Geometry of Noninertial Bases in Relativistic Mechanics of Continua and Bell's Problem Solution

International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
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GEOMETRY OF NONINERTIAL BASES IN RELATIVISTIC
MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND BELL’S PROBLEM
SOLUTION
Stanislav Podosenov1
, Alexander Potapov2
, Jaykov Foukzon3
and Elena
Men’kova4
1
All-Russian Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements, Moscow, Russia
2
Kotel’nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
4
All-Russian Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements, Moscow, Russia
ABSTRACT
From obtained equations of structure (integrability conditions of continuum equations) the elemental
noninertial reference frames (NRF) are investigated: relativistic global uniformly accelerated Born’s hard
NRF, relativistic Born’s rigid uniformly rotating RF free of horizon, rigid vortex-free spherically
symmetrical NRF. All these systems are not described in Minkowski space. Riemann space-time of these RF
does not directly connect with general theory of relativity (GR). However the exact equations of structure
restrict the possibilities of application of the Einstein's equations.
KEYWORDS
Space-time, metric tensor, curvature tensor, frames of reference, Bell’s problem, Born’s rigidity, equations of
structure, Minkowski, Riemann, Einstein, Lagrangian coordinates, Eulerian coordinates, Kristoffel, world
lines, hypersurfaces
1. INTRODUCTION
When describing the properties of the arbitrary deformable reference frames in the form of the
continuous medium either the field of 4-velocity (Euler’s standpoint) or the law of continuous
medium motion determining the connection between the Euler’s and Lagrangian’s variables is
specified. The space-time is considered either the plane (in case of the special theory of relativity
STR) or the Riemannian space (in case of the general theory of relativity GR).
If the gravitational interaction between the particles can be neglected and the external force
acting on the body is not a gravitational then the relativistic mechanics of the special theory of
relativity STR is applied to describe the medium motion. In STR the fields do not bend the space-
time and in IRF and in co-moving NRF of the continuous medium leaving its plane space-time
geometry. Perhaps only “space sections” are bent, in general case their geometry is not a
Euclidean geometry. Such point of view is routine in the relativity theory (RT). We want to prove
the invalidity of such approach connected with the transition from the inertial reference frames
(IRF) to the noninertial reference frames.

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2. ABOUT THE DIFFICULTIES OF SPECIFYING THE LAGRANGE CO-MOVING
TO THE MEDIUM NONINERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES (NFR) IN SPECIAL
RELATIVITY THEORY (SRT)
This is shown in J. Bell’s problem [1], that the thread which connects identical pointlike rockets
in uniformly accelerated motion with identical constant accelerations in the cosmonaut system is
broken although its length in the inertial reference frame (IRF) does not change. The solution [1]
is also used in calculations of bunch motion in linear colliders at the constant electric field [2].
The uncertainty in the specifying of the space “physical” length is one of the difficulties. For
example, in the non-inertial reference frame (NRF) co-moving with the bunch, or with the thread
in Bell’s problem, there is no correct expression for a finite instantaneous length in special
relativity (SR). We will use the Minkowski space signature (+−−−), the Greek indices will vary
from 0 to 3 and Latin ones from 1 to 3. The standard expression for finding an element of
physical distance obtained with the aid of the spatial metric tensor [6]
is used incorrectly. The length element calculated by means of the metric tensor (1) determines
for the continuum the physical three-dimensional distance between the near world lines of the
medium particles. This section is always orthogonal to the adjacent world lines.
In the special theory of relativity (SRT) the correct utilization of this formula at the hypersurface
orthogonal to the bunch particles world lines (that is the instantaneous physical space co-moving
to the observer medium) resulted in the relation [3-5]
where – is the bunch length (or the thread length in J. Bell’s problem) in the reference frame
co-moving to the bunch as a function of the time IRF , is the initial bunch (thread) length,
is the constant acceleration, . The later formula is original and uncertain in the scientific
literature until [3-5].
The standard calculation in accordance with the formula (1) from [6] in [2], [7]
in which the curvature of the space similar curve orthogonal to the medium particles world lines
is neglected gives at the end of the acceleration process in the Lagrangian comoving NRF the rise
of the bunch length in the electronic collider [2] up to 10000 times.
Approach [8] based on the calculation of the distance along the unit vector of some
instantaneously comoving reference frame (ICIRF) from the bunch beginning to the end results in
practical zero of the bunch length at the and of the acceleration process. In [3-5] at the same
conditions the bunch length increases in 1.003 times. In J. Bell’s problem provided
all formulas from the works above mentioned coincide. And all authors come to conclusion about
the thread rupture in J. Bell’s problem. However all authors (except [3-5]) connect the string
rupture with the Lorentz shrinkages. In our opinion this is erroneous. According to Pauli and
Gerglotts which are the founders of the relativistic elasticity theory just deviation from the Born’s

