Fundamentals of computer
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The document discusses the history and generations of computers. It covers 5 generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors and were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers smaller yet. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI and focuses on artificial intelligence, parallel processing, and natural language capabilities. Each generation brought improvements in cost, size, reliability and capabilities.
Fundamentals of computer
- 1. History of Computer Dr. R. Muthu Krishnaveni Assistant professor
- 2. Computer - Meaning Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education and Research Derived form compute which mean to Calculate
- 3. Computer - Definition Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.
- 4. Characteristics of Computers Speed Accuracy Diligence Versatility Storage Capacity Power of Remembering No I.Q Common Data Used
- 5. History The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage. He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on. Ada Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron) was a first Computer programmer.
- 6. Generation of Computer First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
- 8. First Generation The period of first generation was 1946- 1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language.
- 9. First Generation The main features of first generation are: ◦ Vacuum tube technology ◦ Unreliable ◦ Supported machine language only ◦ Very costly ◦ Generated lot of heat ◦ Slow input and output devices ◦ Huge size ◦ Need of A.C. ◦ Non-portable ◦ Consumed lot of electricity
- 10. First Generation Some computers of this generation were: ◦ ENIAC ◦ EDVAC ◦ UNIVAC ◦ IBM-701 ◦ IBM-650 Language ◦ Machine Level language ◦ Made up of binary number ◦ Called as Low level language
- 12. Second Generation The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.
- 13. Second Generation The main features of second generation are: ◦ Use of transistors ◦ Reliable in comparison to first generation computers ◦ Smaller size as compared to first generation computers ◦ Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers ◦ Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers ◦ Faster than first generation computers ◦ Still very costly ◦ A.C. needed ◦ Supported machine and assembly languages
- 14. Second Generation Some computers of this generation were: ◦ IBM 1620 ◦ IBM 7094 ◦ CDC 1604 ◦ CDC 3600 ◦ UNIVAC 1108 Language ◦ Assembly Language ◦ programs can be written symbolically(also known as mnemonics) ◦ converted into machine language by an assembler. ◦ 1950s - Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL
- 15. Third Generation
- 16. Third Generation The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi- programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
- 17. Third Generation The main features of third generation are: ◦ IC used ◦ More reliable in comparison to previous two generations ◦ Smaller size ◦ Generated less heat ◦ Faster ◦ Lesser maintenance ◦ Still costly ◦ A.C needed ◦ Consumed lesser electricity ◦ Supported high-level language
- 18. Third Generation Some computers of this generation were: ◦ IBM-360 series ◦ Honeywell-6000 series ◦ PDP(Personal Data Processor) ◦ IBM-370/168 ◦ TDC-316 Language C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Pascal (structured programming and object-oriented programming language.
- 20. Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation was 1971- 1980. The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
- 21. Fourth Generation The main features of fourth generation are: ◦ VLSI technology used ◦ Very cheap ◦ Portable and reliable ◦ Use of PC's ◦ Very small size ◦ Pipeline processing ◦ No A.C. needed ◦ Concept of internet was introduced ◦ Great developments in the fields of networks ◦ Computers became easily available
- 22. Fourth Generation Some computers of this generation were: ◦ DEC 10 ◦ STAR 1000 ◦ PDP 11 ◦ CRAY-1(Super Computer) ◦ CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) Language ◦ Table-driven (codeless) programming – Power builder ◦ Report-generator programming – Oracle report generator, RPG -II ◦ Data management - SQL, SAS, SPSS a nd Stata
- 23. Fifth Generation
- 24. Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation is 1980- till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
- 25. Fifth Generation AI includes: ◦ Robotics ◦ Neural Networks ◦ Game Playing ◦ Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations. ◦ Natural language understanding and generation.
- 26. Fifth Generation The main features of fifth generation are: ◦ ULSI technology ◦ Development of true artificial intelligence ◦ Development of Natural language processing ◦ Advancement in Parallel Processing ◦ Advancement in Superconductor technology ◦ More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features ◦ Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
- 27. Fifth Generation Some computer types of this generation are: ◦ Desktop ◦ Laptop ◦ NoteBook ◦ UltraBook ◦ ChromeBook Language ◦ constraint- based and logic programming langua ges and declarative languages ◦ OPS5 and Mercury