Fundamentals of InformationTechnology.ppt
- 1. Fundamentals of Information Technology By: Dr. Rafaqat Hussain Arain Associate Professor ICS, SALU 1
- 2. Introduction Areas of Interest Fields of specialization 2
- 4. IT v/s CS Computer scientists design and develop the software programs that IT professionals use and maintain. IT specialists take what they've learned about computers and apply that knowledge in businesses across all industries Though there are many overlaps between computer science and IT, computer science work generally means designing and building computers and computer programs. IT work deals more with running the computers of an organization, and making sure the related networks, systems, and security are operational 4
- 5. What is the Information in the Information Revolution Information Age, Information Technology
- 6. 6 Information and Technology: Information (Latin: idea, conception) Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance Technology (Greek: systematic treatment) The practical application of knowledge in a particular area (ex: Engineering, science, etc..)
- 7. 7 Information Technology Definition: Information Technology (IT) involves the use of computers, networks, and other devices to store, process, and transmit data.
- 8. 8 Can you give some applications of IT in your everyday life?
- 9. Applications of IT 1. Communication Email and Messaging (Gmail, WhatsApp) Social Media (Facebook, Twitter) 2. Entertainment Streaming Services (Netflix, YouTube etc.) Gaming 3. Education E-Learning Platforms (Coursera, Khan Academy) Virtual Classrooms (Google Classroom) 9
- 10. Applications of IT.. 4. Work and Productivity Cloud Computing (Google Drive, Dropbox) Project Management Tools (Trello, Jira) Remote Work (Microsoft Teams) 5. Shopping and Financial Management E-commerce (eBay, Taobao, Daraz) Online Banking (HBL app) Payment Systems (PayPal, AliPay) 10
- 11. Applications of IT.. 6. Health and Wellness Health Apps (Fitbit, Pacer) Telemedicine (Teladoc or Doctor on Demand) Medical Devices(Wearable health devices like smartwatches) 7. Smart Homes Home Automation (Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant) Security Systems (smart locks, surveillance cameras) 8. Transportation Navigation Apps like Google Maps, Baidu Maps Ride-Sharing (Uber) Electric and Autonomous Vehicles (Self Driving Cars) 11
- 12. Applications of IT.. 9. News and Information Online News Search Engines Podcasts and Blogs 10. Social and Civic Engagement Online Petitioning (Change.org) Voting and Political Engagement Overall, the pervasive use of IT in daily life not only enhances convenience and efficiency but also opens up new possibilities for how people work, learn, and interact with the world. 12
- 13. 13 Historical Perspective Information and its uses have always been an integral part of mankind The very first indication of information communication/storage/retrieval is considered to be through cave drawings Mankind later developed pictures, words and subsequently languages to more efficiently communicate with each other Information sharing was made possible by the invention of the printing press in the early 1450’s by Johannes Gutenberg through the process of printing and distributing manuscripts
- 14. 14 The printing press is widely thought of as the origin of mass communication. It marked Western culture's first viable method of disseminating ideas and information from a single source to a large and far-ranging audience (Jones telecom & multimedia encyclopedia) Significant developments in IT include: The telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837 The Atlantic cable in 1858 The telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 Black and white TV in the 1940’s The ENIAC during WW-II The transistor by Bell lab scientists, replacing the vacuum tube in 1947 The integrated circuit by Jack Kilby in the late 1950’s The digital computer in the 1970’s The world wide web in 1993
- 15. 15 Information Technology Timeline Egyptian Book of the Dead Johannes Gutenberg Telegraph Key Circa 1840 Bell’s Telephone 1876 Flat Disk Gramophone 1887 75,000 B.C. Rock Carvings <4000 B.C. Hieroglyphic s 2200 B.C. Papyrus 1500 B.C. Alphabetic Writing 1450 A.D. Printing Press 1876 Telephone 1835 Photograph y 1895 Silent Movies 1894 Wireless Telegraph 1840 Telegraph 1876 Phonograph
- 16. 16 Information Technology Timeline (cont.) Sputnik 1957 Fiber Optics 1977 Apple Mac 1984 IBM PC 1981 AOL has 200K Subscribers 1992 1922 Radio Broadcast s 1993 World Wide Web 1965 Local Cable TV 1973 Fax Machines 1980s Cell Phones 1970s VCR 1954 Transistor Radio 1983 CDs 1977 Apple II Home Computers 1990 Digital Photograph y 1998 MP-3 (Compresse d Sound Files) 1940 Black and White TV
- 17. IT Timeline .. 1998 – Google established – PayPal is launched, enabling large scale payment via the internet 2000 – Microsoft developed the first tablet computer 2001 – Digital Satellite Radio – Apple releases the iPod 2003 – WordPress, an open-source website content management system is launched by Mike Little and Matt Mullenweg 2003 – LinkedIn is established 17
- 18. IT Timeline .. 2004 – Emergence of Web 2.0 – Humans move away from consumers of internet material to active participation – Facebook established by Mark Zuckerberg 2005 – USB Flash drives replace floppy disks – Google Analytics established (web traffic analysis) – YouTube is launched as a video platform 2006 – Twitter is launched to the public 2007 – Apple Inc. debuts the iPhone – Amazon releases the Kindle, marking a new era in reading and book technology 18
- 19. IT Timeline.. 2009 – Bitcoin is developed by unknown programmers under the name of Satoshi Nakamoto 2010 – Apple debuts the iPad – The beginning of responsive website design 2011 – 22 nanometer computer chips enter mass production 2012 – Quad-core smartphones and tablets are releases, offering faster processing power 2014 – 14 nanometers computer chips are released – The market for smart watches reaches 5 million 19
- 20. IT Timeline.. 2015 – Apple releases the Apple Watch 2016 – Supercomputers reach 100 petaflops – Mobile devices overtake wired devices as a means of using the internet 2017 – 10 nanometer chips enter service 2018 – AI first publicly emerged alongside 5G technology 2019 – Google released Quantum Supremacy, a machine running on quantum mechanics that can answer questions that would confuse even the world’s top supercomputer 20
