First paper unit 5

1
;x;|fJbL ljsf; nIo
 UN sf ;b:o /fi6sf] ljsf;k|ltsf] Commitment klg xf] .
 UNO n] ul/jL s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf ;g @))) df NofPsf] ;j{kIfLo lasf;sf] of]hgf xf] .
 Result focused development sf ?kdf cfPsf] .
 u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds nIo ;lxtsf] ljsf; of]hgf xf] .
 ul/jd'vL / ul/jLsf ax'If]qut ljifo jf kIf;+u cGt/;DjlGwt ljsf;sf] nIo g} MDGs xf] .
Fundamental Values of MDGs
 Freedom- Resource / oppottunity df Access, Right choice / Voice
 Equality
 Solidarity- Interational Agenda not a state Agenda
 Tolerance
 Respect for Nature
 Shared Responsibility
!= ul/jL tyf ef]sjf6 pGd'lQm
 ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf hg;+VofnfO{ ;g @)!% ;Dd cfwf 36fpg] .
 ;"rsx?M
o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf hgtfsf] k|ltztdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g .
1990 2010 2015
42 25.4 21
 ul/jLsf] cGt/M ^=! k|ltzt 5 .
 /fli6o pkef]udf ul/jsf] lx:;f
g]kfnsf] k|of;
 ljut % jif{df ;/sf/sf] s"n jh]6sf] $#=& k|ltzt ul/jL lgjf/0fdf vr{ ePsf] .
 ul/jd'vL ljsf; k|of;sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .
 nlIft sfo{qmd 5g .
 ul/jLnfO{ ljsf;sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /flvPsf] 5 .
 If]qut gLltsf] ;femf nIo ul/jL lgjf/0f .
 u|fdL0f ul/jL lgjf/0fdf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 .

2
r'gf}ltx?
 /fhg}lts l:y/tf ePg .
 sfo{qmd nlIft ju{;Dd k'Ug ;s]gg .
 FDI cfPg .
 Elitte Capture eof] .
 ljleGg Global issus face ug'{k/of] .
 ;dfj]zL ljsf; x'g ;s]g .
!=@= ef]saf6 kLl8tsf] ;+Vofdf cfwf s6f}tL ug]{
;"rsx?M
 % jif{d'gLsf afnjflnsfsf ===================leGgtfnfO{ sd ug]{
1990 2010 2015
==== ===== =====
 ;Gt'lnt vfgf k|fKt ug]{ dflg;sf] k|ltzt a9fpg]
1990 2010 2015
12.5% 22.5% 25%
g]kfnsf] k|of;
 s[lifsf] ljsf;df hf]8
 vfB ;'/Iff / 9'jfgL cg'bfg
 Remittance df j[l4
 sfdsf nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd
r'gf}ltx?
 s[lif ul/jsf] k]zf dfq eof] .
 Agriculture system df kl/jt{g cfPg .
 Crop diversification ePg .
 Food habit ablnPg .
 Remittance sf] j[l4b/ 36bf] 5 .

3
cj s] ug]{ t<
 b]zleq} bLuf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{
 >dd'ns /f]huf/Ldf hf]8 lbg]
 :yfgLo s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg]
 zflGt, l:y/tf / k'g;{+/rgf
@= ljZjJoflk k|fylds lzIffdf kx'Fr
 5fq5fqfx?sf] k|fylds lzIffdf clgjfo{ kx'Fr lj:tf/ .
1990 2010 2015
64% 93.7% 100%
 sIff ! b]vL % ;Ddsf] k|fylds lzIffdf 5fq-5fqf cg'kft
1990 2010 2015
! !
 !% b]vL @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf ;fIf/tf b/
1990 2010 2015
49.6% 86.5% 100%
 Survival rate to grade 5 36fpg] .
1990 2010 2015
38% 77.9% 100%
g]kfnsf] k|of;
 ljBfno vfhf sfo{qmd, t]n tyf :6]zg/L ljt/0f
 dlxnf zf}rfno
 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf
 Gender sensitive kf7oqmd
 5fqf egf{sf nflu cleefjs lzIff
 egf{ ;Ktfx h:tf r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd .
r'gf}ltx?
 afnaflnsfsf] kx'Frdf ljBfno 5}gg .
 egf{ ePsf dWo] cfwfn] ljBfnosf] lzIff k'/f ub}{gg .

4
 ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 .
 lzIfssf] ;+Vof / u'0f:t/ ;do ;fk]If 5}g .
 kf7oqmd ;fGble{s 5}gg .
 dlxnf lzIfssf] ;+Vof sd 5 .
#= n}+lus ;dfgtf k|j4{g / dlxnf ;zlQms/0f
;g @)!% ;Dd k|fylds / dfWolds txsf] lzIffdf n}+lus lae]bsf] cGTo / ;g @)!% leq ;j} txsf] lzIffdf
lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ .
;"rsx?M
 k|fylds lzIffdf 5fq 5fqfsf] cg'kft
1990 2010 2015
! !
 dfWolds txdf 5fq 5fqfsf] cg'kft
1990 2010 2015
)=(# !
 !% b]vL @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf cg'kft
1990 2010 2015
)=*# !
 u}/s[lif If]qsf] Hofnf / /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] c+z
1990 2010 2015
18.9% 19.9%
 ;+;bdf dlxnf ;f+;bsf] k|ltlglwTj
1990 2010 2015
3.4% 32.8%
g]kfnsf] k|of;
1. dlxnfsf] sfo{ jftfj/0fdf ;xof]u
 Joj;flos lzIff
 School at work
2. /fhgLlts ;xeflutfdf pT;fxL t'Nofpg]
 sfof{nodf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof j[l4

