Generations of computer
Download as PPTX, PDF4 likes4,121 views
The document discusses the five generations of computers from 1946 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, further reducing size. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence and parallel processing. Each generation brought improvements in cost, size, reliability and capabilities.
Generations of computer
- 2. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
- 3. There are five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. In the following table, approximate dates against each generation has been mentioned, which are normally accepted.
- 4. GENERATION & DESCRIPTION 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959- 1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965- 1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971- 1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980- onwards. ULSI microprocessor based. Following are the main five generations of computers.
- 5. The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER vacuum tubes
- 6. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language . Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape
- 7. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE FIRST GENERATION ARE − Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very costly Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of AC Non-portable Consumed a lot of electricity
- 8. The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, TRANSISTORS WERE USED THAT WERE CHEAPER, CONSUMED LESS POWER, MORE COMPACT IN SIZE, MORE RELIABLE AND FASTER THAN THE FIRST GENERATION MACHINES MADE OF VACUUM TUBES. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER TRANSISTORS
- 9. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. second generation computer
- 10. The main features of second generation are − Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly AC required Supported machine and assembly languages
- 11. Some computers of this generation were − • IBM 1620 • IBM 7094 • CDC 1604 • CDC 3600 • UNIVAC 1108 The IBM 1620 was released by IBM on October 21, 1959, touted as an inexpensive "scientific computer."
- 12. The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
- 13. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. Chips off the old block: Texas Instruments' first Jack Kilby Day celebrates innovation | Technology | Dallas News
- 14. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION ARE − • IC used • More reliable in comparison to previous two generations • Smaller size • Generated less heat • Faster • Lesser maintenance • Costly • AC required • Consumed lesser electricity • Supported high-level language
- 15. SOME COMPUTERS OF THIS GENERATION WERE − • IBM-360 series • Honeywell-6000 series • PDP (Personal Data Processor) • IBM-370/168 • TDC-316 System/360 Model 50
- 16. The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit were designed. It greatly reduced the size of computer. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
- 17. THE MAIN FEATURES OF FOURTH GENERATION ARE − • VLSI technology used • Very cheap • Portable and reliable • Use of PCs • Very small size • Pipeline processing • No AC required • Concept of internet was introduced • Great developments in the fields of networks • Computers became easily available
- 18. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high- level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
- 19. Some computers of this generation were − • DEC 10 • STAR 1000 • PDP 11 • CRAY-1(Super Computer) • CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) The Cray-1 supercomputer, c. 1976. It was approximately 6 feet high
- 20. The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research scientists and being tested out in the laboratories. intel web FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
- 21. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation. The term ULSI that stands for "ultra-large-scale integration" was proposed for chips of more than 1 million transistors. Using Artificial Intelligence to Write Self- Modifying/Improving Programs
- 22. AI includes − • Robotics • Neural Networks • Game Playing • Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations • Natural language understanding and generation
- 23. The main features of fifth generation are − • ULSI technology • Development of true artificial intelligence • Development of Natural language processing • Advancement in Parallel Processing • Advancement in Superconductor technology • More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features • Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
- 24. Some computer types of this generation are − • Desktop • Laptop • NoteBook • UltraBook • ChromeBook