Coc 1 basic computer parts

Computer - electronic device that
manipulates information, or
“data”. It has the ability to store,
retrieve, & process data.
 Computer use to type
documents, send email, and
browse the internet

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Peopleware

1. Hardware – physical,
touchable, electronic and
mechanical parts of a
computer
- it has a physical
structure

2. Software - set of instructions
“program” that guides the
hardware to operate effectively.
Software can be split into two main
types:
a. System Software - Any software
required to support the production
or execution of application
programs

b. Application Software - Designed
to help the user to perform singular or
multiple related tasks.
Examples of application software are
as follows:
Word processing software - Creates,
edits, saves, and prints documents.
Example: MS Word, WordPerfect,
Ami Pro, MacWrite.

Spreadsheet software - An
electronic spreadsheet consisting of
rows and columns is used to present
and analyze data.
Example: MS Excel, Lotus 123,
Quattro Pro.

 Database management software -
Used to structure a database, a
large collection of computer
programs. Data is organized as
fields and records for easy retrieval.
Example: MS Access, dBase, Fox
Pro, Oracle.

Graphic software - Graphics
programs display results of data
manipulation for easier analysis
and presentation.
Example: Macromedia Flash,
Harvard Graphics, 3D Studio Max,
Adobe Photoshop

1. System Unit
2. Input Devices
3. Output Devices

- any peripheral (piece of computer
hardware equipment) that accepts data
and instructions from the user or from
another computer system.
Examples: webcams, scanners,
keyboards, microphones, joysticks,
gamepads and many others.

Everything attached to computer that
move data in and out of the computer

1. Keyboard Entry
2. Direct Entry

1. Keyboard Entry – Data is
inputted to the computer through
a keyboard.

Keyboard - The first input device
developed for the PC.
Data is transferred to the PC over a
short cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-
din connector that plugs into the back
of the motherboard.

First IBM PC has 83 keys then 84
key keyboard
1986 – IBM developed “101 –
key keyboard layout” with 104
key that become today’s standard

The art and science of creating
human friendly design with the goal
of making products comfortable,
safe, and efficient.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

2. Direct Entry – input devices
that don’t to be keyed or typed
using the keyboard

1.Pointing Devices
2. Scanning Devices
3. Voice- Input Devices

1. Pointing Devices - An input device
used to move the pointer (cursor) on
screen.
 Mouse - The most common 'pointing
device' used in PCs. Every mouse has
two buttons and most have one or two
scroll wheels.

Douglas Engelbart invented the
first mouse in 1968 made from
the hollowed out wooden block
with a button on top

1. ball/mechanical mouse
- standard mouse
- two buttons & a small wheel
between button and cable connects
to the PC
- It has rubberized ball that attracts
dirt.

2. Trackball mouse
- it has platform to rest hand and
a small wheel operated by thumb

3. Optical mouse
- latest innovation
- uses tiny camera that detect
mouse movement by imaging the
surface the mouse moves over
- captures 1,500 – 6000 images
per second

4. Touchpad
- common in laptops
- uses distortion sensing
technology

Any piece of computer hardware
that displays results after the
PC processed input data.

1. Computer Display Monitor
2. LCD Projectors
3. Smart Board
4. Printer
5. Speaker

 It displays information in visual
form, using text and graphics.
The portion of the monitor that
displays the information is called
the screen or video display
terminal.

A. CRT Monitors
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were
the only type of displays for use
with desktop PCs. They are
relatively big (14" to 16" deep)
and heavy (over 15 lbs).

 CRT uses electron guns to write the
phosphor-coated screen
Refresh rate – the number of times
electron guns write and refresh the
phosphor in single second
Hertz (Hz) – refresh rate or cycles per
second
72 Hz – standard refresh rate in
Europe
60 Hz – standard refresh rate in USA

B. LCD Monitors
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
technology has been used in
laptops for some time. It has
recently been made commercially
available as monitors for desktop
PCs.