25
rigidity but not the Lorentz shrinkage results in the deformations and tensions in the body. To
determine the true strains in the body (rod) one must to watch just this body and does not
compare its length with other similar rod in some ICIRF. The situation is resemble the
comparison of the column length and its sun shadow. Crude error is the connection of the Lorentz
transformation and the transition from one IRF to other. Lorentz transformation is the
recalculation rule of the geometrical objects (fields) from one IRF to other which do not never
coincide by definition. Let, for example, in one IRF the brittle extra slim vitreous rod is present.
This rod breaks into pieces when a small deformations are present. Let the set of similar rods is
present in other IRF moving with the relativistic velocities. For each observer at the rod his rod is
not broken and the other rods must to break into pieces in accordance with the Lorentz shrinkage.
This situation is absurd as the integrity or the breaks into pieces is the invariant factor for the
rods. This reminds the skeet shooting when one rifleman smashes the plate. And the observer
from other IRF seems to be that the plate keeps a whole skin and the rifleman misses. The
interpretation of the Lorentz transformations as the transition from one IRF to other is similar to
the activity of the passenger to jump a fast express train from the platform.
When constructing the relativistic elasticity theory one trasits to Lagrangian comoving NRF
where Lorentz shrinkage is absent by defifnition. Origin of the deformations and tensions in the
medium occurs when the medium moves as not rigid in Born’s sense body. Deviation from
Born’s rigidity results in nonzero strain velocity tensor. In our opinion the thread will be broken
if one will toe the line the approach of SRT (special relativity theory) on the basis of conventional
transition rules from IRF to NRF but not at the expense of Lorentz shrinkage as it occurs in listed
works and at the expense of that in such motion the relativistic Born’s string rigidity is violated
and the deformations and tensions arise in the string.
3. CONNECTION OF THE SPACE-TIME GEOMETRY WITH THE CONTINUOUS
MEDIUM PARAMETERS AND THE FORCE FIELDS, SOLUTION OF BELL’S
PROBLEM
In Newtonian mechanics and special relativity theory (SRT) the mass point has zero absolute
acceleration relatively inertial reference frame (IRF) when the forces applied to it are absent or
their vector sum is equal to zero. In general relativity theory (GR) this rule is not satisfied. The
mass point being at rest on the surface of the gravitating sphere in accordance with GR has
nonzero first curvature vector (4 – accelaration). Absolute accelaration is directed along the outer
normal to the sphere and its value is equal to Newtonian gravity near the surface. Supporting
force from the sphere surface brings down the body from its geodetic line having zero first
curvature vector only when the supporting force is absent. In accordance with Newton absolute
acceleration of the mass point at the sphere surface is equal to zero. For low fields Einstein's
equations coincide with Newton theory however conformity principle is not applied relatively
absolute accelarations.
The motion or the rest of the probe particles in this field determine the force field character. By
defifnition the probe particles do not interact with each other. They interact only with the external
field. Let the probe particles are identical and represent some continuous medium. 4 -
acceleration, strain velocity tensor and rotational velocity tensor are the continuum characteristics
in 4 - space-time. 4 - acceleration enters into the law of motion and at the specified plane metric
the field of 4 -velocity and the main medium tensors are determined by integration of motion
equation.

