Geographic inf system
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This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system for capturing, storing, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying spatially referenced data related to the Earth. GIS uniquely handles spatial data by referencing information to its location. It makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity. GIS has developed from digital cartography, computer-aided design systems, and database management systems. Spatial data can be represented in vector or raster data models and stored in either proprietary or standard formats. The benefits of GIS include better information management, higher quality analysis, and the ability to conduct "what if" scenarios. GIS has applications in facilities management, marketing, environment, transportation, health,
Geographic inf system
- 1. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM R.APURVA RAO 07X91A0508 B-TECH IV CSE
- 2. A technology › hardware & software tools An information handling strategy The objective: to improve overall decision making 2
- 3. “A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate applications software” 3
- 4. WHY IS GIS UNIQUE? GIS handles SPATIAL information Information referenced by its location in space GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity
- 5. London cholera epidemic 1854 Soho + Cholera death Water pump 5
- 6. GIS: historical background This technology has developed from: Digital cartography and CAD Data Base Management Systems ID X,Y ID ATTRIB 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 CAD System Data Base Management System 6
- 7. Spatial data GIS GIS data manipulation and analysis Computer hardware / software tools 7
- 8. What makes data spatial? Grid co-ordinate Placename Latitude / Longitude Postcode Description Distance & bearing 8
- 9. Location Description: Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Centre Post Code: KT1 2EE Grid Reference: 518106.72 168530.37 Latitude/Longitude: 0° 21’ 55.38”W, 49° 36’ 17.62”N 9
- 10. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL DATA Geometry The shape of a building or county The course of a river, the route of a road The shape of the landscape, relief 10
- 11. Characteristics of spatial data Topology Connected to Within Adjacent to North of . . . Within the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames Opposite the Surrey County Council building North of Surbiton station Adjacent to Penrhyn Road 11
- 12. Spatial Data: examples Socio-economic data ◦ Regional health data ◦ Consumer / lifestyle profiles ◦ Geodemographics Environmental data ◦ Topographic data ◦ Thematic data, soils, geology 12
- 13. Data Modelling - step 1 • Features – Buildings – Road centrelines – Lamp columns – Gas pipes – CTV Access covers – Road surfaces 13
- 14. Point Line Polygon 14
- 15. Feature : Building Object: Polygon Entity: Tourist Information Bureau 15
- 16. Name : Next Address: 5 Market Place Town: Kingston Owner: Ms J Shore Tel. No: 0181 547 1245 Floor space 1300 sq m 16
- 17. 7,10 5,9 10 Vector model 9,8 4,7 polygon as geometric objects: points, lines, polygon 1,6 8,6 6,6 5 2,5 line 5,4 point 2,2 4,1 5 10 as image files composed of grid-cells Raster model (pixels) 17
- 18. important in determining the potential applications of the system model may also affect the type of analysis work that can be achieved hybrid approach to storing graphical and attribute information Attribute information often stored within standard relational database Graphical information is stored in a proprietary file system optimised tools for data handling although non-standard proprietary system will be difficult to integrate with other systems, it will tend to be very efficient at handling large graphics files.
- 19. advantage of the vector data format: allows precise representation of points, boundaries, and linear features. ◦ useful for analysis tasks that require accurate positioning, ◦ for defining spatial relationship (ie the connectivity and adjacency) between coverage features (topology), important for such purposes as network analysis (for example to find an optimal path between two nodes in a complex transport network) main disadvantage of vector data is that the boundaries of the resulting map polygons are discrete (enclosed by well- defined boundary lines), whereas in reality the map polygons may represent continuous gradation or gradual change, as in soil maps.
- 20. good for representing indistinct boundaries ◦ thematic information on soil types, soil moisture, vegetation, ground temperatures as reconnaissance satellites and aerial surveys use raster- based scanners, the information (ie scanned images) can be directly incorporated into GIS the higher the grid resolution, the larger the data file is going to be
- 21. y 1 1 20 50 1 2 24 45 1 3 52 55 2 1 0 45 46 x 40 ... 000000020 000001000 020010000 000020000 2 2 2 0 1 ... 21
- 22. THE BENEFITS OF GIS INCLUDE: Better information management Higher quality analysis Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios Improve project efficiency 22
- 23. GIS Applications 23 Facilities management Marketing and retailing Environmental Transport/vehicle routing Health Insurance and many more . . .
- 24. "Lascaux Cave". French Ministry of Culture. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. Curtis, Gregory. The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists. NY, USA: Knopf. ISBN 1- 4000-4348-4. Dr David Whitehouse. "Ice Age star map discovered". BBC. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM WWW.GOOGLE.COM