Liquid Crystal Display Monitor

C. LED Monitors
(Light Emitting Diode)
A display and lighting technology
used in almost every electrical
and electronic product on the
market, from a tiny on/off light to
digital readouts, flashlights, traffic
lights and perimeter lighting.

For CRT :
dust with computer vacuum and
clean fingerprints with lint free
cloth
 use glass cleaners and non-
abrasive cloth

For LCD:
 use manufacturer’s
recommended cleaning tool
 LCD has antiglare screen

Pollution
Interference
 The above shortens the lifespan of
monitor

 Avoid smoking around monitor
Avoid running hair dryer or other
devices on the same circuit
Avoid nearby magnet that bends
or warps display screen

1. Fuzzines – fuzzy/ out of focus
 misalignment of electron guns
 Replace monitor

2. Missing color
 untightened video cable
3. Missing pixel
 video card
4. Dim screen
 adjust brightness
 electron guns for CRT
 worn out backlight for LCD

5. No image
Unplug power
Brightness setting
Video cable
Video card
6. Bizarre image
 video card replacement

An LCD projector
(liquid-crystal display) is a type
of video projector for displaying
video, images or computer data on
a screen or other flat surface. It is a
modern equivalent of the slide
projector or overhead projector.

A type of display screen that has
a touch sensitive transparent
panel covering the screen, which
is similar to a touch screen.

A device that prints text or
illustrations on paper.

1. Dot matrix – uses pins (9 pins or
24 pins)that strike against the
inked ribbon to print
- also called impact printer
because these printers work like a
typewriter.
- rough images, ragged texts
- use in paycheck and invoices

2. Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer
Sprays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-
jet printers produce high-quality text
and graphics.

 Quality is measured in
resolution expressed in dots per
inch (dpi)
 2,880 x 720 today’s resolution
Colors: black, cyan, magenta,
yellow
Speed: 15 ppm black and white
1 ppm colored printing

3. Laser Printer
 Uses the same technology as
copy machines. Laser printers
produce very high quality text
and graphics.
 15 ppm – 50 ppm

When a document is sent to the
printer, a laser beam "draws" the
document on a selenium-coated
drum using electrical charges.
After the drum is charged, it is
rolled in toner, a dry powder type
of ink.

4. LCD and LED Printer
uses liquid crystals or light-
emitting diodes rather than a
laser to produce an image on the
drum.

5. Thermal Printer
An inexpensive printer that works
by pushing heated pins against
heat-sensitive paper. Thermal
printers are widely used in
calculators and fax machines.

 What are you going to print?
 How fast do you want to print?
How much do you want to pay?

Printer guide
 maintenance program
Printer test
Printer error warning

1. No print problems
a. Printer acts like printer, but
nothing comes out
- check paper
- check ink/toner
b. Printer doesn’t do anything
- cable connection
- power

2. Paper problems
a. Paper jam
b. Paper pick-up tray won’t grab
- Check pick-up rollers
- Paper humidity

3. Bad – print problems
a. streak or spots called speckles
- for laser use vacuum to clean
- for inkjet clean the print cartridge
- use the maintenance program
b. fades
- low toner/ink
- shake toner
- if spotted, paper is too damp
c. fuzzy print-put
- alignment problem

 Used to play sound.
Speakers allow you to listen to
music and hear sound effects
from your computer.

Components to capture sound
Sound card
Speakers
Microphone
Recording/playback software

Sampling – process of
capturing/recording sound
electronically.
- It is measured in kilohertz,
thousands of cycles per second
11 Khz – low quality like in telephone
128 Khz – ultra high quality
 the more you sample a sound wave,
the better is the quality.

a. Amplitude – loudness of sound
b. Frequency – high or low tones
c. Timbre – quality that differentiate the
same note played on different
instruments
 All characteristics are translated to 1
and 0 to reproduce sound accurately.
 The greater the bit depth, the more is
the quality.