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The continuous medium in the force field specifies some reference frame (RF). For RF with the
specified physical properties one need to know the additional conditions of the main medium
tensors depending on 4 - velocities and 4 - accelerations. For example, let us consider the demand
concerning the rotation and Born’s rigidity. The number of equations for finding of 4 – velocity
becomes overdetermined and the integrability conditions must to be fulfill. The later are fulfilled
if both 4 – velocities of the medium and the metric coefficients will be desired. For the solution
will exist we obtained the integrability conditions (the equations of structure) [11], [9], [16], [17].
The examples of their application are considered in detail in [3], [4], [5], [10], [15]. Equations of
structure are exact, they are not directly connected with the Einstein’s equations.
For the moving (or being at rest) continuous medium the following correlations are valid.
for which in the moving continuous medium at the four-dimensional space-time the expressions
are correct
where is the field of 4 - velocity which meets to the normalizing condition
is the metric tensor in the Euler’s reference frame,
where is the strain velocity tensor, is the rotational velocity tensor, are the first
curvature vectors of the medium particles world lines.
Integration of the system (4-9), where is the curvature tensor expressed by means of the
metric tensor in the ordinary way gives the solution of the problem about the space-time geometry
in which the NRF with the preset structure is realized. In [9, 10] the theorem concerning the
Born’s rigid uniformly accelerated medium can be described in the Riemannian space has been
proved. Although the equations of structure have not been connected with GR (general relativity
theory) but they prescribe a supplementary conditions to the Einstein’s equations. The theorem
proving that all static spherically symmetrical solutions of GR are simultaneous with the equation
of structure has been presented. One-dimensional solution outside the plane infinite massive
source in GR is absent and the equation of structure has such solution and induces the metric for
the constant uniform static field [10]. The calculation in the Lagrange co-moving NRF results in
the metric

27
where the acceleration is considered positive if it is directed along axis and it is considered
negative if it is directed on the contrary. First the metric(10) has been obtained in [11] and it has
been repeated in [12], [13]. One independent component of the curvature tensor calculated in
accordance with the metric (10) has the form
For the Ricci tensor components and scalar curvature we have
One might to be directly convinced that NRF (12) is a uniforly accelerated
If the ideal accelerometer is attached to each identical medium particle then for the
particles being at rest in the uniform constant field of forces from the Riemannian space
viewpoint the first curvature vectors are constant and the accelerometers will indicate the
constant magnitude.
The rest of the components of 4 – accelerations are equal to zero.
The metric (10) can be interpreted and as the equilibrium of the probe particles in any constant
uniform force field. Let the identical probe charges with the same masses are hanged up on the
weightless threads at the uniform electrostatic field. It is clear form the physical consideration that
the charges are at rest relatively each other (the model of the charged dust) and the tensions of all
threads are identical.
Two points of view are permissible.
1. The space-time is a plane and the sum of the forces on each charge is equal to zero.
2. The space-time is a Riemannian with the plane section and the vector of 4 – acceleration is
constant and it is calculated in accordance with the formula (13).
Investigation of electrostatics in the Riemannian space is considered in detail in [10] and the
system of the solutions of the Einstein - Maxwell equations consistent with the equations of
structure has been obtained in [14, 15].
Let us considered the solution of the Bell’s problem. We shall develop the second point of view.
In the Riemann geometry the particle fixed in the field has nonzero first curvature vector (4 –
acceleration) and in the Minkowski space the same particle has a straight world line with zero 4 –
acceleration. From the global equivalence principle the locking of the particles in the uniform
constant field of forces is equivalent to their occurrence in Born’s rigid relativistic global
uniformly accelerated NRF.
In release the particles from the bonds they begin to move at the starting IRF in the Minkowski
space at the constant uniform electric field and the distance between the particles in IRF is not
changed [2] as well as in NRF (10). In Bell’s problem when starting of two pointlike rockets with

