Tree, finished; its leaves opening, its branches growing and bending in the wind that Niggle had so often felt or guessed, and yet had so often failed
- 34. to catch. He gazed at the Tree, and slowly he lifted his arms and opened them wide. ‘It is a gift!’ he said.” 14 The world before death—his old country—had forgotten Niggle almost completely, and there his work had ended unfinished and helpful to only a very few. But in his new country, the permanently real world, he finds that his tree, in full detail and finished, was not just a fancy of his that had died with him. No, it was indeed part of the True Reality that would live and be enjoyed forever. 15 I’ve recounted this story many times to people of various professions—particularly artists and other creatives—and regardless of their beliefs about God and the afterlife, they are often deeply moved. Tolkien had a very Christian understanding of art and, indeed, of all work. 16 He believed that God gives us talents and gifts so we can do for one another what he wants to do for us and through us. As a writer, for example, he could fill people’s lives with meaning through the telling of stories that convey the nature of reality. 17 Niggle was assured that the tree he had “felt and guessed” was “a true part of creation” 18 and that even the small bit of it he had unveiled to people on earth had been a vision of the True. Tolkien was very comforted by his own story. It helped “exorcise some of Tolkien’s fear, and to get him to work again,” though it was also the friendship and loving prodding of C.S. Lewis that helped get him back to the writing. 19 Artists and entrepreneurs can identify very readily with Niggle. They work from visions, often very big ones, of a world they can uniquely imagine. Few realize even a significant percentage of their vision, and even fewer claim to have come close. Those of us who tend to be overly perfectionistic and methodical, like Tolkien himself, can also identify strongly with the character of Niggle. But really—everyone is Niggle. Everyone imagines accomplishing things, and everyone finds him- or herself largely incapable of producing them. Everyone wants to be successful rather than forgotten, and everyone wants to make a difference in life. But that is beyond the control of any of us. If this life is all there is, then everything will eventually burn up
- 35. in the death of the sun and no one will even be around to remember anything that has ever happened. Everyone will be forgotten, nothing we do will make any difference, and all good endeavors, even the best, will come to naught. Unless there is God. If the God of the Bible exists, and there is a True Reality beneath and behind this one, and this life is not the only life, then every good endeavor, even the simplest ones, pursued in response to God’s calling, can matter forever. That is what the Christian faith promises. “In the Lord, your labor is not in vain,” writes Paul in the first letter to the Corinthians, chapter 15, verse 58. He was speaking of Christian ministry, but Tolkien’s story shows how this can ultimately be true of all work. Tolkien had readied himself, through Christian truth, for very modest accomplishment in the eyes of this world. (The irony is that he produced something so many people consider a work of genius that it is one of the bestselling books in the history of the world.) What about you? Let’s say that you go into city planning as a young person. Why? You are excited about cities, and you have a vision about how a real city ought to be. You are likely to be discouraged because throughout your life you probably will not get more than a leaf or a branch done. But there really is a New Jerusalem, a heavenly city, which will come down to earth like a bride dressed for her husband (Revelation 21–22). Or let’s say you are a lawyer, and you go into law because you have a vision for justice and a vision for a flourishing society ruled by equity and peace. In ten years you will be deeply disillusioned because you will find that as much as you are trying to work on important things, so much of what you do is minutiae. Once or twice in your life you may feel like you have finally “gotten a leaf out.” Whatever your work, you need to know this: There really is a tree. Whatever you are seeking in your work—the city of justice and peace, the world of brilliance and beauty, the story, the order, the healing—it is there. There is a God, there is a future healed world that he will bring about, and your work is showing it (in part) to others. Your work will be only partially successful, on your best days,
- 36. in bringing that world about. But inevitably the whole tree that you seek—the beauty, harmony, justice, comfort, joy, and community—will come to fruition. If you know all this, you won’t be despondent because you can get only a leaf or two out in this life. You will work with satisfaction and joy. You will not be puffed up by success or devastated by setbacks. I just said, “ If you know all this.” In order to work in this way—to get the consolation and freedom that Tolkien received from his Christian faith for his work—you need to know the Bible’s answers to three questions: Why do you want to work? (That is, why do we need to work in order to lead a fulfilled life?) Why is it so hard to work? (That is, why is it so often fruitless, pointless, and difficult?) How can we overcome the difficulties and find satisfaction in our work through the gospel? The rest of this book will seek to answer those three questions in its three sections, respectively. PART ONE God’s Plan for Work The Design of Work Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done. So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in creation. . . . The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it. Genesis 2:1–3, 15 (ESV) In the Beginning, There Was Work The Bible begins talking about work as soon as it begins talking about anything—that is how important and basic it is. The author of the book of Genesis describes God’s creation of the world as work. 20 In fact, he depicts the magnificent project of cosmos invention within a regular workweek of seven days. 21 And then he shows us human beings working in paradise. This view of work—connected with divine, orderly creation and human purpose—is distinct among the great faiths and belief systems of the world. The creation narrative in the book of Genesis is unique among ancient accounts of origins. Many