5
 lgjf{rg k|s[ofdf ;'wf/
3. dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f cGTo
 hfu/0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng
 Helpline sf] Joj:yf
4. n}+lus ;r]tgf sfo{qmd
 Gender budgeting sf] Joj:yf .
 ## k|ltzt cf/If0f
 Gender monitoring system
 Gender Auditing system
 Gender management system
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff
 SIP
$= lzz' d[To'b/ 36fpg]
% aif{ d'gLsf lzz' d[To'b/nfO{ b'O{ ltxfO{n] 36fpg] .
;"rsx?M
 % jif{ d'gLsf lzz'sf] d[To'b/
1990 2010 2015
!^@ k|lt xhf/ %) k|lt xhf/ %$ k|lt xhf/
 gjhft hGdsf] d[To'b/
1990 2010 2015
!)* k|lt xhf/ $! k|lt xhf/ #^ k|lt xhf/
 bfb'/f lj?4sf] vf]k kfpg] ! jif{ d'gLsf lzz'sf] cg'kft
1990 2010 2015
42% 85.6% 90%
g]kfnsf] k|of;
 ;'/lIft dft[Tj
 ;'8]gL tflnd, dlxnf :jo+;]ljsf
 vf]ksf] Aofkstf
 PsLs[t jfn :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ;+rfng

6
 le6fldg rSsL, cfO{/g rSsL / ljBfno vf]k sfo{qmd
%= dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
dft[ d[To'b/sf] cg'kftnfO{ tLg rf}yfO{n] 36fpg] .
;"rsx?
 dft[ d[To'b/sf] cg'kft
1990 2010 2015
*%) k|lt nfv @@( k|lt nfv @!# k|lt nfv
 ;'/lIft JolQm4f/f ;'Ts]/L u/fpg]
1990 2010 2015
25.5% 60%
;/sf/sf] k|of;
 ;'Ts]/L vr{ lbg] .
 ;'9]gL tflndsf] lj:tf/ .
 dlxnf :jo+;]ljsf kl/rfngsf nflu ufpmF ljsf; ;ldltdf sf]ifsf] Joj:yf .
 ;'/lIft ue{ktg ;]jf
 /fli6o ;'/lIft dft[Tj of]hgf -@))@ b]vL @))& ;Dd_
^= HIV/ AIDS, dn]l/of / cGo /f]ujf6 pGd'lQm
HIV/ AIDS / cGo ;+qmldt /f]usf] j[l4b/nfO{ ;g @)!% ;Dddf cfwfdf emfg]{ / ltgsf] j[l4b/nfO{ gsf/fTds
t'Nofpg] .
;"rsx?
 HIV/ AIDS af6 d[To' x'g] tyf ;+qmldt x'g]sf] k|ltzt
 dn]l/of k|efljt If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ hgtfsf] ;+Vofdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g tyf /f]syfdsf] cg'kft
 Ifo/f]usf] ;+qmldt tyf Ifo/f]uaf6 k|efljt eO{ d[To' x'g]sf] k|ltzt
 DOTS k|ljlwaf6 Ifo/f]u pkrf/ ;]jf lnO{/x]sf JolQmsf] k|ltztdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g
;/sf/sf] k|of;
 HIV/ AIDS sf] ;+qmd0f /f]Sg lg/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{

7
 ;+:yfut k|of;
 nfu"kbfy{ b'Jo{;g lj?4sf sfo{qmdx?
 cf}nf] k|efljt If]qdf cf}iflw 5g]{ sfo{qmd
 DOTS sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf / ;+rfng
 Ifo/f]u pkrf/ s]Gb|sf] ;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L .
&= jftfj/0fLo bLuf]kgf sfod ug]{
 /fHosf ;j} gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf bLuf] ljsf;sf dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ . jftfj/0fLo ;|f]tsf] ljgfznfO{
k"jf{j:yfdf kmsf{pg] .
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f; 36fpg] .
 :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ gkfpg] hgtfsf] k|ltztnfO{ cfwfdf emfg]{ .
 Go"gtd jftfj/0fLo ;'ljwf ljxLgsf] k|ltztnfO{ cfwfdf emfg]{ .
;"rsx?
 ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{df bLuf] kx'Frsf] k|ltzt
 ;'wfl/Psf] jftfj/0fdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr .
1990 2010 2015
Forest Coverate 37% 39.6% 40%
;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgL 46% 80% 73%
;'wfl/Psf] jftfj/0fdf kx'Fr 6% 43% 53%
;/sf/sf] k|of;
 vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
 kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg
 ;kmf zx/L vfg]kfgL
 /fli6o hn gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog
 ;+/If0f If]q / lgs'~h j9fO{of] .
 ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmd
 EIA / IEE ug{ yflnof] .

8
*= ljsf;df ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/L k|j4{g
 MDGs ;a}sf] ;femf ljsf;sf] Ph]08f ePsf] kl/l:yltdf ;j} /fi6n] cf cfkmgf] Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg
u/L MDG sf nIo k|flKtdf lqmofzLntf b]vfPsf 5g . ul/ad'vL ljsf; k|0ffnL / k4lt :yflkt ug{ ul/Psf]
o; k|sf/sf] Aoj:yfn] ul/jsf] cfo cfh{g Ifdtf clej[l4df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
 MDGs sf nIo k"/f ug{ /fHosf cfGtl/s ;|f]tx? kof{Kt / kx'Frof]Uo gePsfn] Resource Gap k"/f ug{
cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u / ;fem]bf/L k|j4{g ug]{ k|of; .
 cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u / ;fem]bf/Lsf] :j?k kl/jt{g ePtfklg ;Gt'lnt, ;dGoflos Pj+ kx'Frof]Uo ljsf;sf nflu
k|of; hf/L .
 nIo k"/f ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t cfGtl/s jrt kl/rfng jf cGt/f{li6o ;d'bfonfO{ C0fsf] /sdaf6 s66f u/L
k"lt{ ug]{ k|of; .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
 jfXo ;xof]u cfjZos -s"n /fhZj GDP sf] !%=% k|ltzt dfq 5 ._
 GDP sf] )=& k|ltzt ODA sf] ?kdf Developing Country nfO{ lbg'kg]{df cfPg .
 4Gbkl5sf] cj:yfsf sf/0f yk /sd rflxG5 .
 Right to Food a9fpg Access a9fpg'kg]{ / ;f]sf nflu /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ .
 ;g @)!% ;Dd * cj{ 8n/ Resource Gap x'g] .
 lzIff, :jf:Yo / k"jf{wf/ lasf;df nufgL a9fpg' h?/L 5 .
MDGs sf] nIo k|flKtdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx? / ;'wf/sf pkfox?
 cfly{s j[l4sf] cefj 5 . j9fpg'k/of] .
 cfo ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf 5 . Distributive Justice df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
 zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] c;kmntf .
 gLltut sdhf]/L 5 . Policy, program nfO{ MDGs cg's"n agfpg] .
 ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf] ge} UN sf] Agenda sf] ?kdf lnO{g' unt eof] .
 MDGs require sufficient resources and institutional capacity
 ;fdflhs ljsf;df a9L hf]8 lbO{of] .cGo ljsf;sf If]qdf sd Wofg lbO{Psf] 5 .
 ljsl;t b]zn] cljsl;t b]znfO{ nfb]sf] l;4fGt xf] eGg] cf/f]k 5 .
 ;zQm zf;gsf] jf/]df df}g 5 .
 Need based ePg .
 One medicine for all disease eof] . One size fits all eof] .