28 = 256 bits, cheap recording
which is flat and thin
216
= 65, 536 bits, good
recording

- The last aspect of sound
1. monaural – single track
2. stereo – two tracks

44 Khz sampling rate
16 bit depth
Stereo track

A 4 min song at 44Khz sampling rate,
16 bit depth, stereo has
40+ MB capacity.

Programmers compress these
audio files so they would take up
lesser space.
CODECS – CODE/DECODE is a
program or algorithm to
compress and decompress files

Audio File Format – is a kind of file used
as means of storing digital audio data on
a computer

1. PCM – Pulse Code Modulation Format
 It’s use in 1960 to carry telephone
calls over the first digital lines
 The same technology used in
computer known as WAV format.
 WAV files are huge especially when
sampled at high frequency and bit depth

2. Fraunhoffer MPEG Layer 3 or MP3
MPEG - Moving Pictures Expert Group
is an international standard for
encoding and compressing video and
audio files or data
 MP3 has high quality file size which
is 1/10 than the size of wav file
 MP3 is popular which is played on
iPod, Microsoft Zune and phones.

3. WMA – Windows Media Audio
- developed for Microsoft
4. MIDI – Musical Instrument Digital
Interface
5. AIF – Audio Interchange File
- developed by Apple
- played on Apple Quicktime
and Apple iTunes
6. RM – Real Media Player

1990 Dolby Digital become the
standard in music industry

1.) Stereo – oldest speaker
technology
- consist of left and right speaker
2.) 2.1 systems
- standard stereo with subwoofer
Subwoofer is a speaker addition that
provides low frequency tones.

3.) Surround speaker
- pioneered by Dolby Digital Sound
in 1990
Five channels
Front – left Rear - left
Front – right Rear - right
Front – center

4.) 5.1 System
- five channels with subwoofer

Male connector is a connector
attached to a wire, cable, or piece of
hardware, having one or more
exposed, unshielded
electrical terminals, and constructed
in such a way that it can be inserted
snugly into a receptacle ( female
connector ) to ensure a reliable
physical and electrical connection .

Female connector is a connector
attached to a wire, cable, or piece of
hardware, having one or more
recessed holes with electrical
terminals inside, and constructed in
such a way that a plug with exposed
conductors (male connector) can be
inserted snugly into it

What is a Port?
 In computer hardware, a port
serves as an interface between the
computer and other computers or
peripheral devices.
 generic term for any connector on
the back of the PC

 Connect external devices (mouse,
keyboard, headphones) or
peripherals (monitor, back-up drive,
etc) to the computer

1. Serial Port
- 9 pin male socket
- Intended for serial type mouse
and older camera

2. Parallel Port
Also called as printer port. This is
only for old model printer. It has 25
pins. It is a female port.

3. VGA (Video Graphic Array) Port
Used to connect monitors. It has
15 pins in three rows female port.

4. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port
High speed serial interface that is
used with almost all devices. It is
used to connect latest model
printers, pen drives, cell phones
etc. It has 4 pins.

5. PS/2 (Personal System)Port
Simple, 6-pin, low-speed serial
connections commonly dedicated
to a keyboard and mouse.

6. Power Port
Intended for power cord.

7. S-Video Port
S-Video connections are available
on certain source components and
video display devices, and offer a
higher level of video performance
over composite video signals.

8. Audio Port
Intended for plugging in the
speaker or headset.

Green – line out – speaker: to
output/produce sound from
computer
Blue – line in – stereo/cd
player/cassette: to import or
record sound to computer
Pink – for microphone

9. LAN (Local Area Networking) Port
A physical interface often used for
terminating twisted pair type cables
used to connect computers onto a
local-area networks (LAN), especially
Ethernet RJ-45 connectors

 Group of computers connected
to each other for purpose of
sharing data and hardware.

A. LAN (Local Area Network
- small area such as home, small
office, school building
B. CAN (Campus Area Network)
- schools or university network
operated by school

C. MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network)
- greater than LAN, smaller than
WAN
- Cover entire city or municipality
- Operated by government or big
businesses.