- 37. cultures had stories that depicted the beginning of the world and human history as the result of a struggle between warring cosmic forces. In the Babylonian creation story the Enuma Elish, the god Marduk overcomes the goddess Tiamat and forges the world out of her remains. In this and similar accounts, the visible universe was an uneasy balance of powers in tension with one another. 22 In the Bible, however, creation is not the result of a conflict, for God has no rivals. Indeed, all the powers and beings of heaven and earth are created by him and dependent on him. 23 Creation, then, is not the aftermath of a battle but the plan of a craftsman. God made the world not as a warrior digs a trench but as an artist makes a masterpiece. The Greeks’ account of creation includes the idea of successive “ages of mankind” beginning with a golden age. During this age human beings and gods lived on the earth together in harmony. This sounds at first vaguely like the story of the garden of Eden, but one dissimilarity is very telling. The poet Hesiod tells us that neither humans nor gods in the golden age had to do any work. In that original paradise the earth simply provided food in abundance. 24 The book of Genesis could not have been more different. Repeatedly the first chapters of the book of Genesis describe God at “work,” using the Hebrew mlkh, the word for ordinary human work. As one scholar put it, it is wholly “unexpected that the extraordinary divine activity involved in creating heaven and earth should be so described.” 25 In the beginning, then, God worked. Work was not a necessary evil that came into the picture later, or something human beings were created to do but that was beneath the great God himself. No, God worked for the sheer joy of it. Work could not have a more exalted inauguration. The Forms of God’s Work It is remarkable that in Chapter 1 of the book of Genesis, God not only works but finds delight in it. “God saw all that he had made, and it was very good . . . the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array” (Genesis 1:31; 2:1). God finds what he has done beautiful. He stands back, takes in “all that he has made,” and says, in effect,
- 38. “That’s good!” Like all good and satisfying work, the worker sees himself in it. “The harmony and perfection of the completed heavens and earth express more adequately the character of their creator than any of the separate components can.” 26 The second chapter of Genesis goes on to show that God works not only to create but also to care for his creation. This is what theologians call the work of “providence.” God creates human beings and then works for them as their Provider. He forms a man (Genesis 2:7), plants a garden for him and waters it (Genesis 2:6, 8), and fashions a wife for him (Genesis 2:21–22). The rest of the Bible tells us that God continues this work as Provider, caring for the world by watering and cultivating the ground (Psalm 104:10–22), giving food to all he has made, giving help to all who suffer, and caring for the needs of every living thing (Psalm 145:14–16). Finally, we see God not only working, but commissioning workers to carry on his work. In Genesis chapter 1, verse 28 he tells human beings to “fill the earth and subdue it.” The word “subdue” indicates that, though all God had made was good, it was still to a great degree undeveloped. God left creation with deep untapped potential for cultivation that people were to unlock through their labor. 27 In Genesis chapter 2, verse 15 (ESV) he puts human beings into the garden to “work it and keep it.” The implication is that, while God works for us as our Provider, we also work for him. Indeed, he works through us. Psalm 127, verse 1—“Unless the Lord builds the house, the builders labor in vain”—indicates that God is building the house (providing for us) through the builders. As Martin Luther argued, Psalm 145 says that God feeds every living thing, meaning he is feeding us through the labor of farmers and others. 28 The Goodness of Our Work The book of Genesis leaves us with a striking truth—work was part of paradise. One biblical scholar summed it up: “It is perfectly clear that God’s good plan always included human beings working, or, more specifically, living in the constant cycle of work and rest.” 29 Again, the contrast with
- 39. other religions and cultures could not be sharper. Work did not come in after a golden age of leisure. It was part of God’s perfect design for human life, because we were made in God’s image, and part of his glory and happiness is that he works, as does the Son of God, who said, “My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I too am working” (John 5:17). The fact that God put work in paradise is startling to us because we so often think of work as a necessary evil or even punishment. Yet we do not see work brought into our human story after the fall of Adam, as part of the resulting brokenness and curse; it is part of the blessedness of the garden of God. Work is as much a basic human need as food, beauty, rest, friendship, prayer, and sexuality; it is not simply medicine but food for our soul. Without meaningful work we sense significant inner loss and emptiness. People who are cut off from work because of physical or other reasons quickly discover how much they need work to thrive emotionally, physically, and spiritually. Our friends Jay and Barbara Belding, entrepreneurs