9
 dfgj clwsf/, ;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf ljifodf df}g 5 .
 ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sdL 5 . k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{k/of] .
 MDGs nfO{ :yfgLos/0f ug{ ;lsPg . ug'{k/of] .
 lasf; gLlt of]hgf;+u Tie-up ePg . ug'{k/of] .
 :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ckgTj a9fpg'k/of] .
 /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf rflxof] . k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g'k/of] .
 HRD ug'{k/of] .
 cfwf/e"t pkef]usf] j:t'df cfTdlge{/ x'g'k/of] .
 Exclusion, Minority, Justice, empowerment, participation sf] jf/]df gjf]lnPsf] . dfgj
clwsf/sf] dfuaf6 lj:yflkt u/fpg] k|of; .

10
;"rgfsf] xs / ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTj
 Oxyzen of democracy xf] .
 df}lns xssf klg df}lns xs xf] .
 Knowlledge of power sf] ;f6f] Information of power xf] .
 Good Governance / Functional Democracy sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .
Right of Information
 Right to inform -;';"lrt x'g kfpg] clwsf/
 Right to be informed ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ st{Jo
o;sf ;fy} ;"rgfsf] xs ;DjGwL sfg'gn]M
 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfdf ;/n / ;xh kxF'r,
 ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/If0f
 ;+a]bgzLn ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0fsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;"rgfsf] xssf] l;4fGtx? -;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTj_
1. a9LeGbf j9L ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug'{k5{ .
2. dfu gcfPsf] cj:yfdf klg ;do ;dodf ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{kb{5 .
3. v'nf ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g ug'{kb{5 .
4. ckjfb jfx]ssf ;j} ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f ug'{kb{5 .
5. ;"rgf lbg] sfo{ljlw ;/n x'g' kb{5 .
6. Go"gtd nfutdf ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
7. ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cg'udg :jtGq lgsfoaf6 ug'{kb{5 .
8. ;+j]bgzLn ;"rgf uf]Ko /flvg' kb{5 .
9. ;"rgfbftf (Whistle blower) sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .
10. ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/L tflnd lbg'kb{5 .
11. ;"rgf pknAw gu/fP jfkt s'g} Iflt ePdf ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ / ;hfo ;d]t lbg' kb{5 .
12. ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ xsdf ;"rgf xs ;DjGwL sfg'g / cGo sfg'g aflemPdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfg'g dfGo
x'G5 .

11
g]kfndf s] 5<
1. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @& df ;"rgfsf] xs, wf/f @* df uf]klgotfsf] xs, wf/f !%% df
;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{, wf/f !$# df ;+s6sfnLg Joj:yf 5 . ljleGg ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|ltj]bg clgjfo{?kdf
;+;bdf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
2. ;"rgfsf] xs ;DjGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgofdfjnL, @)^%
 ;"rgfsf] kl/eflifs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
 ;"rgf cBfjlws / k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
 ckjfb jfx]s ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .
 ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ls6fgL u/]sf] 5 .
 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf .
 ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf .
 ;"rgf lbg cl:jsf/ u/]df ;hfo .
 k'g/fj]bg / Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf .
 ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf .
 Whistle blower sf] ;+/If0f
 ;"rgf juL{s/0f ug'{kg]{ Joa:yf 5 .
 ;/n / ;xh kx'Frsf] Joa:yf 5 .
 sfd sf/jfxL ;/n / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ .
 sd{rf/Lsf nflu pko'Qm tflndsf] Joj:yf .
3. ;"rgfsf] xs ;DjGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^^
4. ;"rgf cfof]usf] Joa:yf 5 .
5. ;"rgf clwsf/L -k|jQmf_ tf]lsPsf 5g .
6. s]lGb|o tYof+s ljefu
7. /fli6o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|
8. clen]v ;+/If0f P]g, @)$(
9. g]kfn 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg ;DjGwL P]g,
;"rgfsf] xs ;DjGwL P]gsf] cfjZostf
 nf]stGqsf nflu
 lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt lbg
 cGt/f{li6o Issue xf] .
 ;'zf;gsf nflu .