D. WAN (Wide Area Network)
- cover great distances such as
cities, provinces, countries or the
world.

 A cable is most often two or
more wires running side by side
and bonded, twisted or braided
together to form a single
assembly, but can also refer to a
heavy strong rope.

1. Mouse &
keyboard jacks
- intended for the
PS/2 port
specifically for PS/2
type of keyboard
and mouse.

2. Audio & Microphone jack
- intended for the audio and
microphone port.

3. S-video jack
- for S-Video port

4. Monitor
Jack
- intended for
the VGA
(Video
Graphic
Array) port

5.USB (Universal Serial Bus) plug
- intended for USB port. Modern or new
model of peripherals like printer,
camera, scanners and even other
portable computer attachments used
USB type of plugs.

6. printer cable jack
- intended for the parallel port

7. Power Cord
the most important cord because
it connects the computer to the
main source of electricity to make
it functional.

8. Registered Jack (RJ 45)
standardized networking
interface and the "45" simply
refers to the number of the
interface standard) is a type of
connector commonly used for
Ethernet networking.

 Properly configured and functioning mobo
provides a solid foundation for all other
hardware
 Stable, solid, dependable

known in the following names:
- The main circuit board of a
computer.
- It contains all the circuits and
components that run the computer.

 ASUS
 GIGABYTE
 ABIT
 IBM laid the foundation of today’s
motherboard.

1. CPU Socket/Slot
2. CPU Fan Power Connector
3. Memory Slots
4. Power Connector (PI)
5. EIDE and FDD Ports
6. Chipset
7. Expansion Slots
8. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
9. Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI)

9. Date and Time Battery (CMOS)
10. Flash ROM (BIOS)
11. Front Panel Connector
12. Jumpers
13. PS/2 Ports
14. Parallel Port and Serial Ports
15. USB Port
16. Network Port
17. Sound and Game Ports

Do not touch components within
the CPU socket area
 Hold it from the corners/sides

 Mobo have many parts working together to
keep PC running

A place to insert the CPU
CPU inserts into the mobo near
one corner, on the opposite end
from the expansion slots.

 Intel
 AMD (Advanced Microdevices)

 Electronic device that accepts input and performs
hundreds of different types of functions on that
input
 May be as simple as basic arithmetic functions like
adding 2+2
 Or may be something more complex such as “Take
this value and send it to the video card so it can
display a color on the screen.”
 The collection of all functions that a CPU can
perform is called CPU’s instruction set.
 Commands sent to the CPU to tell the CPU to do
something are called programs.

 Without programs – the commands that tell
the CPU what you want to do – the CPU is
useless.
 For the CPU to work, the PC must have a
way to grab programs and send them to the
CPU so the CPU can do whatever you want
it to do. So where are the programs?

 Build a pc with only but very slow
 Cpu process millions, even billions of
commands. HD IS NOT ENOUGH
 Programs loaded to RAM.
 RAM feed it to cpu
 Running program

 Mobo filled with tiny wires called traces
 Wires come out from cpu and run to a
special helper called northbridge
 Northbridge connects cpu to ram
 Multiple wires to connect two or more
devices is called bus
 Front side bus connects cpu, northbridge
and ram

 Many cpu chips in past decay
 How to identify a cpu?
 Cpu manufacturers, model, speed, package

 Intel and ADVANCED MICRODEVICES
 INTEL processor wont work wit mobo
designed for AMD

 To achieve speed reduce physical size of
cpu to reduce the amount of voltage to run
cpu which reduce the heat of processor
 Manufacturer can crank up the speed of the
processor without fear of overheating and
you run games at super speeds and
everybody is happy

 Shape, size, external features
 Why so many different looks?
 Cpu became faster and smarter need more pins
to link to to mobo
 A modern cpu has more pins than older pins
 Don’t assume two cpus of the same make and
model share the same package type
 Both package is generically call pin grid array or
pga

Example
423 pin p4
478 pin p4
 Intel will not work in sockets designed for
amd and vise versa

