SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for CAUAN)

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway Dasmariñas City, Cavite

EXPERIMENT # 2
Class B Push-Pull Power Amplifier

Abdon, John Kerwin M. October 13, 2011
Signal Spectra and Signal Processing/ BSECE 41A1 Score:

Engr. Grace Ramones
Instructor

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Sample Computation:

Step 4 AC collector resistance

VCE=VCEQ + (ICQ)(RC + Re)= 10.273 V + 48.48mA(50Ω+5 Ω)= 12.9394V

Step 6 Voltage gain (AV) of the amplifier.

Step 7 Expected voltage gain (AV) based on the value of the ac collector resistance
(Rc), the unbypassed emitter resistance (Re), and the ac emitter resistance
(re),

Step 8 Value of RE required to center the Q-point on the ac load line.

VCEQ = (ICQ)(Rc + Re)

VCEQ =VCC - ICQ(RE + Re + RC)
VCC - ICQ(RE + Re + RC)= (ICQ)(Rc + Re)
VCC (RE + Re + RC)= ( )(Rc + Re)

Step 10 New dc values for ICEQ for the new value of RE

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VCEQ =20V - ( +5 + )=5.37V
VCE=VCEQ + (ICQ)(RC + Re)= 5.37V + (50Ω+5 Ω)= 10.73525V

Step 12 Maximum undistorted output power (PO) to the load (RL).

Step 13 Power supplied by the dc voltage source (PS).

Step 14 Percent efficiency (ŋ) of the amplifier.

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Objectives:
1. Determine the dc load line and locate the operating point (Q-point) on the dc load
line for a large-signal class A common-emitter amplifier.
2. Determine the ac load line for a large-signal class A common-emitter amplifier.
3. Center the operating point (Q-point on the ac load for a large-signal class A
common-emitter amplifier.
4. Determine the maximum ac peak-to-peak output voltage swing before peak clipping
occurs and compare the measured value with the expected value for a large-signal
class A common-emitter amplifier.
5. Observe nonlinear distortion of the output waveshape for a large-signal class A
common-emitter amplifier.
6. Measure the large-signal voltage gain of a class A common-emitter amplifier and
compare the measured and calculated values.
7. Measure the maximum undistorted output power for a class A amplifier.
8. Determine the amplifier efficiency of a class A amplifier.

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Datasheet:
Materials:
One digital multimeter
One function generator
One dual-trace oscilloscope
One dc powers supply
One 2N3904 bipolar transistor
Capacitors: two 10 µF, one 470 µF
Resistors: one 5 Ω, one 95 Ω, two 100 Ω, one 1 kΩ, one 2.4 kΩ

Theory:
A power amplifier is a large-signal amplifier in the final stage of a communication
transmitter that provides power to the antenna or in the final stage of a receiver that drives
the speaker. When an amplifier is biased so that it operates in the linear region of the
transistor collector characteristic curve for the full 360 degrees of the input sine wave
cycle, it is classified as a class A amplifier. This means that collector current flows during
the full sine wave cycle, making class A amplifiers the least efficient of the different classes
of large-signal amplifiers. In a large-signal amplifier, the input signal causes the operating
point (Q-point) to move over much a larger portion of the ac load line than in a small-signal
amplifier. Therefore, large signal class A amplifiers require the operating point to be as
close as possible to the center of the ac load line to avoid clopping of the output waveform.
In a class A amplifier, the output voltage waveform has the same shape as the input voltage
waveform, making it the most linear of the different classes of amplifiers. Most small-signal
amplifiers, it is normally used in a low-power application that requires a linear amplifier
such as an audio power amplifier or as a power amplifier in a low-power transmitter with
low-level AM or SSB modulation. In this experiment you will study a large-signal class A
amplifier.
For the large –signal class A common-emitter amplifier shown in Figures 14-1 and 14-2, the
dc collector-emitter voltage (VCE) can be calculated from
VCE = VC – VE
The dc collector current (IC) can be determined by calculating the current in the collector
resistor (RC). Therefore,

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Figure 14–1 Large signal Class A Amplifier, DC Analysis
XMM1

R1 Rc V1
2.4kΩ 100Ω 20 V

Q1
2N3904

R2
1kΩ Re
5Ω

REm
95Ω

Figure 14-2 Large-Signal Class A Amplifier

The ac collector resistance (RC) is equal to the parallel equivalent of the collector resistor
(RC) and the load resistor (RL). Therefore,