12
 !& jif{;Dd xs lyof], P]g lgod lyPgg .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DjGwL sfg'g lsg k|efjsf/L ePgg<
1. /fhg}lts O{R5fzlQm / k|ltj4tfsf] sdL .
2. sfo{sf/Lsf] ldrfxf k|j[lQ 5 .
3. ;"rgf n'sfpg] / tf]8df]8 ug]{ ul/G5 .
4. uf]Ko ;+:s[ltsf] jr{:j 5 .
5. gful/s lzIffsf] cefj 5 .
6. P]g lgodsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ x'b}g .
7. ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ / kfpg'kg]{ ;+:sf/sf] cefj 5 .
8. gful/s j8fkq ;hfj6sf] ;fdfu|L ePsf] 5 .
9. ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt 5 .
10. ;fwg, ;|f]t / hgzlQmsf b[li6n] sltko ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ Jojfxfl/s sl7gfO{ 5 .
11. Whistle blow ug]{ eGbf klg l/emfpg] k|j[lQ 5 .
12. kof{Kt k}/jL / hgr]tgfljgf sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO{ 5 .
13. ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ tflndsf] cefj 5 .
14. cgfjZos lsl;dn] ;"rgf dfUg] / b'?kof]u x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .
15. uf]klgotf ;DjGwL lnvt P]g, @)#( xfn;Dd nfu" 5 .
16. /fli6o ;'/Iff sfg'g 5}g .
17. Ifltk"lt{ ;DjGwL xs / sfg'g 5}g .
s:tf ;"rgfx? uf]Ko /fVg' kb{5<
1. d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, Pstf / cv08tf;+u ;DjlGwt
2. /fli6o ;"/Iff / cGt/f{li6o ;DjGwdf c;/ k'/ofpg]
3. ck/fwsf] cleof]hg / cg';Gwfg
4. d'n'ssf] cy{, Jofkfl/s, df}lb|s / af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f ;DjGwL,
5. a}+ls+u uf]klgotf
6. ;d'bfosf] ;'-;DjGwdf vnn k'/ofpg]
7. JolQmut uf]klgotf
8. u'Ktr/Lsf ljifox? .

13
4Gbkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;
 o'4lj/fd / zflGt ;Demf}tf dfq 4Gbsf] ;dfKtL geO{ 4Gb ;dfwfgk|ltsf] k|:yfg laGb' xf] .
 4Gbsf] l:yltnfO{ cGTo ub}{ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg 4Gbkl5sf] r/0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .
 bLuf] zflGt 4Gb/t kIfsfjLrdf ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f agfP/ dfq sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
4Gbkl5 /fHonfO{ ;fdflhs cfly{s cu|udg lbg] cfwf/x?
1. k|efjsf/L zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f
 cfwf/e"t sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
 lje]bsf] cGTo ug]]{
 ljkGg ju{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{
 ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df nufgL a9fpg] .
2. zflGt ;'/Iffsf] :yfkgf
 ;Demf}tfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug]{,
 ;Ldf ;'/Iff
 ;'/Iff ;+oGqdf gful/s lgoGq0f
 gful/s k|zf;gnfO{ ;jn agfpg]
 lj:yflktsf] Joj:yfkg
3. ;+a}wflgs ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf / ;anLs/0f ug]{
 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] k|f?k tof/L
 :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rg
 dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
 gful/s ;dfhsf] k|j4{g .
4. :yL/ / ;dtfd"ns cfly{s ljsf;
 Distributive Justice
 /f]huf/Ldf a9f]Q/L
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] Jofkstf
 d"No lgoGq0f
5. Gofo k|0ffnL Pj+ d]nldnfk ;+u7gx?sf] ;anLs/0f
 ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
 ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g
 ljutsf u'gf;fx?sf] ;dfwfg .

14
6. k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf] k'gM lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxsf] k'gM :yfkgf
 ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f
 ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/
 cfktsfnLg Joj:yfkg
 ;fdflhs k"FhL lgdf{0f
 cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cGTo
 nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f
 ljt/0f k|s[ofdf ;'wf/ .
7. :yfgLo lqmofzLntf a9fO{ cfk/flws ;+u7gsf lqmofsnfksf] cGTo
8. k|x/L k|zf;gsf] ;anLs/0f Pj+ Ifdtf ljsf; .
4Gbkl5sf] ljsf;
 4Gbsf] ljlelifsfkl5 cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf lgldQ lasf; lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ cj:yf .
 ljt/0ffTds Gofo, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lasf; g} bLuf] zflGt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ .
 ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ .
s;/L ljsf; ug]{< (5 Rs)
1. Rehabilitation
 dgf];fdflhs k'gM :yfkgf
 kLl8tx?sf] k'gM :yfkgf
 lj:yflktx?sf] k'gM :yfkgf
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k'gM :yfkgf
2. Reconstruction
 ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ef}lts k'gM lgdf{0f
 ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt / lasf;
 ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf
 gful/s ;dfhsf] kl/rfng
3. Reintegration
 Gofo / ;dfgtf
 bof, Ifdf / zflGt
 ;xgzLntf
 kLl8t / kL8ssf jLrdf /x]sf] l/Qmtf / ltQmtfsf] cGTo .

15
4. Reconciliation
 4Gbsf qmddf ef]u]sf kL8fsf] dgf]j}1flgs ldnfg ug]{ pkfosf] vf]hLsf l;nl;nfdf 4Gbsf kfq
/ gful/ssf jLrsf] lr;f]kg x6fpg] .
 ;To lg?k0f, cfTd cfnf]rgf, Ifltk"lt{, kL8snfO{ sf/jfxL .
5. Restorative Justice
 :jtGq Gofokflnsf
 ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/s kx'Fr
 /fhgLlts l:y/tf
 ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f
 b08xLgtfsf] cGTo .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
zflGt lgdf{0f k|s[of
 lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf
 k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf / dfcf]jfbL ;xeflutf
 cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L
 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg
 ?kfGt/0fsf ;femf sfo{qmd
 ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0fsf] k|of;
 zflGt tyf k'gM lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
 cgldgsf] pkl:ylt
 k'gM:yfkgf / k'glg{df{0fdf nufgL
 g]kfn zflGtsf]ifsf] :yfkgf
 j]kQf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt
 j]kQf tyf pRr:t/Lo ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7gsf] k|of;
 pRr:t/Lo zflGt tyf k'gM:yfkgf ;ldlt
 :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx?
zflGt k|lqmofsf r'gf}ltx?
 gful/ssf] zL3| k|ltkmnsf] rfxgf s;/L k'/f ug]{<
 ;dfj]zL /fHo s;/L jgfpg]<
 Peace Dividend (Security + Development) nfO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd s;/L k'/ofpg]<