 System information
Start -> programs -> accessories ->system
tools -> system information
 Right click my computer icon ->properties

 Slot CPU - Older Athlon, Celeron
 Socket CPU – current Pentium 4, Athlon XP

 The number on the socket identifies the type.
Example:
 Socket 423 for Intel Pentium 4 CPUs
 Socket 462 for AMD Athlon XP

Intel Core is a brand name used for various
mid-range to high-end consumer and
business microprocessors made by Intel.
 In general, Core microprocessors are more
powerful than entry level Celeron and
Pentium

The current lineup of Core processors includes
the latest :
 Intel Core i7
 Intel Core i5
 Intel Core i3
Older:
 Intel Core 2 Solo
 Intel Core 2 Duo
 Intel Core 2 Quad,

 The numbers are simply indicative of their
relative processing powers.
 Their relative levels of processing power are
also signified by their Intel Processor Star
Ratings

 i7 – five star
 i5 – four stars
 i3 – 3 stars
 Pentium – 2 stars
 Celeron – 1 star

 number of cores
 clockspeed (in GHz)
 size of cache
 new Intel technologies like Turbo Boost and
Hyper-Threading

 The more cores there are, the more tasks
(known as threads) can be served at the
same time
 Core i3 - lowest number of cores, two cores
 Core i5 – quad core
 Core i5-661dual-core processor , clockspeed
of 3.33 GHz

 Cache is just like RAM, only faster —
because it’s built into the CPU itself
 Both RAM and cache serve as holding areas
for frequently used data.
 Basically, RAM minimizes interaction with
the hard disk, while cache minimizes
interaction with the RAM.
 larger cache, more data can be accessed
quickly

 All Core i3 processors have 3MB of cache.
 Core i5 6MB of cache
 Core i5 – 661 4MB
 Core i7 CPUs - 8MB
 i7 outperforms an i5 — and why an i5
outperforms an i3.

 Intel Turbo Boost Technology allows a
processor to increase its clockspeed
whenever the need arises.
 Core i5-661, its maximum allowable
processor frequency is 3.6 GHz
 Core i3 CPUs have no Turbo Boost

 single core serve multiple threads
 Core i3, which is only a dual core serve two threads
per core. total of four threads can run
simultaneously
 Core i5 don’t support Hyper-Threading
 Core i7 processors are the creme de la creme. Not
only are they quad cores, they also support Hyper-
Threading. Thus, a total of eight threads can run on
them at the same time. Combine that with 8MB of
cache and Intel Turbo Boost Technology, which all
of them have, and you’ll see what sets the Core i7
apart from its siblings.

 The first Core i3 processors were launched
on January 7, 2010

 CPU fan draws the heat and move the hot air
 Fans are rated according to the amount of air
they move, measured in “cubic feet per minute
CFM”
 22 CFM – average
 45 CFM – high performance

Plugging in the fan power
connector incorrectly will cook the
fan or short the power connector.

 A place to insert the memory
 ATX motherboard have two, three, or four
memory slots with 184 pins for DDR SDRAM
DIMMS (Dual Data Rate Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory Dual
Inline Memory Modules) and 168 – pin
SDRAM

Provides connection between
outlet and CPU
an electrical connector for
supplying direct current (DC)
power
Powers CPU and memory
3.3 volt, 5V, 12V

 Provides extra 12-volt power to
motherboards designed for Pentium 4 cpu

 A 12V power supply cable used
with motherboards that have
an Intel Pentium 4 processor
 Supply additional power to the
motherboard

 Along the edge of the mobo near RAM slots are
three or five ports with many wires poking up.
 EIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronic,
provides standardized interface for hard drives
and CD-media drives
 Each 40 – pin EIDE support two EIDE devices
 FDD – Floppy Disk Drive is a port for two floppy
disk
- each 34 –pin can support two floppy disk
drives

Three main types of hard drive
data cables:
1. IDE/PATA
2. SATA
3. SCSI

 known as PATA (Parallel Advance
Technology Attachment) drives, are
commonly found in personal computers.
These drives usually are found only in
older computers.
 An IDE/PATA hard drive cable is a ribbon
cable containing 40 pins. Either one or
two devices may be connected to an
IDE/PATA cable.

