Evolution of ai theory and models
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Appreciative Inquiry is an approach to organizational change that focuses on identifying what is working well within an organization and building on those strengths, rather than emphasizing problems or weaknesses. The core principles of Appreciative Inquiry include social constructionism, simultaneity, poetic principle, positive principle, anticipatory principle, and free choice. Appreciative Inquiry involves a 4-D cycle of Discovery, Dream, Design, and Destiny to help organizations envision and achieve a preferred future state.
Evolution of ai theory and models
- 1. Appreciative Inquiry “If you are prepared to believe in people, trust them, and acknowledge that in all probability they are the true experts about what needs to be done, then this is a highly productive approach for you.” David Cooperrider
- 2. Appreciative Inquiry “The Evolution of Appreciative Inquiry Theory and Models”
- 3. Emergence of AI Theory 1983 David Cooperrider starts doctoral program at Case Western Reserve- Cleveland AI Commons Timeline Clinic 1982 Ken Gergen : Toward Transformation of Social Knowledge on Social Construction theory which was foundation to David’s work with AI. 1986 David Cooperrider completes his doctoral dissertation "Appreciative Inquiry: Toward a Methodology for Understanding and Enhancing Organizational Innovation" This paradigm shifting work laid out the principles and logic of Appreciative Inquiry, the phases of AI (e.g. affirmative topic choice, discovery, developing provocative propositions, etc), and provided a social constructionist meta-theory arguing the need to go beyond the deficit or problem focus of the field. 1987 “Appreciative Inquiry in Organizational Life” first published article on AI in 1987 1988 Generative Metaphor Intervention- Best Paper National Academy of Management. 1997 ASTD Best Organizational Change Project GTE Corporation with Cooperrider and Whitney
- 4. Appreciative Inquiry Involves a Shift “No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it. We must learn to see the world anew.” “Hope is like a road in the country there was never a road, but when many people walk on it, the road comes into existence.” Lin Yutang
- 5. Problem Solving vs. Appreciative Inquiry 1. Identification of Problem 2. Analysis of “ Root Causes 3. Analysis on Possible Solutions 4. Action Planning (treatment) 1. Appreciating and Valuing the Best of What is 2. Envisioning, What might be? 3. Dialoguing about, What should be? 4. Innovating , what will be?
- 6. Appreciative Inquiry Principles 1. Our world, our experience is socially constructed - Social Constructionism 2. The minute you ask a question, change happens - Simultaneity 3. We can choose what we want to study, organizations are open books yet to be written - Poetic 4. Positive compelling images of the future, inspire positive action - Positive 5. We move in the direction of the most positive images of the future - move toward light - Anticipatory 6. People perform better and are more innovative when they have choice - Free Choice (Whitney, 2003)
- 7. Appreciative Inquiry: The “4-D” Cycle Discovery Discovery “What gives life?” (The best of what is) Appreciating “What gives life?” (The best of what is) Appreciating Dream Dream “What might be?” “What might be?” (What is the world calling for) (What is the world calling for) Envisioning Results Envisioning Results Design Design “How to empower, learn, and adjust/improvise?” “What should be--the ideal?” “What should be--the ideal?” Co-constructing Co-constructing Destiny Destiny “How to empower, learn, and adjust/improvise?” Sustaining Sustaining Affirmative Topic Choice
- 8. Enhancement of Th e “4-D” Cycle 1. Inclusion of “Definition” 2. Addition of Describe in Valuation Model 6D 3. Modifying to a 4 I Model 4. Summit- Whole Systems 5. Renaming of Delivery to Destiny 6. Focus on the application of Design 7. Integration with World Café, Open Space
- 9. An alternative approach to strategic planning can be summarized by the acronym “SOAR” and the implied image of a high-flying organization. - SOAR Framework - “Indeed a new definition of leadership can be expressed as the ‘ability to align strengths (toward a purpose) in such a way that weaknesses are irrelevant.’" What are we doing really well? What are our greatest assets? - Peter F. Drucker Aspirations Results APPRECIATIVE INTENT What are the best possible market opportunities? How are we to best partner with others? To what do we aspire? What is our preferred future? What are our measurable results? What do we want to be known for? STRATEGIC INQUIRY Strengths Opportunities Diagram adapted from “The Heart of Appreciative Strategy” by John Sutherland and Jacqueline Stavros and “Strategic Inquiry > Appreciative Intent: Inspiration to SOAR - A New Framework for Strategic Planning” by Jacqueline Stavros, David Cooperrider, D. Lynn Kelley, AI Practitioner, November 2003.
- 11. Positive Psychology Movement Marty Seligman-Authentic Happiness • Pleasant Life (positive feeling and emotions) • Good Life- (optimally engaged) • Meaningful Life- (life of affiliation) Barbara Fredrickson (1998 & 2000) • Positive Emotions • Broaden and build (flourish) Elevation Theory • Elevation is a moral emotion and is pleasant. It involves a desire to act morally and do "good"; as an emotion it has a basis in biology, and can sometimes be characterized by a feeling of expansion in the chest or a tingling feeling on the skin.
- 12. AI’s Positive Affect Creates an Upward Spiral Appreciative Positive Affect Dialogue Appreciative Inquiry High Quality Connections 1. Appreciative Dialogue enhances high quality connections 2. High quality connections result in positive affect 3. Positive affect reinforces the use of Appreciative Inquiry Adapted from Developing Leaders
- 13. Convergence of Disciplines (2007 SOS) Appreciative Inquiry Strength Based Change Positive Organization Scholarship Positive Psychology
- 14. Theory AI: Co-elevation Elevate-and-Extend • Spirit of Inquiry & Ethos of Appreciation • Resonating Patterns of Positive Emotions • High Quality Connections Broaden-And-Build • Pro-fusion of Strengths • Magnification (analysis, synthesis) • Savoring (ritual, story, meaning) Establish-and-Eclipse • Generative Imagination and Energy • Doing & Undergoing (“undoing”) • Upward spiral David Cooperrider:SHRM in 2008
- 15. Magnifying the Strengths-Revolution in Human Capital Strategy through Appreciative Inquiry Strengths-elevating Strengths-combining/ amplifying Strengths-extending organizations
- 16. Appreciative Inquiry “Appreciative Inquiry is like a road in the country, there was never a road, but when many people walk on it, the road comes into existence.” -Lin Yutang
- 17. Appreciative Inquiry Resources AI Commons an archive of cases and resources for Appreciative Inquiry http://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/# AI Consulting, LLC, a community of consultants and thought leaders in AI www.aiconsulting.org AI Practitioner-Newsletter for Appreciative Inquiry and Strength Based Change www.aipractitioner.com
Editor's Notes
- #15: Elevation is a moral emotion and is pleasant. It involves a desire to act morally and do "good"; as an emotion it has a basis in biology, and can sometimes be characterized by a feeling of expansion in the chest or a tingling feeling on the skin.