16
 ljeflht ;dfhnfO{ s;/L PsLs[t ug]{<
 lje]bx?sf] cGTo s;/L ug]{<
 /fhgLlts ;xdlt s;/L sfod ug]{<
 zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog
 /fHo zlQm / ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8
 ;dfj]zLs/0f jf JolQmut klxrfg
zflGt k|s[ofn] lsg ck]lIft ult lng ;s]g<
1. bnut leGgtf eof] . Ph]08fdf g} Ps?ktf sfod x'g ;s]g .
2. lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / zf;sLo ;+/rgfsf] :j?kdf g} ljdlt 5 .
3. ;dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ePg . n8fs' ;dfof]hg ePg .
4. ;Qfd'vL /fhgLlts bn . cfof]u u7gdf j]jf:tf 5 .
5. gful/s ;dfh ;zQm ePgg .
6. Peace dividend ljt/0fdf l9nfO{sf sf/0f :yfgLo:t/df gofF 4Gbsf] l;h{gf x'b}5 .
7. Post conflict development nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{Pg .
8. cfGtl/s ;'/Iff 36bf] 5 .
9. Rehabilitation / Reconstruction zflGt dGqfnosf] dfq Agenda agfO{of] .
10. ck/fwsf] /fhLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/flws/0f 5 .
zflGt lgdf{0f / lasf;sf nflu s] ug]{<
1. ljsf;df Do No Harm sf] gLlt ckgfpg] .
2. Social Audit ug]{ .
3. Transparency a9fpg] .
4. ;fdflhs k'gM lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] .
5. ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/ .
6. cfGtl/s lj:yflktsf] Joj:yfkg .
7. zflGt k|s[ofnfO{ ;+:yfut t'Nofpg] .
8. Peace Dividend sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f ug]{ .
9. cfly{s ljsf; / ;f]sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ .
10. Right based development df hf]8 lbg] .

17
 hj Governance System k|efjsf/L x'b}g ta Conflict l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .
 4Gb ;dfwfgsf nflu Distributive / Redistributive Justice df Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
1. Protective Justice- ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg ;+/If0f .
2. Corrective Justice- c;IfdnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf .
3. Restorative Justice- Iflt k'u]sf]nfO{ Ifltk"lt{, ck/fw ug]{nfO{ b08 .
 Economically- Distribution,
 politically- Justice
 g]kfndf ljsf; cfof]hgfx?df Conflict Sensitivity Analysis ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . Public Disturbance sf]
Predict ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
4Gbf]Q/ ljsf;sf k|d'v tTjx?
1. cfly{s ljsf;
2. Ifdtf ljsf;
3. lgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgf
4. /fhgLlts l:y/tf
5. ;fdflhs d]nldnfk
6. ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / ;'/Iff
7. ;'/Iff lgsfosf] k'g:yf{kgf .

18
a;fO{ ;/fO{ / o;sf] k|efj
 g]kfndf a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] gLlt of]hgfj4 lasf;sf] qmd;+u} ljsf; ePsf] kfO{G5 .
 a;fO{;/fO{M cfGtl/s, cGt/f{li6o
 cfGtl/s a;fO{;/fO{n] hg;+Vofsf] 36j9df xf]O{g, ljt/0fdf c;/ ub{5 eg]+ cGt/f{li6o a;fO{ ;/fO{n] b]zsf]
hg;+Vof l:yltdf km/s kfb{5 .
 g]kfn / ef/tjLrsf] v'nf ;Ldfgfsf sf/0f klg cGt/f{li6o a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;j}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] .
 cGt/f{li6o a;fO{;/fO{n] b]zsf] s"n hg;+Vofdf g} km/s kfg]{ x'gfn] o;n] s'g}klg b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
/fhg}lts If]qdf k|efj kfb{5 .
 cGt/f{li6o a;fO{ ;/fO{ - Emigration (Going abroad)
- Immigration (entry of outers)
a;fO{;/fO{n] kg]{ c;/
I. hg;+Vofdf kg]{ c;/
 a[l4b/df c;/ Growth df
 jgfj6df c;/ Structure df
 ljt/0fdf c;/ Distribution df
II. cfly{s If]qdf kg]{ c;/
 Job Market df bjfj .
 a]/f]huf/L j95 .
 s[lifof]Uo e"lddf rfk
 jg h+unsf] ljgfz, jftfj/0fdf c;/
 cf}Bf]lus If]qdf bjfj
 :yfgLo ljsf;sf] ah]6df c;/
III. ;fdflhs If]qdf kg]{ c;/
 Ethnic jgfj6df c;/
 Place of origin sf] culture transfer x'Fbf place of destination df c;/
 z}lIfs If]qdf bjfa
 cJojl:yt j;f]af;
 ;dfhsf] df}lns dof{bfdf x|f;
 ;fdflhs ck/fw j9g] 8/ .
IV. /fhg}lts If]qdf kg]{ c;/
 Political culture df k|efj

19
 Place of destination df g]tf x'g] k|j[lQ
 o'jf hg;+Vof a9L ePdf High demand/ aspiration k'/f ug'{kg]{ bjfa
V. 5f]8]/ hfg] 7fpmFdf kg]{ k|efj
 pTkfbgzLn hgzlQmsf] cefj
 Brain drain
 j[4x?sf] hg;+Vof j9L x'g]
 Female headed household a9L x'g]
 lzlIft JolQmsf] sdL
a;fO{ ;/fO{sf sf/0fx?
 a;]sf] 7fpmFsf] ljsif{0f (Push Factor)
 hfg] 7fpmFsf] cfsif{0f (Pull Factor)
Place of Origin dfM
 Lack of job, education, facility, business opportunity
 Landlessness
 Social and family conflict
 Absence of relation of origin
Place of Destination dfM
 Access of transportation
 Better job opportunity
 Educational opportunity
 Quality of life
 Freedom
 Service (Job) transfer
 Owned land already
 Marriage
a;fO{;/fO{sf] ;Gbe{df hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx?
 Young age structure
 ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cefj
 Labor migration sf c;/x?

