Tools and Methodology for Research: Future of Science
- 1. Methodology and Tools for Research: Future of science Yannick Prié Polytech Nantes, University of Nantes Master DMKM, 2014-2015 CC BY-SA 4.0
- 2. Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) • This course "Methodology and Tools for Research: Future of Science" by Yannick Prié is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 • This license covers the general organization of the material, the textual content, the figures, etc. except where indicated. • This license means that you can share and adapt this course, provided you give appropriate credit to the author and distribute your contributions under the same license as the original ◦ for more information about this license, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ • For any comment on this course, do not hesitate to contact me: yannick.prie@univ-nantes.fr or @yprie
- 3. Objectives of this course • Get an idea of the various directions along which science could evolve in a digital age • Get basic notions on the open access topic • Launch the collaborative writing assignment to go further on several topics • Ressources for the course http://www.scoop.it/t/toolsandmethodologyforresearch
- 4. Outline • Science in the digital Age • Open Access • Assignment
- 5. Outline • Science in the digital Age • Open Access • Assignment
- 6. Science occurs in a networked environment • Based on technologies for ◦ information storage ◦ communication • History ◦ Written Age à Print Age à Digital Age The Great Library of Alexandria by O. Von Corven is Public Domain Server room at CERN by Torkild Retvedt is CC-BY SA 2.0 One wing of the Merton College library by Tom Murphy VIIis CC-BY SA 3.0
- 7. Digital Age? • Computers • Networks then • Home network access • Mobile devices • Cloud • Social networks • Probes everywhere Deep, uncontrolled changes in society
- 8. Science processes are affected too • Funding • Data collection • Data processing • Publications • Conferences • Evaluation • Discussion • … Classical processes that evolve like in others domains • e.g. collaboraPve wriPng, use of skype New processes made possible by digital technology • e.g. open access
- 9. Massive use of computers in the labs • Knowledge management ◦ sharing of references, access to digital libraries • Personal knowledge management ◦ reference management, annotations • Publication workflow support ◦ tools for drawing molecules in chemistry ◦ conference workflows, from paper to PDF • Experimental data management ◦ raw results, experimental settings, results ◦ mining, interactive visualisation • Simulation ◦ in biology, physics, etc.
- 10. And then… Science 2.0 • Emergent new practices ◦ Based on information technologies • Some examples ◦ Managing collaboration and identity • web 2.0 tools used for science ◦ Open-data and e-science • collecting, sharing data and processing ◦ Digital humanities • humanities get digital ◦ Open access • to publications
- 11. Blogs,Twitter, wikis and web-based tools Wordle tag cloud on social compuPng by Daniel Iversen is CC-BY SA 2.0
- 14. Open data and e-science • Sharing data ◦ Collaborative worldwide efforts • Human Genome, Digital Sky Survey (sdss.org)… ◦ Open Data as a technology ◦ Sharing data and code with article • E.g. Warming Ocean Threatens Sea Life ◦ Sharing processing • Grid computing (cloud) • Opening research data ◦ e.g. funding / projects information Enhanced image of the Milky Way satellite galaxy Boo I by Vasily Belokurov is Public Domain
- 15. Digital Humanities • Use of computer tools and techniques to carry out research work in the humanities • Multiple examples ◦ Digitization ◦ Collaboration tools / annotations ◦ Text manipulation • Textual corpora • Ancient manuscript images ◦ Data aggregation and mining • Sociological data ◦ Data visualisation • in Nantes: see graph visualisation of social networks in the middle age ◦ …
- 17. Citizen science • Public participation in research • Not new ◦ crowdsourcing: bird watching, amateur archaeology, etc. • New digital era ◦ Access to information • any data, also medical data ◦ Capacity to collect information • mobile devices ◦ Capacity to analyse information • general raise in education • available tools for analysis (stats, visualisation, etc.) • Towards extreme citizen science? ◦ oriented towards issues that concern people Scanning a lake for Common Loons for the Common Loon Monitoring CiPzen Science by GlacierNPS is CC-BY SA 2.0
- 19. The Tao of Open Science for Ecology hYp://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/ES14-00402.1
- 20. Outline • Science in the digital Age • Open Access • Assignment
