Explanation of Direct Indirect Speech.pdf
- 1. Dnyan Prabodhini Mandal’s SHREE MALLIKARJUN & Shri. Chetan Manju Desai College Canacona Goa “PREPARING FOR STATE & NATIONAL LEVEL COMPETITIVE EXAMS” 30-HOURS FREE CERTIFICATE COURSE Organized by Departments of Mathematics, Geography & English Direct & Indirect Speech; Active & Passive Voice 23rd September 2024
- 2. Direct Speech In direct speech, the exact words spoken by a person are quoted. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks. Example: He said, "I am going to the store."
- 3. Indirect Speech In indirect speech, the spoken words are reported without quoting them directly. It often involves changes in tense, pronouns, and time expressions. Example: He said that he was going to the store.
- 4. Key Differences Quotation Marks: Direct speech uses quotation marks; indirect does not. Tense Changes: Direct speech can remain in the present tense, while indirect speech often shifts to the past tense. Pronoun Changes: Pronouns may need to be adjusted according to the context in indirect speech.
- 5. Examples of Changes Direct: She said, “I will call you tomorrow.” Indirect: She said that she would call me the next day. Direct: John asked, “Are you coming?” Indirect: John asked if I was coming.
- 6. Active Voice In active voice, the subject performs the action of the verb. Structure: Subject + Verb + Object Example: The chef cooks the meal. (The subject "the chef" performs the action of cooking.)
- 7. Passive Voice In passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb. Structure: Subject + Form of "to be" + Past Participle + (by + Agent) Example: The meal is cooked by the chef. (The subject "the meal" receives the action of being cooked.)
- 8. Key Rules Identifying the Voice: Active: Focus on who is doing the action. Passive: Focus on what is receiving the action.
- 9. Changing from Active to Passive: Identify the object of the active sentence (which becomes the subject in the passive). Use the appropriate form of "to be" based on the tense of the active verb. Use the past participle form of the main verb.
- 10. Optionally include the original subject (agent) with “by”. Tense Changes: Maintain the tense when converting: Present Simple: She reads the book. → The book is read by her. Past Simple: He wrote the letter. → The letter was written by him.
- 11. Future Simple: They will complete the project. → The project will be completed by them. Omitting the Agent: In many cases, the agent (the doer of the action) can be omitted if it is unknown or not important. Example: The book was read. (We don't specify who read it.)
- 12. Practice Here are a couple of examples for practice: Active: The teacher explains the lesson. Passive: The lesson is explained by the teacher.
- 13. Exercise 1: Change Active to Passive Convert the following sentences from active voice to passive voice. The dog chased the cat. The manager will approve the proposal. The students completed the project on time. The artist painted a beautiful mural. The scientists discovered a new species.
- 14. Exercise 1: ANSWERS The cat was chased by the dog. The proposal will be approved by the manager. The project was completed by the students on time. A beautiful mural was painted by the artist. A new species was discovered by the scientists.
- 15. Exercise 2: Change Passive to Active Convert the following sentences from passive voice to active voice. The novel was written by the famous author. The homework was finished by the students. The cake was baked by my grandmother. The movie was directed by a well-known filmmaker. The song was sung by the choir.
- 16. Exercise 2: The famous author wrote the novel. The students finished the homework. My grandmother baked the cake. A well-known filmmaker directed the movie. The choir sang the song.
- 17. Exercise 3: Mixed Practice Identify whether each sentence is in active or passive voice and then transform it to the opposite voice. The report was submitted by the team. The teacher praised the students. A letter was sent to her by John. The children play soccer in the park. The pictures were taken by the photographer.
- 18. Exercise 3: Passive → The team submitted the report. Active → The students were praised by the teacher. Passive → John sent a letter to her. Active → Soccer is played by the children in the park. Passive → The photographer took the pictures.