20
 Job market sf] cefj
 ul/jL
 Manpower Company / o; ;DjGwL sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ljsf;
hg;+Vof gLlt
 d[To'b/ 36fpg]
 hGdb/ 36fpg]
 cf};t cfo' a9fpg]
 a;fO{;/fO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofdf b]vf k/]sf k|j[lQ
1. pRrb/df hg;+Vof j[l4
2. pRr k|hgg b/
3. 36bf] d[To'b/
4. t/fO{ / zx/ s]lGb|t a;fO{ ;/fO{
5. a9bf] zx/Ls/0f
6. sdhf]/ ;fIf/tf
7. hg;+Vof j[l4 bLuf] ljsf;sf] r'gf}lt .
@)!! sf] hg;+Vof

21
k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGt / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
 nf]stGq / k|ltlglwTj kl/k'/ssf ?kdf /xG5g . nf]stGq zf;g k4lt dfq xf]O{g, hLjg k4lt g} xf] hxfF
ljrf/ ;lxt dflg;sf] hLjg lhpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] ub{5 .
 k|ltlglwTj eg]sf] s;}sf] efjgf, ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0fsf] ;fy{s pkl:ylt b]vfpg] sfd xf] . gful/s ljrf/
cfjfh / efjgfnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|s[ofdf ;dfj]z u/fpg' xf] .
 k|ltlglwTjdfM
 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kIf
 k|ltlglwTj x'g] kIf
 k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f
 k|ltlglwTj x'g] cj:yf .
k|ltlglwTjsf nflu lgDg s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5M
 k|zf;sLo lhNnf
 hg;+Vof
 hfltotf
 wd{
 dlxnf, lk5l8Psf] ju{, ckf+u / cNk;+Vos .
k|ltlglwTjsf lsl;d jf k|0ffnL
 ax'dtLo k|0ffnLM a9L dt k|fKt ug]{n] lhTg] .
 ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLM ;dfj]zL cfwf/ .
 ldl>t k|0ffnLM ax'dtLo k|0ffnLsf k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj / gful/s :jtGqtf / ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf
;dfj]zL u'0f c+ufn]sf] .
k|ltlglwTjsf l;4fGtx?
I. Reactionary Theory
 cfkm'nfO{ pRr sf]6Lsf] ;Demg]
 hgdtaf6 lgjf{lrt ePklg hgdt cg';f/ rgNg] .
 hgtfn] ljgfzt{ ;dy{g ug'{kg]{ dfGotf ePsf] .
II. Elite Theory
 Elite x?;+u dfq k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf .

22
III. Conservative Theory
 Elite af6 g]tf aGg'kg]{ .
 hgtfaf6} k|ltlglw /f]Hg] clwsf/ /xb}g .
IV. Liberal Theory
 ;a} hgtfsf] ;dfg x}l;ot x'G5 .
 k|ltlglw x'nfsLsf] ?kdf dfq x'G5 .
V. Radical Theory
 k|ltlglwTjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5 .
 Direct Democracy df ljZjf; ub{5 .
 hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf vf]Hb5 .
VI. Minority Theory
1. Concurrent Majority Theory- ax'dtsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog eGbf cuf8L cNkdtsf] ;d]t ;xdlt
lng'kg]{ .
2. Consoliation Democratic Theory- ax'dtsf] cfwf/df dfq geO{ laleGg ;d"x ldn]/ ;Qfsf] k|of]u
;DaGwL lg0f{o lng'kg]{ . ldn]/, afF8]/ ;/sf/ u7g ul/g' kg]{ .
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
 zf:qLo nf]stGqdf ax'dtn] zf;g ug]{ x'gfn] ;+w} :j:y ax'dtn] zf;g u5{ eGg] x'b}g . cyf{t
Voters Prradox Arrow's impossibility Theorem sf nIf0f b]lvg ;Sb5g . Technical
Minority n] Technical Majority dfly zf;g ug{ ;Sb5g . h;af6 s'g}klg ju{, If]q, hftL,
;d'bfosf hgtfsf] ljrf/sf] pkl:ylt lgif]w x'g hfG5 . sd k|ltzt dt k|fKt u/]sf bnn] ;d]t a9L
;L6sf sf/0f hgfO{ zf;gd g]t[Tj ug'{sf ;fy} pNn]Vo dt k|fKt u/]sf bnn] ;d]t pDd]bjf/n] ax'dt
gNofPsf sf/0f Ps ;L6klg k|fKt gug]{ cj:yf x'g ;Sb5 . cNk;+Vosx?sf] k|ltlglwTj gePsf]
sf/0f ;dfj]zLs/0fdf c;/ ub{5 .
 dfly pNn]lvt Minority Theory cg';f/sf] Representation ePdf Majority sf ;fy} Minority
sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] x'Fbf ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj ;'lrlZrt x'g ;Sb5 .
 ljljwtfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ / ;w}+ hgtfdf nf]stGqsf] k"0f{ cg'e"lt lbnfpg ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtn] ;xof]u ub{5 . -Diversity Management sf nflu, ;j}nfO{ Democracy sf]
cg'e"lt lbnfpg ._
 xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgn] PR sf nflu %* k|ltzt ;L6 ;'lglZrt u/fPsf] 5 .