 A SATA hard drive cable has seven
conductors and is smaller than an
IDE/PATA cable. A SATA cable
connects a single hard drive to a single
connector on the SATA controller, which
is usually found on the computer's
motherboard.

 SCSI cables look similar to IDE/PATA cables
in that both drives use ribbon cables.
However, SCSI cables have more pins than
IDE cables. Depending on the SCSI
interface, a SCSI cable may have 50 or 68
pins (IDE/PATA drives have 40). Like IDE,
multiple SCSI devices can be connected to a
single channel through "daisy chaining."
Depending on the SCSI interface, as many
as 7 or 15 devices may be connected to a
single SCSI channel.

Facilitates communication between
CPU and other devices in the
system

 called the memory controller
 also called GMCH, for Graphic
and Memory Controller Hub.
 in charge of controlling transfers
between the CPU and the RAM
and the AGP

 also called the input/output
controller or expansion controller
 handles communications
between peripheral devices

Allows you to add other devices
to your computer
It allows the CPU to talk to the
other devices in the computer
and vice versa.

 the most popular expansion bus use in
today's computers
 General-purpose, 32-bit,33MHz slots
designed to enable quick
communication between internal
hardware add-ons and the CPU

designed for the high demands of
3-D graphics
 exclusive for video cards 32-bit,
66MHz connection

CMOS is short for
Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
A battery that enables the system
to retain accurate date and time
settings even when the PC is
power is off.

BIOS is short for Basic Input Output
System
 a small set of code that enables CPU to
communicate properly with devices built
into the motherboard.
 It is stored in a small chip called Flash
ROM chip
 Award, AMI, Phoenix

 Connectors on the front of the system unit,
such as the following:
 power and reset buttons
 Power and hard drive activity lights
 PC speaker
 USB power

 a pair of wires that you enable
(turn on) or disable (turn off) by
placing a small plastic and metal
shunt over both wires.
 jumpers labeled on the mobo as
JP#, where # is any whole
number, such as JP1, JP2

 Two small round ports on the edge closest to
the CPU are mini-DIN ports, commonly
called PS/2 ports.
 6 pin ports for keyboard and mouse
 Introduced by IBM

is a 25-pin D-
shaped female port to attach
printer, scanner and other parallel
device
is a 9-pin male ports
to connect older serial devices
such as external modems and
old mouse

High speed serial interface that is
used with almost all devices. It is
used to connect latest model
printers, pen drives, cell phones
etc.
 It has 4 pins.

A physical interface often used
for terminating twisted pair type
cables used to connect
computers onto a local-area
networks (LAN), especially
Ethernet RJ-45 connectors

is intended for
plugging in the speaker or
headset
connects gaming
devices

 Advanced Technology
 Advanced Technology Extended

 AT Motherboard
- old-style for factor of mobo
- Invented by IBM in early 80’s and became
the predominant form factor
- Very large like two pieces of paper laid side
by side
- Large keyboard plug called DIN connector
- Split P8/P9 style of power socket

 Baby AT
 The original AT mobo was then called Full
AT, Regular AT, or sometimes just AT.
 The standardization of permanent elements
enable people to swap one mobo for
another,as long as they stayed within the AT
standard
 Disadvantage: lack of external ports

 has achieved strong position in mobo form factors
and today is the standard
 Provides a standard for manufacturers to adhere to.
 ATX MOBO are relatively small compared to AT
meaning that computers although more powerful,
take up less desk space than ever.
 ATX MOBO improved external connectors designed
to support the increasing demands of PC users and
devices
 Other improvements RAM close to northbridge and
cpu for enhanced performance

 Micro ATX is to ATX what Baby ATX was to
AT
 Further reduce the size of mobo
 Physical size called a foot print and has
three or four expansion slots