- 21. IT Timeline.. 2020 – Chatbot-technology and text-producing AI GPT-3 was released. – The COVID-19 pandemic accelerates digital transformation, leading to remote work and online education 2021 – GitHub Copilot, a programmer assistant AI, was released – Continued development of electric vehicles (EVs) with advancements in battery technology. 2022 – Chatbot and text-generating AI, ChatGPT is released, Expansion of Metaverse concepts 2023 – Microsoft released ChatGPT-powered Bing 21
- 22. 22 The Information Age Information technology impacts every aspect of our lives Work: IT industry-has become a major economic sector Home: Information appliances, information utilities Leisure: audio/video, gaming Social: Web communities Financial: on-line trading and banking And so on…
- 23. 23 Benefits of Information Technology Increased productivity Access to information (ex: the Internet) Access to personnel Data entry Personal flexibility Virtual workplaces Recreation Gaming
- 24. 24 Costs of Information Technology Equipment expense Equipment uselessness. Example: personal computers and CPU’s Social costs Increased unemployment Job elimination Personal costs Relearn new techniques and technologies Career obsolescence (ex: typing pools)
- 25. 25 Impact of Information Technology in the last 30 years 1970 1999 Cost of 1 MHz processing power $7,601 $0.17 Cost of 1 Mbit memory $5,257 $0.17 Cost of sending a trillion bits of information $150,000 $0.12 Source: The Economist, Sept. 23, 2000
- 26. 26 Information, Messages and Signals Some definitions Information: Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance It is important to distinguish between information, message and signal Signal: The actual entity that is transmitted from sender to receiver (ex: electrical signals, sound waves, optical pulses) Message: The content of the signal (ex: binary representations, alphanumeric characters, speech etc.) Information: The content of the message, i.e. the knowledge that is communicated/received by the message.
- 27. 27 As an example, consider the following scenario: Yes, Mr. Faraday would like to meet you at 4:00 p.m. today Sure, I’ll be there! Electrical signal Message (speech) Information Information
- 28. 28 Analog and Digital Information The term analog is used to refer to the natural world, where time is continuous, and most parameters (like light, sound intensity) can vary smoothly and continuously over some range, taking on an infinite number of possible values. Analog signals have properties of frequency, amplitude and phase The term digital is used to refer to information representations for which both time and the value being measured move in discrete steps i.e. when there are a finite number of possible values
- 29. 29 Examples of Analog and Digital Information Analog: Sound waves Light intensity Temperature Digital: The number of cars passing through a point on the freeway per hour The flight time of a pilot per week
- 30. 30 Examples of Analog and Digital Devices: Analog Microphone Cassette player Radio Photograph camera Digital: DVD Digital camera HDTV CD player New cell phones
- 31. 31 The Natural World is Analog This continuous acoustical waveform can be detected by a microphone and converted into an analogous electrical waveform for transmission over a circuit. Human speech is an example of analog communication. Speech causes air to vibrate with varying amplitude (volume) and frequency (pitch).
- 32. 32 The Computer World is Digital Digital computers communicate using 2 discrete values. In other words, they speak in binary (0 and 1). Of course, 0s and 1s are not literally transmitted In an electrical network, variations in voltage represent one of the two discrete values. In an optical network, pulses of light provide the discrete values. Recall that the 0s and 1s are the “message” and the pulses of light or voltage variations are the “signal.” Two values in different combinations sufficiently encode text, numbers, image, and video! Note that the telegraph was an early example of communications using discrete, electrical pulse transmission.
- 33. 33 Digital vs. Analog Analog signals are susceptible to distortion and inaccuracy due to other signals (interference) Digital information can be compressed for efficient transmission and storage Digital information can be encrypted for increased security and multiplexed for increased capacity Digital technology is much cheaper Digital signals can be accurately reproduced Digital signals are easier to detect There is opportunity for error detection and correction in digital technology
- 34. 34 Digital vs. Analog (cont..) Analog signal Noise If an analog signal provides such a close representation of information If an analog signal provides such a close representation of information sources, why do we use digital? sources, why do we use digital? Above is shown an analog signal on magnetic tape. Random fluctuations in the magnetic tape add “noise” to the signal. The tone-like noise components cannot be removed and become part of the subsequent versions of the analog signal. Distorted Signal (unwanted electrical/ electromagnetic energy)
- 35. 35 Restoration of digital signals stored on magnetic tape. Random fluctuations in the magnetic tape add noise to the digital signal. A processor, called a threshold detector, compares the signal to a threshold (dashed line) and decides that the data value is a 1 if the signal lies above the threshold, or a 0, otherwise. Digital Signal Noise Distorted Signal Threshold Detector Regenerated Digital Signal Processor Digital vs. Analog (cont..)
Editor's Notes
- #15: Telegraph: a communication system that sends information by making and breaking an electrical connection. It is most associated with sending electrical current pulses along a wire with Morse code encoding Hieroglyphs is the writing system ancient Egyptians used for inscriptions mostly on walls of temples and tombs phonograph, instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc.