Generations of computers
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- 4. Contents •The First Generation •The Second Generation •The Third Generation •The Fourth Generation •The Fifth Generation
- 5. What is Generation of Computer? • The duration in which a specific technology is used to manufactured a computer is called generation.
- 6. The First Generation UNIAC (Universal Automatic Computer) ENIAC (Electronic numerical integrator and automatic computer First computer built for business. • In first generation ,computer was based on vacuum tube. These are called first generation computer. • These tubes could control and amplify electronic signals and thousand such tubes required for a computer.
- 9. • Punch card: • Tape card
- 10. ADVANTAGES: • These computer were made with latest technology ( Vacuum tubes) • Magnetic tape for external storage was used. • For input/output punch cards were used
- 11. DISADVANTAGES: • These computers were large in size. • Thousands of Vacuum tubes were used. • These were very expensive.
- 12. The Second Generation Examples : IBM 7094 Series and CDC 164 etc. • In this generation a small device was developed that were used to transfer the electric signal called Transistor. • Three scientists include J.Baardeen, H.W Brattain and W.shockley developed the transistor, a device that can act as an electric switch.
- 14. ADVANTAGES: • These computers smaller in size. • The results of this computer were reliable. • Less heat generated.
- 15. DISADVANTAGES: • Air conditioned room were still required. • This technology was costly. • Complex technology used in this technology.
- 16. The Third Generation • In this generation transistor were replaced by IC(Integrated Circuits) developed by Jack Kilby. • A single IC chip contains thousands of transistors. • EXAMPLE: IBM System /360, UNIVAC 1108 etc.
- 19. ADVANTAGES: • Very small in size. • Very less heat generated. • Less cost.
- 20. DISADVANTAGES: • Manufacturing was difficult. • Maintenance required to repair these generation’s system.
- 21. The Fourth Generation The fourth generation computers started with the invention of microprocessor. Microprocessor is a small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer. Example: •Apple Macintosh •IBM PC
- 23. ADVANTAGES: • 4th generation computers were very fast and small in size. • The processing speed of these was so much high. • Heat generation was very low.
- 24. DISADVANTAGES: • High educated and qualified staff required . • Most of countries did not have such technology. • Only a few companies have specialized in this field.
- 25. The Fifth Generation • Mid 1990’s • Intelligent computers – Artificial intelligence – Expert systems – Natural language
- 26. The Fifth Generation AI – Artificial Intelligence • How computers can be used for tasks that required human characteristics • How to make computers do things that people currently do better
- 28. The Fifth Generation AI – How Computers Learn • Improve performance based on past errors • Knowledge base – set of facts and rules • Inference engine – applies rules to the facts to create new facts
- 29. The Fifth Generation Data Mining • Extracting previously unknown information from existing data – Relationships – Trends • Look for hidden information that cannot be found because of the size of the database
- 30. The Fifth Generation Natural Language • Humans communicate with computers in the language they use on a daily basis
- 31. The Fifth Generation Expert Systems • Software used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic • User – Knowledge seeker – Asks questions in English-like format • Computer responds with an answer and explanation
- 32. The Fifth Generation Building an Expert System Expert system shell Software that contains the basic structure used to find answers to questions Build knowledge base Knowledge engineer writes rules
- 33. The Fifth Generation Robotics • Computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings • Primarily found in factories • Field robots – Dangerous work – “Dirty” jobs
- 34. Robotics
- 35. The Fifth Generation VR – Virtual Reality • Engage a user in a computer-created environment – User physically interacts with computer-created environment – Immersion – user becomes absorbed in the VR interaction • How it works – Alters perceptions – Appeals to several senses at once – Presents images that respond immediately to users movements
- 36. The Fifth Generation VR – Virtual Reality • The future of VR – Virtual showroom – Try new medical procedures on simulated patients • Problem – Simulator sickness – Costs