Computer Generations
Download as PPTX, PDF7 likes2,726 views
This document discusses the five generations of computers from 1940 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive, and unreliable. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and faster. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to the development of personal computers. The fifth generation, the present time, uses ULSI technology and artificial intelligence for parallel processing and true artificial intelligence.
Computer Generations
- 2. INTRODUCTION GENERATION IN COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY IS A CHANGE IN TECHNOLOGY A COMPUTER IS/WAS BEING USED. INITIALLY, THE GENERATION TERM WAS USED TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN VARYING HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIES. BUT NOWADAYS, GENERATION INCLUDES BOTH HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE, WHICH TOGETHER MAKE UP AN ENTIRE COMPUTER SYSTEM. DIGITAL COMPUTER IS A COMBINATION OF MANY INVENTION AND THOUGHTS WHICH WERE BY MADE BY MANY PEOPLE IN PAST THOUSANDS OF YEARS. WE MEASURE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT BY GENERATIONS. AN EXPLICIT SYSTEM IS SAID TO BELONG TO AN EXPLICIT “GENERATION.” EACH GENERATION INDICATES A MAJOR CHANGE IN COMPUTER DESIGN.
- 3. There are totally five computer generations till date. S. no. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation : 1940-1956. Vaccum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation : 1956-1963. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation : 1964-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation : 1971-Present. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation : Present-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
- 4. • The period of the generation was 1940-1956. • Computers of these generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for the memory and circuitry for CPU. • These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installation, therefore , were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. • In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used • In this generation Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used. • There were Machine code and electric wired board languages used.
- 5. Features of First Generation • Vaccum tube technoogy • Unreliable • Supported machine language obly • Very costly • Generate lot of heat • Slow Input/Output device • Huge size • Need of A.C. • Non portable • Consumed lot of electricity
- 6. Some computer of this generation were: ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650
- 7. • The period of second generation was 1956-1963. • This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vaccum tubes. • In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. • In this generation assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. • There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.
- 8. Features of Second Generation • Use of transistors • Reliable as compared to First generation computers • Smaller size as compared to First generation computers • Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers • Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers • Faster than first generation computers • Still very costly • A.C. needed • Support machine and assmebly languages
- 9. Some computer of this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108
- 10. • The period of third generation was 1964-1971. • The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. • A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. • The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. • In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi- programming Operating System were used. • High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
- 11. Features of Third Generation • IC used • More reliable • Smaller size • Generate less heat • Faster • Lesser maintenance • Still costly • A.C needed • Consumed lesser electricity • Support high level language
- 12. Some computer of this generation were: • IBM-360 series • Honeywell-6000 series • PDP(Personal Data Processor) • IBM-370/168 • TDC-316
- 13. • The period of Fourth Generation was 1971-Present. • The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. • VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. • Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. • In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used. • All the Higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.
- 14. Features of Fourth Generation • VLSI technology used • Very cheap • Portable and reliable • Use of PC's • Very small size • Pipeline processing • No A.C. needed • Concept of internet was introduced • Great developments in the fields of networks • Computers became easily available
- 15. Some computer of this generation were: • DEC 10 • STAR 1000 • PDP 11 • CRAY-1(Super Computer) • CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
- 16. • The period of Fifth Generation is Present-till date. • In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. • This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. • AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. • All the Higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.
- 17. Features of Fifth Generation • Robotics • Neural networks • Game Playing • Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations. • Natural language understanding and generation. • ULSI technology • Development of true artificial intelligence • Development of Natural language processing • Advancement in Parallel Processing • Advancement in Superconductor technology • More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features • Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
- 18. Some computer of this generation were: • Desktop • Laptop • NoteBook • UltraBook
- 19. OVERVIEW
- 20. Criterian First Generation Computer Second Generation Computer Third Generation Computer Fourth Generation Computer Fifth Generation Computer Technology Vaccum Tube Transistor Integrated Circuit Microprocessor Artificial Intelligence Speed Slowest Slow Medium Faster Fastest Size Largest Large Medium Smaller Smallest Reliability Unreliable Less Reliable More Reliable More Reliable Most Reliable Operating System None None Yes Yes Yes Language Machine Assembly High level High level High level Period 1940-1956 1956-1963 1964-1971 1971-present Present-beyond