Exploratory research design secondary data
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Secondary data are data that were collected for purposes other than the current research problem. There are two main types: internal secondary data that come from within an organization, and external secondary data from external published sources. Secondary data can help identify and define research problems, develop research designs, and interpret primary data. When evaluating secondary data, researchers consider criteria like the methodology, accuracy, currency, objectives, nature, and dependability of the data. Common sources of secondary data include published materials, computer databases, syndicated services, and internal records.
Exploratory research design secondary data
- 2. 4-2 Primary vs. Secondary Data Primary data are originated by a researcher for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand. The collection of primary data involves all six steps of the marketing research process (Chapter 1). Secondary data are data which have already been collected for purposes other than the problem at hand. These data can be located quickly and inexpensively.
- 3. 4-3 A Comparison of Primary & Secondary Data Primary Data Secondary Data Collection purpose For the problem at hand For other problems Collection process Very involved Rapid & easy Collection cost High Relatively low Collection time Long Short Table 4.1
- 4. 4-4 Uses of Secondary Data Identify the problem Better define the problem Develop an approach to the problem Formulate an appropriate research design (for example, by identifying the key variables) Answer certain research questions and test some hypotheses Interpret primary data more insightfully
- 5. 4-5 Criteria for Evaluating Secondary Data Specifications: Methodology Used to Collect the Data Error: Accuracy of the Data Currency: When the Data Were Collected Objective(s): The Purpose for Which the Data Were Collected Nature: The Content of the Data Dependability: Overall, How Dependable Are the Data
- 6. 4-6 Criteria for Evaluating Secondary Data Criteria Issues Remarks Specifications & Methodology Error & Accuracy Currency Objective Nature Dependability Data collection method, response rate, quality & analysis of data, sampling technique & size, questionnaire design, fieldwork. Examine errors in approach, research design, sampling, data collection & analysis, & reporting. Time lag between collection & publication, frequency of updates. Why were the data collected? Definition of key variables, units of measurement, categories used, relationships examined. Expertise, credibility, reputation, & trustworthiness of the source. Data should be reliable, valid, & generalizable to the problem. Assess accuracy by comparing data from different sources. Census data are updated by syndicated firms. The objective determines the relevance of data. Reconfigure the data to increase their usefulness. Data should be obtained from an original source. Table 4.2
- 7. 4-7 A Classification of Secondary Data Secondary Data Ready to Use Requires Further Processing Published Materials Computerized Databases Syndicated Services Fig. 4.1 Internal External
- 8. 4-8 Internal Secondary Data Department Store Project Sales were analyzed to obtain: Sales by product line Sales by major department (e.g., men's wear, house wares) Sales by specific stores Sales by geographical region Sales by cash versus credit purchases Sales in specific time periods Sales by size of purchase Sales trends in many of these classifications were also examined.
- 9. 4-9 Type of Individual/Household Level Data Available from Syndicated Firms I. Demographic Data - Identification (name, address, telephone) - Sex - Marital status - Names of family members - Age (including ages of family members) - Income - Occupation - Number of children present - Home ownership - Length of residence - Number and make of cars owned
- 10. 4-10 Type of Individual/Household Level Data Available from Syndicated Firms II. Psychographic Lifestyle Data - Interest in golf - Interest in snow skiing - Interest in book reading - Interest in running - Interest in bicycling - Interest in pets - Interest in fishing - Interest in electronics - Interest in cable television There are also firms such as Dun & Bradstreet and American Business Information which collect demographic data on businesses.
