Research Design
Download as PPTX, PDF17 likes10,437 views
A research design outlines how an investigation will be conducted. It includes how data will be collected using instruments, and how the data will be analyzed. The design depends on the research problem. There are several types of research designs including exploratory, conclusive, descriptive, causal, and longitudinal designs. Exploratory design generates ideas without final results, while conclusive design assists decision making with a formal process. Causal research examines the effect of variables on each other, and descriptive research describes characteristics. Longitudinal research observes the same subjects over time.
Research Design
- 1. RESEARCH DESIGN By: Shivangi Singh Kriti Agarwal Jyoti Verma Lavisha Bassi Monica Swami Pallawi Shivani Gautam
- 2. RESEARCH DESIGN • A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. • A research design will typically include how data is to be collected, what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the intended means for analyzing data collected. • A research design depends on the purpose and nature of the research problem. • Thus, one single design cannot be used to solve all types of research problem, i.e. , a particular design is suitable for a particular problem.
- 3. Classification of Research Designs Single Cross- Sectional Design Multiple Cross- Sectional Design Research Design Conclusive Research Design Exploratory Research Design Descriptive Research Causal Research Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design
- 4. EXPLORATORY DESIGN Explores the research questions and does not intend to offer final result Conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem Exploratory research is flexible and can address research questions of all types(what, why, how) Leads to generation of new ideas and assumption, development of tentative theories of hypothesis Exploratory studies help establish research priorities Provides an opportunity to define new terms and clarify existing concepts The research process underpinning exploratory studies is flexible but often unstructured, leading to only tentative results that have limited value in decision-making
- 5. CONCLUSIVE DESIGN It provides information that helps the executive make a rational decision It is the research designed to assist the decision maker in determining, evaluating & selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation Information needed is clearly defined Research process is formal & structured Findings are used as input to decision making
- 6. CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH Conclusive research uses statistical tests, advanced analytical techniques , and larger sample sizes, compared with exploratory studies Conclusive research is more likely to use quantitative, rather than qualitative techniques Types of Conclusive Research Descriptive Causal/ experimental
- 7. CAUSAL RESEARCH The investigation into an issue or topic that looks at the effect of one thing or variable on another. For example, causal research might be used in a business environment to quantify the effect that a change to its present operations will have future production levels to assist in the business planning process. For example, if a clothing company currently sells blue denim jeans, causal research can measure the impact of the company changing the product design to the color white. Following the research, company bosses will be able to decide whether changing the color of the jeans to white would be profitable.
- 8. CAUSAL RESEARCH Causal research has two objectives : Understanding which variables are the cause, and which variables are the effect. Determining the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect predicted.
- 9. CAUSAL RESEARCH Conditions of causality Concomitant variation Time order of occurrence Absence of other causal factors Kinds of variables Type 1: Independent variables Type 2: Dependent variables Type 3: Extraneous variables
- 10. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Why Do we use Descriptive Research? ◦ To describe characteristics ◦ To estimate percentage of units ◦ To determine perception of product characteristics ◦ To determine degree to which variables are associated
- 11. METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Methods of descriptive research: ◦ Analysing secondary data ◦ Surveys ◦ Panels ◦ Observational data
- 12. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH A longitudinal research is an observational. In this, the researches do not interfere with their subjects. In longitudinal study, researches conduct several observations of same subjects over a period of time. A fixed example of population elements is measured repeatedly on the same variable.
- 13. ADVANTAGES • Incident events are recorded. • Prospective ascertainment of exposure. • Measurement of industrial change in the outcomes. • Accuracy. • Large amount of data collection. DISADVANTAGES • Representative Sampling. • Response Bias.
- 14. CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH Cross-sectional research is used to examine one variable in different groups that are similar in all other characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity. Cross-sectional research studies are based on observations that take place in different groups at one time. There is no experimental procedure, so no variables are manipulated by the researcher. Instead of performing an experiment, you would simply record the information that you observe in the groups you are examining. The benefits of cross-sectional study design are that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time.
- 15. TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL Cross-sectional research studies all have the following characteristics: • Takes place at a single point in time • Variables are not manipulated by researchers • Provide information only; do not answer why
- 16. TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL CROSS SECTIONAL SINGLE CROSS-SECTIONAL MULTIPLE CROSS-SECTIONAL