23
 PR sf nflu oxL g} df]8n l7s 5 eGg ufx|f] 5 . s'g}klg b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnL ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
cj:yf, ef}uf]lns ljefhg h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ s:tf] l;4fGt ckgfpg] egL lgSof}{n
ug'{kb{5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df MMPR k|0ffnLg} pko'Qm b]lvG5 h;af6 k|fKt dt v]/ ghfg], k|ToIf pQ/bfloTjsf]
klg :yfkgf x'g] / cNk;+Vosx?sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g ;Sb5 .
 t/ bnleqsf] cfGtl/s nf]stGqnfO{ ;d]t Vofn ug'{ kb{5 .

24
;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
;fdflhs Gofo
 ;dfhdf b]lvPsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .
 jt{dfgdf ;fdflhs Gofo Welfare State / Redistribution ;+u hf]l8P/ cfPsf] 5 .
 ;fdflhs GofoM
o lgikIf / Gofok"0f{ Jojfxf/ (Fair Treatment)
o cj;/sf] ;dGoflos k|flKt .
 ;dfhdf /x]sf] lje]b / c;dfgtfsf] b"/L 36fO{ ljBdfg 4Gb / c;Gt'li6sf] cGTo ug'{ g} ;fdflhs Gofosf]
p2]Zo xf] .
 Social Justice Distribution / Contribution df x'G5 .
 Social Justice-
- For Identity, For Access, For Representation Mainstreaming
 Social Justice eg]sf] Inequality for equality klg xf] .
;fdflhs GofonfO{ ljleGg cfofdjf6 a'emg ;lsG5M
 /fhg}ltsM ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj, Liberty, Rule of law
 cfly{sM Distributive Justice, c;dfgtfsf] cGTo
 ;fdflhsM lje]bsf] cGTo, klxrfgsf] :yfkgf
 k|zf;lgsM Equal Opportunity
;fdflhs Gofo s;/L k|fKt x'G5<
 dfgj sNof0f (Human Welfare) af6
 ljt/0f Gofo (Distributive Justice) af6
 k'gla{t/0f Gofo (Redistributive Justice) af6
 ;+/If0ffTds Gofo (Protective Action) af6
 ;zlQms/0f (Empowerment) af6
 /fHo k'g;+{/rgf (State Restructuring) af6 .
;fdflhs Gofo k|flKtsf nflu ;f]xL cg';f/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd, sfo{ljlw, Jojfxf/ / d"No dfGotfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd, d'n'sL P]g, nlIft ju{ sfo{qmd, ;dfj]zL ljsf;df hf]8 lbP/ ul/jL lgjf/0fsf ;fy} bLuf]
cfly{s ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofodf hf]8 lbO{Psf] kfO{G5 .

25
;fdflhs ;'/Iff
 ;fdflhs Gofosf] Ps efu xf] .
 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf c;'/lIft jf hf]lvd ;DefAo JolQmnfO{ laleGg pkfo / lgsfoaf6 ljz]if
;x'lnot / ;xof]usf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5 .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iffn] lgDg s'/f ePsf] af]w u/fpF5M
 cj;/ gkfpg]sf nflu cj;/
 ;+/If0f gkfpg]nfO{ ;+/If0f
 b'j} s'/fsf] k|flKtsf] efjgfTds cg'e"lt .
 ;fdflhs ;'/IffM
 s;nfO{M sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ .
 s;n]M /fHon] .
 s;/LM ljz]if Joj:yf u/]/ .
 lsgM ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf b'O{ t/Lsf 5gM
s_ ;fdflhs ;xfotfM czQm / hf]lvddf k/]sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
v_ ;fdflhs ljdfM hf]lvd jxgsf nflu ljQLo ?kdf ;fawfgL ckgfpg] .
;fdfGotof /fHon] oL If]qdf nlIft eP/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub{5M
s_ ;+s6sfnLg /f]huf/L of]hgf
v_ vfB ;'/Iff
u_ nlIft cg'bfg
3_ :yf:Yo pkrf/
8)_ k'g:yf{kgf
r_ j[4 tyf czQm eQf .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff a9fpg] pkfox?
 cf}krfl/s t/LsfM ;/sf/L k|of;
I. ;fdflhs ;xfotfM ul/aL 36fpg], Ifdtf a9fpg] / cg'bfg lbg] .
II. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ljdfM /f]huf/ bfloTj sfo{qmd, ;~rosf]if sfo{qmd, ;xof]u sfo{qmd,
ljdf ;'ljwf .
III. /f]huf/L of]hgfM k|ToIf /f]huf/L, gLlt, ;xof]u / ;'/Iff .

26
IV. nlIft sfo{qmd
V. >d ahf/ sfo{qmdM sfdsf nflu vfBfGg, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{qmd .
 cgf}krfl/s tl/sfM lghL k|of;df
I. ;xsf/L sfo{qmddf ;+nUg eP/
II. ;dfhsf ;b:ox? cf+km} Jojl:yt eP/
III. lghL If]qsf ljQ of]hgfdf ;+nUg eP/ .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf ;d:ofx?
 yf]/} If]qdfq ;d]6]sf] (Coverage sd 5_
 ;b:osf] 5gf}6 -nlIft AolQm;Dd k'u]g_
 u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf k|efjsf/L ePg . -sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ePgg_
 sfo{ v08Ls/0f -6'qm] sfo{qmd eP_
 ljQLo lbuf]kgf gx'g' -lbuf]kgfdf Wofg sd 5_
 lg/Gt/tfsf] cefj .
g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
1. vfBfGg;+u ;DjlGwt sfo{qmd
 sfdsf nflu vfBfGg
 vfBfGg 9'jfgL cg'bfg .
2. ;fdflhs ;xfotf . ljdf
 j[4 eQf
 Psn dlxnf eQf
 czQm eQf .
3. /f]huf/ ;'/Iff of]hgf
 ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{
 s0ff{nL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd
 o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd .
4. sfdbf/ . sd{rf/L ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
 >d sfg'g cg';f/sf] >d ;'/Iff
 6]8 o'lgog clwsf/
 ;]jf lgj[Q ;'ljwf
 sd{rf/L ljdf .