- 11. 4-11 A Classification of Published Secondary Sources Statistical Data Guides Directories Indexes Census Data Other Government Publications Fig. 4.2 Published Secondary Data General Business Sources Government Sources
- 12. 4-12 A Classification of Computerized Databases Bibliographic Databases Numeric Databases Full-Text Databases Directory Databases Special- Purpose Databases Fig. 4.3 Computerized Databases Online Off-LineInternet
- 13. 4-13 Published External Secondary Sources Guides An excellent source of standard or recurring information Helpful in identifying other important sources of directories, trade associations, and trade publications One of the first sources a researcher should consult Directories Helpful for identifying individuals or organizations that collect specific data Examples: Consultants and Consulting Organizations Directory, Encyclopedia of Associations, FINDEX: The Directory of Market Research Reports, Studies and Surveys, and Research Services Directory Indices Helpful in locating information on a particular topic in several different publications
- 14. 4-14 Classification of Computerized Databases Bibliographic databases are composed of citations to articles. Numeric databases contain numerical and statistical information. Full-text databases contain the complete text of the source documents comprising the database. Directory databases provide information on individuals, organizations, and services. Special-purpose databases provide specialized information.
- 15. 4-15 Syndicated Services Companies that collect and sell common pools of data of known commercial value designed to serve a number of clients. Syndicated sources can be classified based on the unit of measurement (households/consumers or institutions). Household/consumer data may be obtained from surveys, diary panels, or electronic scanner services. Institutional data may be obtained from retailers, wholesalers, or industrial firms.
- 16. 4-16 A Classification of Syndicated Services Unit of Measurement Fig. 4.4 Households/ Consumers Institutions
- 17. 4-17 Syndicated Services: Consumers Fig. 4.4 cont. Psychographic & Lifestyles General Advertising Evaluation Households / Consumers Scanner Diary Panels with Cable TV Surveys Volume Tracking Data Scanner Diary Panels Electronic scanner servicesPurchase Media Panels
- 18. 4-18 Syndicated Services: Institutions Audits Direct Inquiries Clipping Services Corporate Reports Fig. 4.4 cont. Institutions Retailers Wholesalers Industrial firms
- 19. 4-19 Overview of Syndicated Services Table 4.3 Type Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Uses Surveys Surveys conducted at regular intervals Most flexible wayof obtaining data; information on underlying motives Interviewer errors; respondent errors Market segmentation, advertising theme selection and advertising effectiveness Purchase Panels Households provide specific information regularlyover an extended period of time; respondent asked to record specific behaviors as theyoccur Recorded purchase behavior can be linked to the demographic/ psychographic characteristics Lack of representativeness; response bias; maturation Forecasting sales, market share and trends; establishing consumer profiles, brand loyaltyand switching; evaluating test markets, advertising, and distribution Media Panels Electronic devices automatically recording behavior, supplemented bya diary Same as purchase panel Same as purchase panel Establishing advertising rates; selecting media program or air time; establishing viewer profiles
- 20. 4-20 Table 4.3 cont. Overview of Syndicated Services Type Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages ScannerVolume Tracking Data Householdpurchases arerecordedthrough electronicscanners in supermarkets Datareflect actual purchases; timelydata, less expensive Datamaynot be representative; errors in recordingpurchases; difficult to link purchases to elements of marketingmixother thanprice ScannerDiaryPanels withCable TV Scanner panels of households that subscribeto cableTV Datareflect actual purchases; sample control; abilityto link panel datato household characteristics Datamaynot be representative; quality of datalimited
- 21. 4-21 Table 4.3 cont. Overview of Syndicated Services Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Uses Verificationof product movement by examiningphysical records or performing inventoryanalysis Relativelyprecise informationat the retail andwholesale levels Coveragemaybe incomplete; matching of dataoncompetitive activitymaybe difficult Measurement of consumer sales and market share, competitiveactivity, analyzingdistribution patterns; trackingof newproducts Databanks on industrial establishments created throughdirect inquiries of companies, clipping services, andcorporate reports Important sourceof informationon industrial firms, particularlyuseful in initial phases of the projects Dataarelackingin terms of content, quantity, andquality Determiningmarket potential bygeographic area, definingsales territories, allocating advertisingbudget
- 22. 4-22 Single-Source Data Single-source data provide integrated information on household variables, including media consumption and purchases, and marketing variables, such as product sales, price, advertising, promotion, and in-store marketing effort. Recruit a test panel of households and meter each home's TV sets. Survey households periodically on what they read. Grocery purchases are tracked by UPC scanners. Track retail data, such as sales, advertising, and promotion.