- 21. Access to publications • Classical model ◦ Scientists write and review papers for journals ◦ Publishers publish papers in journals ◦ Universities pay fees to publishers to provide access to journals in their libraries • into which they remain accessible indefinitely • Worked well for a long time ◦ journal fees were reasonable
- 22. Digital versions of articles • No need for paper anymore ◦ instant access, simplicity, no printing cost… ◦ pay per view • Facilitation of reviewing / editing workflows • Digital archiving ◦ publishers become librarians
- 23. Recent years • Universities ◦ Less and less money • Publishers ◦ Reasonable ones • reasonable fees, free access after 5 or 10 years, ◦ Greedy ones • package selling ◦ buy 200 journals to get access to the 3 that interest you ◦ nationwide “big deals” • rise of fees with no relation to inflation or production costs ◦ + 4-5% each year between 1986 et 2011 • very expensive • opacity
- 25. Some figures • Scientific, technical and medical edition: ◦ 20.2 B$ (2010 - stm-assoc.org) • Big players ◦ Elsevier: 2200 journals, 25% of all published articles ◦ Springer: 2000 journals ◦ Wiley-Blackwell: 1500 journal ◦ Nature Publishing Group • Rentability ◦ 30% profit (2010-2011, The Economist)
- 26. Others problems • Authors abandon all of their rights to publishers • Why would state fund both ◦ the production of an article ◦ and the access to the article ? à public should be able to access what they pay for • Long term archival not likely to happen with private companies • Corruption in the medical / pharmaceutical domain ◦ ghost writers (from industry), false journals (Elsevier)
- 27. Open Access • Provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded ◦ Making the research publicly available to everyone, free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions, will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers. • Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) ◦ 10 recommendations • Two main models: Green / Gold ◦ Stevan Harnad & al. The green and the gold roads to Open Access. Nature Web Focus. http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/ accessdebate/21.html hYp://www.opensocietyfoundaPons.org/openaccess/ boai-10-recommendaPons
- 28. Green • Also called “auto-archiving” • Researchers deposit a version of their articles on an institutional archive ◦ worldwide (e.g. arXiv.org) ◦ nationwide (e.g. HAL) ◦ community wide ◦ local (e.g. University) • The version can be ◦ a preprint • last accepted version, not the published one ◦ the final version • with possibly and embargo depending on the publisher’s policy • Deposit can be mandatory or not ◦ e.g. to get funds associated to a grant, for a publication to be considered in a lab evaluation, etc.
- 29. arXiv.org: the ancestor Physicists,1991 - Preprint archive Started in August 1991, arXiv.org (formerly xxx.lanl.gov) is a highly- automated electronic archive and distribution server for research articles. Covered areas include physics, mathematics, computer science, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology and statistics. hYp://arxiv.org/ (dec 2013)
- 30. Gold • Reading is free • Several models ◦ Subventions ◦ Fremium ◦ Author / payer: “publication fees” • “fair gold” • not so fair gold ◦ Springer 2012: 2000€ per article (personal experience) ◦ Taylor & Francis 2013: 2950€ (twitter march 2013) • Institutions have to pay • The model big players prefer and advocate ◦ Elsevier, Springer, etc.
- 31. Example: PLoS One • “International, peer-reviewed, open-access, online publication • Research from any scientific discipline. ◦ Open-access—freely accessible online, authors retain copyright ◦ Fast publication times ◦ Peer review by expert, practicing researchers ◦ Post-publication tools to indicate quality and impact ◦ Community-based dialogue on articles ◦ Worldwide media coverage” • Fees ◦ Group A: 0$ / article ◦ Group B: 500$ / article ◦ Others: 1300 to 2900$ Good read : Goals of science vs Goals of scienPsts (& a love leYer to PLOS One)
- 32. Example: eLife • Life science, biomedicine ◦ open access ◦ no charge to authors (“at least for an initial period”) ◦ no limit to length or additional submitted material • New model of peer reviewing ◦ reviewers gather electronically to decide the fate of the paper à better for reaching a consensus ◦ instruction for major revisions are clear à authors do not have to guess ◦ decision letter and author response are published with the paper à reader know what happened ◦ if the paper is not accepted, it can be submitted elsewhere rapidly with the elife reviews à no loss of expertise
- 33. Example: f1000research.com publish first, then evaluate hYp://f1000research.com/arPcles/2-195/v2
- 34. Example: peerj.com Biological and Medical Sciences / cheap Gold OA hYps://peerj.com/pricing/ (dec 2013) 40% of peer-reviewers name themselves, 80% of authors reproduce their peer review history.