 Created by INTEL in 1999
 9 by 7.5 inches dimension which makes it
the smallest mobo in the ATX standard
 Created to reduce the size of the lowest-cost
computers
 Limited expansion slots

 HEWLETT-PACKARD
 SONY
- These companies make mobo that work only
with their cases.
- These propriety mobo enable these
companies to create systems that stand out
from the generic ones and push clients to get
service and upgrades from authorized
dealers

Also known as hard drive,
a magnetic storage device installed
inside the computer.
The hard drive is used as permanent
storage for data.
In a Windows computer, the hard drive
is usually configured as the C: drive
and contains the operating system and
applications.

invented in the 1950s
originally called "fixed disks" or
"Winchesters" (a code name used
for a popular IBM product).
later became known as "hard
disks" to distinguish them from
"floppy disks."

A floppy disk, also called
a diskette, is a disk
storage medium composed of a
disk of thin and flexible magnetic
storage medium, sealed in a
rectangular plastic carrier lined
with fabric that removes dust
particles

Seagate Technology
IBM(International Business
Machines)

 the shell that
houses the
internal
components of
HDD

Also known as the hard drive
controller circuit board
instruction manual for the
computer attempting to access
the drive
holds the read/write cache

Reads the data
Every platter requires two heads:
top and bottom
Bonus Question:
 If a hard drive has four platters, how many
heads does it have?

controlled by the logic board
holds a hard drives platters in
place
 rotates the platters, or the disks

Desktop: 7,200 or 10,000
RPM (Revolution per minute)
Notebook: 4200 or 5400 RPM

 A hard drive platter being accessed by an
actuator arm.

One or more aluminum, glass, or
ceramic disk that is coated in a
magnetic media and is located
within a hard drive to
permanently store computer's data.

 Geometry – physical placement of circles on
tiny pits in the hard disk drive or CD

Tracks
- concentric
circles
Sectors
- pie-shaped
wedges on a
track
Cylinder

Sector – smallest storage
area (universal atom)
Each sector has 512 bytes
Bonus Question:
 If a sector is the smallest storage area on the
HDD does a file smaller than 512 still uses
an entire sector?

A discrete electronic chunk of a
hard drive for organizing data on
the hard drive
DISCRETE: Separate and
distinct
UNLOCK TERM

 The logic board reads and amplifies the
very weak, isolated magnetic fields that
comprise your data.
 The logic board begins using the actuator to
read information from the sectors in the
requested cluster.
 Information is streamed into the hard drive
cache
 The information is fed from the cache, to the
hard drive controller, to you and your RAM!

 User requests information on the hard drive.
 Operating system accesses the MFT, or
master file table (An index of files and
locations), via the motherboard’s hard drive
controller to find the file’s cluster.
 Operating system tells the hard drive’s logic
board, via the hard drive controller, that it
wants a file from a cluster.
 The logic board spins up the platters on the
spindle.
 The actuator arm is moved into position.

 Data rate - The data rate is the number of bytes
per second that the drive can deliver to the
CPU. Rates between 5 and 40 megabytes per
second are common.
 Seek time - The seek time is the amount of
time between when the CPU requests a file and
when the first byte of the file is sent to the CPU.
Times between 10 and 20 milliseconds are
common.
 The other important parameter is
the capacity of the drive, which is the number
of bytes it can hold.

ATA – Advanced Technology
Attachment
PATA – Parallel ATA
IDE – Integrated Drive
Electronics

The traditional IDE data
cable consists of two or
three 40-pin connectors

IDE cable can be used to
connect up to 2 IDE devices if
there are three connectors
present
one which is used to connect to
the IDE port on the motherboard
and other two the IDE ports on
the storage devices

first released in
August2001 and is a
replacement for the
Parallel ATA

capable of delivering
1.5Gbps (150MBps)

IDE hard drives receive power
through a 4-pin molex connector

Coc 1 basic computer parts

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