Four Areas of Earth Science and Weathering terms
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The document covers four major areas of earth science: astronomy, meteorology, geology, and hydrology. It explains types of rocks including sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic, as well as processes of weathering, erosion, and the formation of sinkholes, emphasizing human impact on the environment. Additionally, it provides examples of different types of weathering and methods to prevent erosion.
Four Areas of Earth Science and Weathering terms
- 1. Four Areas of Earth Science Illustrated by Kella Randolph http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N9xRWfkIbGs/VEOsLg_TTCI/AAAAAAAAAWw/Y3IyeeGm4KM/s1600/esferas%2Btierra.jpg
- 2. Astronomy • Astronomy is the study of bodies in space, such as stars, planets, and the universe. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BYThis Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
- 3. Meteorology • Meteorology is the study of weather and includes all concepts related to weather and climate. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USA_weather_forecast_2006-11-07.gif/200px- USA_weather_forecast_2006-11-07.gif https://yourcruisingeditor.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/cyclones-over-aus_bureau-of-meteorology.jpg
- 4. Geology • Geology is the study of Earth, which includes rocks, soil, and geohazards such as volcanoes. https://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2015/08/Geologists-examining-ash-layer.jpg https://adventuresingeology.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/image41.jpg
- 5. Hydrology • Hydrology/Oceanography is the study of water, which includes all fresh and saltwater processes. Humans and other land dwelling animals cannot drink seawater. We must have freshwater to survive. Only about 2.5% of all the water on Earth is freshwater. http://www.publicworksgroup.com/blog/wp- content/uploads/2016/02/WaterSupplySources_StyleA.png http://learnwithtechnolgy.com/sevencontinentsandoceaniu3.gif https://utexaslearn.instructure.com/courses/2010099/pages/explain- ii-water-resources-and-use
- 6. Types of rock • Sedimentary • Igneous • Metamorphic https://i.stack.imgur.com/1qxMW.jpg
- 7. Sedimentary rock • Sedimentary rocks are formed from compacted sediments. When other types of rocks undergo weathering, they turn into sediments and can then become sedimentary rocks. https://openpress.usask.ca/app/uploads/sites/29/2018/08/clastic_table.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/1200px- Triassic_Utah.JPG
- 8. Igneous Rock • Igneous rocks form near or on the surface and are made from cooled lava. They tend to be shiny/glassy in appearance. Igneous rocks can be turned into sedimentary or metamorphic rocks depending on environmental conditions. https://openpress.usask.ca/app/uploads/sites/29/2018/06/volcanic_rock_ID_3rd.png https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyearle/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2016/06/magma2.jpg
- 9. Metamorphic rock • Metamorphic rocks are formed deep within the earth by being subjected to intense heat and pressure. These can then melt into magma and become igneous rocks or they can be weathered into sediment and transform back into sedimentary rocks. It is important to understand that these changes take a very long time. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rock_contact_metamorphism _eng_big_text.jpg/220px-Rock_contact_metamorphism_eng_big_text.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Augen-gneiss-2.jpg
- 10. Types of Weathering Mechanical/Physical Weathering https://openpress.usask.ca/app/uploads/sites/29/2018/07/Ice-wedging.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KharazaArch.jpg/ 300px-KharazaArch.jpg
- 11. Chemical weathering • Chemical weathering involves changing the chemical makeup of the rock. This can be done through dissolving (acid rain or water can break down the rock), carbonation (acid made from carbon dioxide and water can break down the rock), or oxidation (minerals in the rock mixing with oxygen). https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5031/5837350062_b112556080_z.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Salt_weathering_in_gozo.jpg/500px- Salt_weathering_in_gozo.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lava_z14.jpg/220px -Lava_z14.jpg
- 12. Physical weathering • Physical weathering is the breakdown of the rock without changing its composition. Examples of mechanical weathering include frost wedging (water freezes in cracks and expands to break up the rock), exfoliation (top layer is removed due to severe weather), root wedging (plant roots grow into rocks and break them), abrasion (wind and water break down rocks), and animal activity (burrowing animals or human activity). https://live.staticflickr.com/4766/39083969255_991cf7b369_b.jpg