- 35. Gold variant: latinum CLEO - Centre for Open Electronic Publishing • Between Golf and Green, Freemium model ◦ open access to the text online ◦ supplementary (not too high) pay services • e.g. getting PDF or epub, download count, etc. • Prices depend on ◦ Gross Domestic Product of the country ◦ Number of students in humanities + staff • All income is reinvested in the development of open- access academic publishing ◦ 2/3 for journals and partner publishers ◦ 1/3 to develop the platform hYp://www.openediPon.org/8873
- 36. Gold variant: Diamond • The reader does not pay for reading • The author only pays for editing • The editorial committee owns the journal • The editor is hired for editing the journal • The publishing is done by a institional editing body • See http://triplec.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/502/497 Line art drawing of a diamond by Pearson ScoY Foresman is Public Domain
- 37. Hot topic • 2012: mathematicians community (13000 researchers) threatens to boycott Elsevier • 2012: UK announce mandatory gold open access • 2012 : EU announce open access policy ◦ Gold or Green 6 month – 12 month for social science and humanities • Feb 2013: US open access policy ◦ “published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year” of publication • Feb 2013: HAL deposit mandatory for INRIA • March 2013: Humanities Journals in France want to reject EU 12 month embargo, Counter-petition #iloveopenaccess • March 2013 : “#btpdf2 #scholrev: Planning the scholarly revolution” • 2013: episciences.org french platform for peer reviewing + deposit in arXiv or HAL
- 38. Hot topic, cont. • Aug 2013: Swizz Research Fund authorizes project fundung for Gold OA publishing ◦ not enough money to pay all • Aug 2013: Italy supports green open access • Aug 2013: Open Access support wikipedia ◦ availability of papers entails better wk articles • Fall 2013: UK open-access route too costly, report says (Nature) • Oct 2013: Nature publishes a paper on fooling gold OA journals ◦ can appear as a piece against OA in general • Dec 2013: Argentina makes OA deposit mandatory • End of 2013: hard negociation between French Libraries and Elsevier • Dec 2013 : Elsevier launches takedown notices on Academia, personal sites, etc. • …
- 39. 2014: the Battle continues • "11 years after the Berlin Declaration on Open Access, however, the rise of Open Access appears to inflict little or no damage on the leading subscription publishers. » (financial analysist http://www.richardpoynder.co.uk/Aspesi.pdf) • Nature papers get « open » (free to read on a dedicated reader, beggar’s acces ( http://www.computerworlduk.com/blogs/open-enterprise/ open-access-3589444/ ) • Notion of Review on demand, cf. http://www.epistemio.com/rod • An mainstrem journal article on french Elsevier deal raises awareness on Open Access in France
- 40. One model to rule them all? • Many disciplines, many different ways of apprehending things • There is room for many different models ◦ gold, green, platinum OA + institutional deposit policies • Computer science: quite conservative ◦ importance of conferences (ACM, IEEE) • ACM relaxed (a little) its copyright policy in 2013 ◦ journals (Elsevier, Springer) • Gold, expensive OA ◦ may change very fast
- 41. An article that may be interesting or not, only 185 people may know… hYp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/ 10.1080/01972243.2012.757263#.Uqb0LI08r5Y (dec 2013)
- 42. Towards an evolution of reviewing? Study IntroducPon Methods Results Conclusion PublicaPon Current system PEER REVIEW Study IntroducPon Methods Results Conclusion PublicaPon PEER REVIEW (secondary review) Study Results Conclusion PublicaPon PEER REVIEW IntroducPon Methods (secondary review) Two-step review Peer pre-review (from A New Kind of Peer Review? by NeuroskepPc, 2013)
- 43. Get Credit for Peer Review (Publons) record, showcase, and verify all your peer review activity … use your offical reviewer record in promotion and funding applications. • Easily record and control verified reviews • Showcase reviews for promotion and funding applications • Discuss papers post publication and get credit
- 44. The Research Ideas and Outcomes journal publishes all outputs of the research cycle, including: project proposals, data, methods, workflows, software, project reports and research articles together on a single collaborative platform, with the most transparent, open and public peer-review process. Our scope encompasses all areas of academic research, including science, technology, humanities and the social sciences. hYp://riojournal.com/
- 45. Outline • Science in the digital Age • Open Access • Assignment: article writing