Expectations from open science - Shared and unshared challenges for Europe and Japan(オープンな科学の展望:ヨーロッパと日本にとっての共通課題、固有課題)

Expectations from open science - Shared and
unshared challenges for Europe and Japan
オープンな科学の展望:ヨーロッパと日本
にとっての共通課題、固有課題
Syun Tutiya
土屋俊
The National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation
to be The Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education
from April, 2016
October 14, 2015
at Kobe University

Outline
Caveat: While respecting EU’s pro-open science decisions, I
don’t and can’t quite say anything really constructive, but
will conﬁne myself to trying to better understand perceived
challenges.
10/14/15 1/18

Outline
challenges.
“Open science” is an oxymoron, to begin with. Science has
been esoteric, monopolized by experts, sages, savants, gurus,
authority etc. But, anyway,
10/14/15 2/18

Outline
challenges.
“Open science” is an oxymoron, to begin with. Science has
been esoteric, monopolized by experts, sages, savants, gurus,
authority etc. But, anyway,
1. Terminological reﬂections `A la FOSTER
2. Open access and open data in Japan, 2020: Targets
and predictions
3. Possible innovations and possible breakthroughs: Social
and economic impacts of “open” science, really?
4. Obstracles and hindrances
5. Agenda to be shared
10/14/15 3/18

Open Science in “Openness movement”
Open access: “free and unrestricted online availability”
of “peer-reviewed journal literature”(BOAI, 2002);
Open data: “Data that can be freely used, re-used and
redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the
requirement to attribute and sharealike”(Open Data
Handbook, 2011-2012);
Open source: Apache License, BSD license, GNU
General Public License, and many more;
Open reproducible research: “The act of practicing
Open Science to enable the independent reproducibility
of the research results”(Stodden, 2009); and
And, Open educational resources(OER) and MOOCs:
“materials oﬀered freely and openly to use and adapt
for teaching, learning, development and
research”(Commontwealth of Learning)
10/14/15 4/18

Naive quesitons(1): Is open science a better science?
1. Open access: “Accelerate research, enrich education,
share the learning of the rich with the poor and the
poor with the rich”
2. Open data: Decreases costs, promotes new research,
facilitates education of future researchers, expands
unnoticed possibility etc
3. Open source: “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are
shallow,” ( i.e. the more widely available the source
code is for public testing, scrutiny, and experimentation,
the more rapidly all forms of bugs will be discovered.)
4. Open reproducible research: Improves reliability of
scientiﬁc research
5. Open educational resources: Promotes education
10/14/15 5/18

Naive quesitons(2): Is “Open science” a scholarly
communication concept, or a science practice concept?
1. Is open science cheaper?
Good science does not have to be cheap, right?
2. Is open science “innovative”?
Probably no
3. Is open science consistent with industrial innovations?
Industry does not pay if it does not have to.
4. Is open science sustainable?
Who pays for science?
Everything ending up with, or starting with MONEY!
10/14/15 6/18

Open access in near future
Funders emerging
RCUK
NWO
GRC
Open access is easy to achieve when it is tied up to
“research accessment, ” a lesson from UK’s REF2014,
2020l
Open access secularized into business models
“Cascade” editing may be going to be prevalent with
publishers with quality journals
No sales to libraries unnecessary any more
The Second Flipping [Picture]
“Predatory” publishers emerging anyway, with quality
assurance yet to be lost
10/14/15 7/18

Flipping for the second time [BACK]
10/14/15 8/18

10/14/15 9/18

10/14/15 10/18

10/14/15 11/18

Will citizens be more educated and “scientific”?
This is not new
William Whewell’s tidal research 1833 – 1840, made
possible by British Association for Advancement of
Science(currently, British Science Association)
SETI@Home, SOHO, Galaxy Zoo, The Great Sunflower
Project, FoldIt etc.
Polymath
Lorenzo’s Oil(1992), Extraordinary Measures(2010), etc.
Citizens are tools, not really beneficiaries?
If citizen science is more or less confined to data
collection and puzzle solving, which are both features of
“normal science,” it is hard to expect innovations from
citizen science.
10/14/15 12/18

Data is tough to make open
Data sharing is necessary for sure
Explosion of data creation/generation
Size
Reproducibility
Constraints on resources. Budget.
However,
Are seemingly “all-purpose,” though actually
article-oriented, “institutional” repositories tough
enough?
Cybersecurity on campus generally tends to be
miserable world wide
What is the “given”(=datum) anyway? Isnt’ it that all
observation is theory-laden?
“Open” means “Unwarranted,” a forgotten principle,
i.e. who curates?
Whoever cares will curate and share, but that’s what we
do now
10/14/15 13/18

Changes apparently, but nothing is new except for “digital”
“Big science” funding since the mid-20th century, and
“science for progress and prosperity” since the 19th
century
Scientists since the early 19th century
Mondern university `a la Humboldt with higher
education and research for “the country”
Scholarly society/associations since the early 19th
century
International collaboration by scientists across borders
since a long time ago
employment and promotion based on research
performance in research institutions since nobody knows
when
10/14/15 14/18

Changes apparently, but nothing is new except for “digital”
“Big science” funding since the mid-20th century, and
“science for progress and prosperity” since the 19th
century
Scientists since the early 19th century
Mondern university `a la Humboldt with higher
education and research for “the country”
Scholarly society/associations since the early 19th
century
International collaboration by scientists across borders
since a long time ago
employment and promotion based on research
performance in research institutions since nobody knows
when
Is “digital” ominous for an overall restructuring?
Or will the changes be assmilated into the scientiﬁc
establishment?10/14/15 15/18

What about Japan?
“Open access” is not so much of success so far, nor will
it be
Only a small number starting or turning to open access
journals as well as a low green rate of capturing articles
on institutional repositories
“Open science” is an “imported” idea, not necessarily
indigenous
The logic is that because open science could make for
the country’s sustainable development, open science is
good and necessary, so that it is necessary to “respond
to the global trend in open science.” by “the expert
panel on open science, based on global perspectives,
Cabinet Office”(March, 2015)
Open data is being discussed and will be only discussed
except for niche fields, like bio and earth sciences, with
many difficult cases in the humanities and social
sciences
Open source will stay
10/14/15 16/18

The role of libraries/librarians ready to disappear?
Given the progress of gold open access, authors will be
readers more literally, probably still assisted by
publishers
Given the slow progress, hopefully, of green open
access, repositories will be merely platforms which can
be managed by anyone, not excluding librarians but
including many others
Given the prograss of OER, teachers are free to choose
anything available on line, thus unburdening libraries of
the duty of providing learning materials for students,
like reserve stack
Data is of such diversity that the relatively homogenious
library methods may not handle.
10/14/15 17/18

In (place of) conclusion
What is the role of green open access in the world
where gold open access is the rule? ⇒ Libraries will be
publishers of locally generated knowledge for all to share
Data sharing is necessary and vital, as evidenced by our
past practice. Science has long since been a community
activity. ⇒ “Digital” has made it easier.
Open source will be normal in various ways
Open reproducible research will be more appreciated
than before in the sense that research will be more
“ethical.” But data sharing is more important in
UNreproducible research, like geosensing, ecology, etc.
Higher education as a place for research, why? ⇒ The
question will still remain.
10/14/15 18/18

Expectations from open science - Shared and unshared challenges for Europe and Japan(オープンな科学の展望:ヨーロッパと日本にとっての共通課題、固有課題)

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