- 13. Which type of weathering? Mechanical/physical weathering - physical disintegration of a rock into smaller fragments, each with the same properties as the original. Occurs mainly by temperature and pressure changes • frost wedging: water from rain or snow fills a crack in a rock. Then the water freezes and expands. The expansion breaks the rock. • root wedging: a plant grows in a crack in a rock and as it grows, it breaks the rock • Exfoliation occurs when rocks that formed in high pressure environments are brought to the Earth's surface. When the pressure on these rocks decreases, they expand and split apart into sheets. • Abrasion is caused when rocks rub together. For example, the rocks on a riverbed smooth each other because they collide in the current. Small particles of rock carried by the wind may cause abrasion as well. • Thermal expansion is caused by heating. When rocks are heated -- as by the sun -- they expand. If different portions of a rock expand at different rates, the heated parts will exert pressure on each other, and crack. Chemical weathering - process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the addition or removal of elements. • Oxidation is the reaction of oxygen with chemicals in a rock. For instance, oxygen reacts with iron to form iron oxide -- rust -- which is soft and vulnerable to physical weathering. • Hydrolysis is a process in which a rock absorbs water into its chemical structure. A rock with a higher water content is softer, and thus easier for physical weathering, or even just gravity, to decay. • Carbonation is caused by carbonic acid in water reacting with and degrading rock. This acid is especially effective at degrading limestone. Underground carbonation may form limestone caverns. • Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the air reacting with water to form acids that then fall to the ground. These acids are particularly harmful to marble, chalk, and limestone, and cause damage to tombstones, statues, and other public monuments. Zamboni, Jon. "Difference Between Chemical and Physical Weathering" sciencing.com, https://sciencing.com/difference- between-chemical-physical-weathering-5827944.html. 30 December 2019.
- 14. Erosion • Erosion breaks down material, such as soil, and transports it to other places. Water is one of the main agents of erosion. Every time it rains, water hits the ground with surprising force, causing some of the soil to wash away with the water. The soil particles, or sediments, are deposited elsewhere. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Sidari_Eroded_Rock.jpg http://www.soil-net.com/album/Water/Lakes_Rivers/slides/River%20Swale%20bank%20erosion.jpg
- 15. Human activities that can lead to erosion • 1. Deforestation: removing all of the trees from an area • 2. Agriculture: clearing away forest and native growth to make room for food or textile crops to grow • 3. Construction: clearing land to use for buildings and roads https://southafricatoday.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Deforestation-inside-Sudcams-concession-in-Cameroon.jpg
- 16. Lack of vegetation can lead to erosion • Without roots to hold down the soil, the wind can easily remove the topsoil, resulting in a dust storm. We can help solve this problem by building windbreaks, planting grasses in the non-growing season, and terracing hillsides when using them for agriculture. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Morroco-arid-climate.jpg/220px-Morroco-arid-climate.jpg
- 17. Steep slopes can lead to erosion • Steep slopes, lack of vegetation, and heavy rains are detrimental to topsoil. Every time it rains, water hits the ground with surprising force, causing some of the soil to wash away with the water. The soil particles, or sediments, are deposited elsewhere. https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0023/64841/mass-movement.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Issehoved_set_fr a_havet.JPG/220px-Issehoved_set_fra_havet.JPG https://mronline.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Fields-on-steep-slopes.jpg
- 18. We can help prevent erosion in these four ways: a. terracing hillsides when using them for agriculture b. Building retaining walls c. building windbreaks d. planting grasses in the non-growing season https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sto ne_Retaining_wall.jpg/270px-Stone_Retaining_wall.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Windbre ak_trees_at_Methwold_Common_-_geograph.org.uk_- _417646.jpg http://images.iop.org/objects/erw/news/8/8/44/news_220813.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_B5f6hnLhBtc/TQZ1BRZtbFI/AAAAAA AAATE/HY7LCRCxp7g/s1600/cloverLawn.jpg
- 19. Sinkholes • Sinkholes form when acidic rainwater falls to the ground and creates a sinkhole by dissolving the limestone beneath the soil. • Human mistakes can also create sinkholes. When an underground water pipe is leaking over a long period of time, it washes away the soil around the hole in the pipe. Over time, the hole beneath the surface expands and eventually the soil collapses and falls into the sinkhole. The front of a city bus is up in the air after a sinkhole opened under it during rush hour in downtown Pittsburgh. https://images.app.goo.gl/uoPi8o19m9azphPc9https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/325/18050124324_b43e965017_b.jpg