Experiences in community-based genetic improvement using oestrus synchronization
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The document discusses community-based genetic improvement in Ethiopia's livestock sector, focusing on oestrus synchronization and artificial insemination (AI) to enhance beef and dairy production. It highlights the benefits of synchronizing oestrus in cattle to improve pregnancy rates and the effective management of AI services, leveraging mobile teams for better reach. Additionally, it examines technological interventions and potential breeding strategies to address challenges related to livestock fertility and production.
Experiences in community-based genetic improvement using oestrus synchronization
- 1. Experiences in Community-based genetic improvement using oestrus synchronizationAzage TegegneIPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in EthiopiaILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011
- 2. BackgroundIncreasing urbanizationIncreasing incomeIncreasing demand for meat, milk and milk products – prices of meat , milk and milk products has sky rocketed globally Excellent pre-conditionsGoE – favourable enabling environment, GTP, AGP, LGPSuitable agro-ecology Large livestock population Tradition of livestock keeping Culture of consumption of animal products Large labour force Huge market opportunity, etc
- 3. But, hindered by Weak AI delivery system and low pregnancy ratesInbreeding??High prices for improved dairy animalsAbout 50% - male calves in dairy systemLow level of promotion of indigenous breedsWeak targeted technological interventions
- 4. Cow♀Bull♂Joining/MatingConceptionCalvingWeaningSimple requirement for cattle reproductive performance
- 5. Involution/breeding seasonCritical 75-90 daysParturitionConceptionGestation280 daysReproductive cycle
- 6. Some technological optionsConventional artificial insemination (AI)Hormonal oestrus synchronization plus AISexed semenSex fixerEmbryo transfer and sexed embryosIn-vitro fertilization plus sexed semen
- 7. Stages of bovine oestrous cycle
- 8. What is oestrus synchronization?Occurrence/induction of estrus in all females in a group at the same time; or simply…
- 9. Natural hormones for oestrus synchronizationProstaglandinsPRIDSyncromate B Ear Implant
- 10. General Response to Prostaglandin: PGF2αEstrus (heat): 2-5 days after treatment
- 11. Estrus interval - heifers ~50 hours; cows ~72 hours
- 12. Estrus response - about 60-65% of treated herd
- 13. Pregnancy rate to AI – about 50% of responding cows/heifersWhy synchronize? - Ethiopian contextTo produce large number and uniform animals of desired germplasm (kick start) To match calving with feed availability and market demand for dairy and meat To control heat period and allow more accurate AI serviceTo improve the effectiveness and efficiency of AI service (AI staff deal year round; no AI in rural areas (butter and/or meat) Possibility of avoiding milk production during fasting season
- 14. Options to improve use of human resource for AI services Use of Regional/Zonal mobile teams; AI large numbers of animals in a two weeks period through:Community mobilization to bring animals with the desired characteristics to a central point with good animal handling facilityUse of hormonal synchronization and subsequent insemination within 2-5 days of treatmentIn a dairy system, use of sexed semen or sex fixer to increase the number of female
- 15. Performance of existing AI system (National data; Dessalegn et al., 2010) One AI technician inseminates about 300 animals per yearPregnancy rate to first AI is about 27% = 81 calves/year50% female = 41 calves/year
- 16. Mobile teams - preliminary data from Tigray and SNNPROestrus response to hormonal treatment = 90%Two AI technicians working in as a team can inseminate about 200 synchronized cows in a 2 week period – 100 cows/AI technicianResult of pregnancy testing - 60% (due to increased precision and effectiveness of AI)
- 18. Assumptions on annual output of a mobile teamTwo person team work 40 weeks in 10 villages/year (2 weeks/village)synchronize & inseminate 200 cows/village = 2000 cows1000 cows/AI technician Pregnancy rate of 60% = 600 calves/AI technicianUse of sex fixer/sexed semen = 90% femaleNumber of female calves per AI technician = 540/year
- 19. Applying this to the proposed plan - OromiaExisting planSixty (60) Woredas/year involving 60 technicians300 AI x 60 technician = 18,000 AI/year50% pregnancy rate = 9,000 (improved performance)50% female calves = 4,500 female calves/year Alternative approachThis would result in:60 technicians x 540 female calves = 32,400 calves/year (7.2 times higher)
- 20. Management factors affecting conceptionAnimal handling facilityA.I. technicians Body condition score, health and cyclicity of cows/heifersSemen quality and handling techniquesHeat detection accuracy and time of inseminationHeat stress
- 21. Just do the right thing and do it right – No silver bullet!!
- 22. Attempts to solve the problemIPMS Experience Tigray, Amhara, SNNPR
- 23. Hands-on training - regional teams @ EMDTI
- 24. Community Mobilization – Mekelle-AdigratMilkshed, Tigray and Dale, SNNPR
- 25. Good site, lots of space and good animal handling facility!Poor animal handling facility
- 27. Poor conditioned animalsPre-mature heifer calves
- 28. An old man asked by his wife to take the cows…no clue about the cow..when asked about the cow, he says ‘let me check with my wife first…’School children with no clue about the cow!!
- 29. Women know better about their cows!!
- 30. Many on-lookers affect efficiency!!
- 31. Support from administration and PA officials… KEY
- 32. Explain properly and set clear expectations
- 33. Agree on clear roles and responsibilities
- 34. Practice, practice, practice - Key
- 35. Team work and multi-tasking – Key and critical
- 36. A little experience and record keeping!
- 37. Poor animal handling facility – causes stress, is high risk, creates inefficiency!!
- 38. Be prepared for on the spot insemination and treatment of some sick animals
- 39. Exhausted…….some break! Carry enough water and some food...
- 40. Beef System – Metema, AmharaGood export market – live animals & meatHigh cattle population and large holdingsLarge underutilized feed resourceMainly highland zebu brought with settlersMismatch between genotype and environmentHigh environmental stress, particularly heatLower fertility and calving rateHigh pre-weaning calf mortalitySlower growth rate, low market weightLower milk production
- 41. Highland Zebu, Transhumance & Heat Stress
- 42. Young Boran bulls at Andassa Ranch, Bahir Dar
- 43. Supplemented with synchronization and AI
- 45. THE FUTURE (for discussion)
- 46. Introduction and testing other dairy breeds for fluid milk and butter systemsGuernseyJerseyAyrshireNorwegian RedBrown Swiss
- 47. Beef system - Our own Boran….in KenyaSouth AfricaUSAAustralia
- 48. Potential milk sheds for fluid milkTigrayAdgirat-Mekelle
- 50. Bahir Dar
- 51. Debre Markos
- 52. Dessie
- 54. Adama
- 55. Jimma
- 56. Ambo
- 57. Arsi
- 58. Wellega
- 60. Arbaminch
- 62. Dire Dawa
- 63. JigjigaPotential for beef production and development using Boran cattle
- 64. Sperm sexing technologyFirst commercial sexed semen 1999. Flow cytometers are used to sort female sperm cells from the male sperm cells. The female (X bearing chromosome) contains 3.8% more DNA than the male (Y bearing chromosome). It is this difference in DNA content that is detected by the sensors when the sperm cells pass by a laser beam, one at a time in a fluid stream.
- 65. On average sexed semen straw contains over 90% female sperm cells In dairy system, almost doubles the number of heifer calves producedSex fixer with active constituent blocks the H-Y antibody receptor site on ovum; effectively blocking chance of Y chromosome from binding with ovum
- 66. Mid to long-term – ET and in-vitro fertilization
- 67. Training EIAR researchers – in-vitro fertilization technique
- 68. Thank You!♀♂