The ac load line has a slope of 1/(RC + RL) and crosses the dc load line Q-point. The ac load
line crosses the horizontal axis of the transistor collector characteristic curve plot at VCE
equal to VCEQ + (ICQ)(RC + Re), where VcEQ is the collector-emitter voltage at the Q-point
and ICQ is the collector current at the Q-point.
The amplifier voltage gain is measured by dividing the ac peak-to-peak output voltage (VO)
by the ac peak-to-peak input voltage (Vin). The expected amplifier voltage gain for a
common emitter amplifier is calculated from
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where RC is the collector resistance, re 25 mV/IE(mA), and the Re is the unbypassed
emitter resistance.
In order to center the Q-point on the ac load line, you must try different values of RE until
VCEQ is equal to (ICQ)(Rc + Re), where ICQ IEQ = VE//(RE + Re), VCC - ICQ(RE + Re + RC), Rc is
equal to the ac collector resistance, and RC is equal to the dc collector resistance.
The amplifier output power (PO) is calculated as follows:

The percent efficiency (ŋ) of a large-signal amplifier is equal to the maximum output power
(PO) divided by the power supplied by the source (PS) times 100%. Therefore,

where Ps = (VCC)(IS). The current at the source (IS) is determined from
IS = I12 + ICQ
where I12 = VCC/(R1 + R2). Note: I12 is the current in resistors R1 and R2, neglecting the base
current.

Procedure:
Step 1 Open circuit file FIG 14–1. Bring down the multimeter enlargement and make
sure that V and dc (---------) are selected. Run the simulation and record the
dc base voltage (VB). Move the multimeter positive lead to node VE. Run the
simulation and record the dc emitter voltage (VE). Move the multimeter
positive lead to node VC. Run the simulation and record the dc collector
voltage (VC).
VB = 5.658V VE = 4.879V VC = 15.152V

Step 2 Based on the voltages in Step 1, calculate the dc collector-emitter voltage
(VCE) and the dc collector current (IC).
IC = 48.48mA VCE=10.273 V

Step 3 Draw the dc load line on the graph provided. Based on the calculations in
Step 2, locate the operating point (Q-point) on the dc load line.

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IC(sat)
2nd AC load line
200

Center Q-point
150 1st AC load line

1st DC load line

100 1st Q-point
97.55mA

50
48.48mA

0 5 1010.27V 10.73V 12.94V 15 20 VCE(V)
5.37V

Step 4 Open circuit file FIG14-2. Bring down the function generator enlargement
and make sure that the following settings are selected. Sine wave , Freq = 2
kHz, Ampl = 250 mV, Offset = 0 v. Bring down the oscilloscope enlargement
and make sure that the following settings are selected: Time base (Scale =
100 µa/Div, Xpos = 0 Y/T), Ch A (Scale = 200 mV/Div, Ypos = 0, AC), Ch B
(Scale = 2 V/Div, Ypos = 0, AC), Trigger (Pos edge, Level = 0, Auto).Based on
the value of RC and RL, calculate the ac collector resistance (RC), and then
draw the ac load line through the Q-point on the graph in Step 3.

VCE=VCEQ + (ICQ)(RC + Re)= 10.273 V + 48.48mA(50Ω+5 Ω)=
12.9394V
Questions: Is the operating point (Q-point) in the center of the dc load line? Is it in the
center of the ac load line?

No, it is neither at the center of the dc load line nor the center of the ac load
line.
Why is it necessary for the Q-point to be in the center of the ac load line for large signal
inputs?

It necessary for the Q-point to be in the center of the ac load line for large
signal inputs to avoid clipping of the output wave form because in a class A
amplifiers.

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Step 5 Run the simulation. Keep increasing the input signal voltage on the function
generator until the output peak distortion begins to occur. Then reduce the
input signal level slightly until there is no longer any output peak distortion.
Pause the analysis and record the maximum undistorted ac peak-to-peak
output voltage (VC) and the ac peak-to-peak input voltage (Vin)

Vin = 303.852 mV Vo = 2.298V

Step 6 Based on the voltages measured in Step 5, determine the voltage gain (AV) of
the amplifier.

Step 7 Calculate the expected voltage gain (AV) based on the value of the ac collector
resistance (Rc), the unbypassed emitter resistance (Re), and the ac emitter
resistance (re), where re = 25 mV / IE (mA)

Questions: How did the measured amplifier voltage gain with the calculated voltage gain?