27
5. /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk lasf; sfo{qmd
 k|fljlws tyf ;Lkd"ns sfo{qmd
 n3' C0f sfo{qmd .
6. cGo nlIft sfo{qmd
 dlxnf kf]if0f sfo{qmd
 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd
 vfB ;xfotf sfo{qmd .

28
>lds ;+u7g / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL
6]8 o'lgog
 Pstf g} an xf] eGg] dfGotfaf6 ljsf; ePsf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
 6]8 o'lgog eGgfn] sfdbf/x?sf] k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g ug{ btf{ ePsf] 6]8 o'lgognfO{ hgfpg] /
o;n] k|lt:7fg:t/sf ;+3 / dxf;+3nfO{ klg hgfp+5 . -6]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$(_
 6]8 o'lgog clwsf/
 ;+ul7t x'g kfpg]
 ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ kfpg]
 x8tfn ug{ kfpg] .
 lj=;+ @))# ;fndf lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldndf dhb'/ ;ef gfdsf] 6]8 o'lgog u7g ePsf] xf] .
 @)!^ df g]kfn sf/vfgf / sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ dhb'/ ;DjGwL P]g hf/L .
 /fli6o lgb]{zg P]g, @)!*
 ;+3;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$
 >d P]g, @)$*
 6]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%) hf/L .
gLltut Joj:yf
1. cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 wf/f !@M ;+3, ;+:yf vf]Ng kfpg] :jtGqtf
 wf/f !*M /f]huf/Lsf] xs
 wf/f #)M plrt >d cEof;, cfkmgf] lxt /Iffsf] nflu 6]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;+ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs
;f}bfjfhL ug]{ xs
 wf/f ##M k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ s'/f /fHosf] bfloTjleq k/]sf] 5 .
 wf/f #%M >d zlQmnfO{ b]zsf] d'Vo cfly{s zlQmsf] ?kdf dfgL >ldssf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f /
pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf >ldssf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt .
 wf/f !%$M dhb'/ cfof]u .
2. >d P]g, @)$*
3. 6]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%)
4. k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efsf] @)^# j};fv @* sf] 3f]if0ff
5. ILO Convention- Right to organizing, Right to bargaining

29
6. lghfdtL 6]8 o'lgogsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %#-$_ / -%_ tyf
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!&-$_ cg';f/M
 sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxt / ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff;+u ;DalGwt ljifo
 sd{rf/Lsf] ;do ;fk]If ;'lawf
 j[lQ ljsf;
 sd{rf/L ;Da4 cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfx?df k|ltlglwTj
 ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj lbg]
 sd{rf/Lsf nflu /rgfTds / l;h{gfTds sfd ;+rfng ug]{
 lghfdtL ;]jf ;DjGwL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg]
 sd{rf/LnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] laifo
 sd{rf/Lsf] lxt;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ljifox? .
;+:yfut Joj:yf
 >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno
 ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
 >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefu
 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
 >d ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt
 >d cbfnt
 sd{rf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx? .
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] >d ;+u7g lsg<
 k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf nflu .
 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;'b[9, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ultzLn agfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
 sd{rf/Ldf hg;]jfsf] efjgf lasf; u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ul/dfdo ;]jfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
;sf/fTds kIf
 df}lns xssf] ?kdf 5 .
 dfgjLo k|lti7fsf] ljifo xf] .
 ;+:yfk|lt ckgTj af]w u/fp+5 .
 cGofo lj?4 ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 .

30
gsf/fTds kIf
 kf6L{ lgs6tfM lgikIf ePgg .
 /fhgLlts bnn] eft[ ;+u7gsf ?kdf lnP .
 sd{rf/Lx? ljeflhtM ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL sdhf]/ eof] .
 k]zfut lxt / Aofj;flostf a9fpg ;s]gg .
 ;+u7g / gful/ssf] lxt eGbf cfkmgf] lxtdf s]lGb|t eP .
g]kfndf 6]8 o'lgog / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLn]
 sfo{jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/
 cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/
 pTkfbsTj a9fpg]
 cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg] .

31
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL
 Social Dialogue klg elgG5 .
 Collective Bargaining- Negotiation between employers and workers organizations
 hxfF Trade Union Right x'G5, ToxfF Collective Bargaining rflxG5 .
 Joj:yfks / sfdbf/jLr ;fd"lxs ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ ;fd"lxs 5nkmnaf6 lg?k0f ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ ;fd"lxs
;f}bfjfhL elgG5 .
 ;Demf}tf ug]{ / nfu" ug]{ k|s[of xf] .
 o'lgog / Joj:yfkgsf] d]nldnfksf] k|s[of xf] .
 sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] rfxgf / /f]huf/bftf, Joj:yfkssf] k/:k/ lj/f]wL rfxgfnfO{ ;dGjofTds 9+un]
Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLleqM
 /f]huf/Lsf zt{ ;DjGwL ljifo,
 clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw ;DjGwL ljifo /
 sfdbf/sf] lxt / sNof0f ug]{ Pj+ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DjGwL ljifo kb{5g .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf nfluM
 dhb'/ o'lgogn] cfkmgf dfux? lgle{stf ;fy /fVg kfpg'kg]{ .
 dhb'/ o'lgognfO{ ;xdltdf k'Ug bafj lbg gx'g] .
 ;/sf/n] Joj:yfkg / dhb"/sf jLrdf pTkGg ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ x:tIf]k ug]{ xf]O{g, b'j} kIfnfO{
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLaf6 ;Demf}tfdf k'Ugsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .
 dhb'/ o'lgog / Joj:yfksjLrdf ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f rflxG5 .
 s]xL k|fKt ug]{ / s]xL Tofu ug]{ dgl:ylt x'g'kb{5 .
 ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf k|s[ofnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg Joj:yfksn] pBf]u, pkef]Qmf / /fi6k|ltsf] bfloTjk|lt
;r]t x'g'kb{5 .

First paper unit 5

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First paper unit 5