in suburban Philadelphia, recognized this need even among developmentally disabled adults. While working as a special education teacher, Jay was disconcerted by the vocational prospects of his students once they completed school. Traditional vocational training and employment programs often had insufficient work and therefore extensive downtime with no wages. In 1977 Jay and Barbara established Associated Production Services, an enterprise providing quality training and employment for this population. Today the company trains 480 people who are engaged in a variety of labor-intensive packaging and assembly work for a number of consumer products companies at four facilities. Jay focuses on providing tools and systems that ensure quality and increase efficiencies and output; this helps create a culture of success for the company and the people they serve. The Beldings are thrilled and grateful to have found a practical, sustainable way to meet their employees’ intrinsic need to be productive: “Our people want to participate in the ‘work-a-day’ world; to feel positive about themselves; and to help pay their
- 40. own way.” Their employees are finally able to respond fully to a vital aspect of their design as workers and creators. Work is so foundational to our makeup, in fact, that it is one of the few things we can take in significant doses without harm. Indeed, the Bible does not say we should work one day and rest six, or that work and rest should be balanced evenly—but directs us to the opposite ratio. Leisure and pleasure are great goods, but we can take only so much of them. If you ask people in nursing homes or hospitals how they are doing, you will often hear that their main regret is that they wish they had something to do, some way to be useful to others. They feel they have too much leisure and not enough work. The loss of work is deeply disturbing because we were designed for it. This realization injects a deeper and far more positive meaning into the common view that people work in order to survive. According to the Bible, we don’t merely need the money from work to survive; we need the work itself to survive and live fully human lives. The reasons for this are developed more fully in later chapters, but they include the fact that work is one of the ways we make ourselves useful to others, rather than just living a life for ourselves. Also, work is also one of the ways we discover who we are, because it is through work that we come to understand our distinct abilities and gifts, a major component in our identities. 30 So author Dorothy Sayers could write, “What is the Christian understanding of work?. . . [It] is that work is not, primarily, a thing one does to live, but the thing one lives to do. It is, or it should be, the full expression of the worker’s faculties . . . the medium in which he offers himself to God.” 31 The Freedom of Our Work To see work in our “DNA,” our design, is part of what it means to grasp the distinct Christian understanding of freedom. Modern people like to see freedom as the complete absence of any constraints. But think of a fish. Because a fish absorbs oxygen from water, not air, it is free only if it is restricted to water. If a fish is “freed” from the river and put out on the grass to explore, its freedom to move and soon even to live is destroyed. The fish is not more free, but
- 41. less free, if it cannot honor the reality of its nature. The same is true with airplanes and birds. If they violate the laws of aerodynamics, they will crash into the ground. But if they follow them, they will ascend and soar. The same is true in many areas of life: Freedom is not so much the absence of restrictions as finding the right ones, those that fit with the realities of our own nature and those of the world. 32 So the commandments of God in the Bible are a means of liberation, because through them God calls us to be what he built us to be. Cars work well when you follow the owner’s manual and honor the design of the car. If you fail to change the oil, no one will fine you or take you to jail; your car will simply break down because you violated its nature. You suffer a natural consequence. In the same way, human life works properly only when it is conducted in line with the “owner’s manual,” the commandments of God. If you disobey the commands, not only do you grieve and dishonor God, you are actually acting against your own nature as God designed you. When God speaks to disobedient Israel in Isaiah chapter 48, he says, “I am the Lord your God, who teaches you what is best for you, who directs you in the way you should go. If only you had paid attention to my commands, your peace would have been like a river, your well-being like the waves of the sea” (Isaiah 48:17–18). And so it is with work, which (in rhythm with rest) is one of the Ten Commandments. “Six days you shall labor and do all your work” (Exodus 20:9). In the beginning God created us to work, and now he calls us and directs us unambiguously to live out that part of our design. This is not a burdensome command; it is an invitation to freedom . Discussion -Forum 4 – Part A After reading the prompt in the Assignment Instructions folder, complete Part A and B. Please read the assignment instructions carefully.
- 42. Now that you have read the Keller and Alsdorf text, (1) describe 5 things that you found to be most important from the text, (2) list anything that you disagree with and why, and/or state why you agree with the text, and (3) explain how if a biblical worldview component was added to your research design, how would it change, or not change, your research approach. Be specific, and include at least 3 additional outside scholarly resources. The Keller and Alsdorf text will be your fourth resource, with the Bible, if used, counting as 1 resource (no matter how many times it is cited, and no matter how many different versions are used). The thread must be at least 300 words.