There is 22.49% difference between the measured amplifier voltage gain and
the calculated voltage gain

What effect does unbypassed emitter resistance have on the amplifier voltage gain? What
effect does it have on the voltage gain stability?

The voltage gain is inversely proportional to the unbypassed emitter
resistance When the unbypassed emitter resistance become higher and
higher the voltage of an amplifier become smaller and smaller.

Step 8 Calculate the value RE required to center the Q-point on the ac load line. Hint:
Try different values of Re until VCEQ = (ICQ)(Rc + Re) at the new Q-point. See
Theory section for details.
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VCEQ = (ICQ)(Rc + Re)

VCEQ =VCC - ICQ(RE + Re + RC)
VCC - ICQ(RE + Re + RC)= (ICQ)(Rc + Re)
VCC (RE + Re + RC)= ( )(Rc + Re)

Question: Did you need to increase RE to center the Q-point on the ac load line? Explain
why.

No, the RE was reduced to to center the Q-point of the ac load line.
Moreover, it was reduced to to make VCEQ = ICQ

Step 9 Change RE to the value calculated in Step 8 and repeat the procedure in Step
5. Record the maximum undistorted ac peak-to-peak output voltage (Vo) and
the ac peak-to-peak input voltage (Vin) for this centered Q-point.

Vin = 547.839 mV Vo = 4.311 V

Question: How did the maximum undistorted peak-to-peak output voltage measured in
Step 9, for the centered Q-point, compare with the maximum undistorted
peak-to-peak output voltage measured in Step 5, for the original Q-point that
was not centered?

Compare with the maximum undistorted peak-to-peak output voltage
measured in Step 9, the maximum undistorted peak-to-peak output voltage
measured in step 5 is much higher.

Step 10 Calculate the new dc values for ICEQ for the new value of RE Locate the new dc
load line and the new Q-point on the graph in Step 3. Draw the new ac load
line through the new Q-point.

VCEQ =20V - ( +5 + )=5.37V
VCE=VCEQ + (ICQ)(RC + Re)= 5.37V + (50Ω+5 Ω)= 10.73525V

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Questions: What effect did the new Q-point have on the location of the new ac load line?

It changes the location or position of the ac load line.

What was the location of the new Q-point on the new load line?

The Q-point is now located at the center of the ac load line.

Step 11 Based on the new centered Q-point and the ac load line, estimate what
maximum ac peak-to-peak output voltage (VO) should be before output
clipping occurs.

Vo = 4.31 V

Question: How did the maximum undistorted peak-to-peak output voltage measured in
Step 9 for the centered Q-point, compared with the expected maximum
estimated in Step 11?

The maximum undistorted peak-to-peak output voltage measured in Step 9
for the centered Q-point is approximately the same as expected maximum
estimated in Step 11.

Step 12 Based on the maximum undistorted ac-peak-to-peak output voltage (Vo)
measured in Step 9, calculate the maximum undistorted output power (PO) to
the load (RL).

Step 13 Based on the supply voltage (VCC), the new collector current at the new
operating point (ICQ), and the bias resistor current (I12), calculate the power
supplied by the dc voltage source (PS).

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Step 14 Based on the power supplied by the dc voltage source (PS) and the maximum
undistorted output power (PO) calculated in Step 12, calculate the percent
efficiency (ŋ) of the amplifier.

Question: is the efficiency of a class A amplifier high or low? Explain why.

The efficiency of class A is low. Class A have low efficiency because the
collector current flows during the full sine wave.

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Conclusion:

After performing the experiment, I conclude that class A amplifiers conducts
at full sine wave. The quiescent point or the operating point of the dc load line is located at
the intersection of the dc collector-emitter voltage and the dc collector current. Meanwhile,
the ac load line crosses the quiescent point and the horizontal axis of the transistor
collector characteristic curve plot at the dc collector-emitter voltage. There is incidence
that the quiescent point is not at the center of the ac load line that causes clipping in the
output wave form. Adjusting the emitter resistance affects the locations of the quiescent
point.
Furthermore, the peak-to-peak undistorted input and output voltages are
much higher when the quiescent point is located at the center of the ac load line. Finally,
the location of the ac load line changes as the quiescent point changes.

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SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for CAUAN)

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