28
the same constant accelerations in the astronauts’ reference frame after the oscillation damping in
the thread the world lines of the thread particles will be “parallel” to the world lines of the
pointlike rockets in IRF. And perfect weightless accelerometers fixed at the weightless thread and
the rockets will show the identical values. Consequently the metric for the thread in the
astronauts’ reference frame coincides with (10). The thread length in NRF is preserved as well as
in IRF since the initial Eulerian coordinates coincide with the Lagrange coordinates. The thread
will not be broken. The paradox arises because of the standard accepted at the moment
transition from IRF to NRF. V.I. Rodichev repeatedly spoke about this [22 - 25]. A. A. Vlasov
[26] considering the theory of the growth of the crystal, plasma and biological structures with the
preservation of their likeness came to the result that the growth of such structures is possible in
non-Euclidean space – time. Other possibilities of the transitions are specified in [9, 16, 17, 11].
With the Bell’s problem solution the great difference in calculating the deformations of the
electron bunchs in the modern linear colliders in RF and IRF comoving to the bunchs is vanished.
The standard calculation in accordance with the formula (3) increased the bunch length at the
output of the collider approximately in 10000 times and the calculation in accordance with the
formula (2) incresed the length only in 1.003 times. Although formula (2) is suitable for both the
great and the small accelerations it does not solve the Bell’s paradox in principle. The paradox is
solved only when going out of the Minkowski space to the Riemann space.
Deduced formula (2) in the SRT (special relativity theory) is correct only in the case of the
standard transition from IRF to NRF.
Here we can to quote the [27] with the reference to [28]. “It is very easy to join the words into the
expression “the coordinate system of the accelerated observer” however it is more difficult to find
the conception for which it can be correspond to. The best that we can to say about this
expression – that when careful consideration it is contradictory.” We shall point out that the
space-time is bent in the accelerated pointlike rockets and the thread only in the limit of the world
band. The world lines of the starting IRF particles of the Minkowski space are the straight lines
parallel to the time axis and having zero first curvature vectors. From the viewpoint of any NRF
these vectors will remain zero as it is impossible to create or to zero out 4 – vectors by means of
the transition from NRF to IRF and conversely with the transformation of coordinates containing
the time in non-linear form. Namely such transformations of coordinates are considered by the
orthodox persons as the transition from IRF to NRF and conversely. From the astronauts’
viewpoint the worls lines of the IRF particles seem not to be parallel and the medium particles of
the IRF basis move on the geodetic lines relatively NRF (10).
4. RELATIVISTIC RIGID UNIFORMLY ROTATING NRF
Usually when considering the rotating disk one selects the rest-frame in which the cylindrical
coordinates , , , are introduced and passes to the rotating reference frame , , , in
accordance with the formulas:
where the rotational speed relatively axis is considered as constant. The interval element has
the form

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The formula holds when . In [18-20] other velocity distributions which restrict the linear
velocity of the disk at with the value of velocity of light and at form are
discussed. However only usual distribution law , satisfy to the stiffness criterion
both the classic and the relativistic (in Born’s sense).
Let us determine the metric of the rigid relativistic uniformly rotating NRF by means of our
method supposing in the formulas the strain velocity tensor and demanding the constancy
of the invariant characterizing the relativisctic generalization of the square of the disk rotational
velocity .
In the Lagrangian co-moving frame of reference connected with the rotating disk we have
Afterwards the cumbersome calculations we have two independent equations
Condition (17) is equivalent to the constancy of the value of metrically invariant angular velocity
vector [20] anf the constancy of the value of the rotary speed in the co-moving tetrads [21].
The values of the relativistic and the classic rotary speed are connected with the relation
For metric (18) there is a steady-state solution applied in whole sphere but realized in
the Riemann space – time.
The solution of the system (20), (21) in the quadratures is absent. Numerical analysis showed that
at the metric (18) coincides with the metric (16). Centripetal acceleration in the rotating
NRF is determined with the formula
which at small passes to the classic and at gives . The calculation of the
independent nonzero components of curvature tensor are cumbersome and we omit them (see [9],
[11], [16], [17]).
After the simplifications the system [20, 21] is represented in tht form

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Physical interpretation of function means the dimensionless linear speed of the disk. For
small velocities
that is equivalent to the classic expression. It follows from the analysis of (24) that for the
equation has the solution . This solution is markedly differed from the classic rigid disk
where the velocity field at infinity is indefinitely great. Apparently the diagram of the numerical
solution (24) is resemble the diagram of the hyperbolic tangent or the deformed step function for
.
Nondimensional
velocity
Nondimensional radius
Relativistic dusk
Figure 1. Plot of the linear dimensionless disk velocity as a function of nondimensional distance from the
rotation axis
Metric
tensor
components
Nondimensional radius
Figure 2. Calculation of the metric tensor components at the relativistic rigid disk
Dkl corresponds to the standard disk rotation conventional in literature.
It is generally known [6] that at the rotating disk the clock can not be identically synchronized at
all points. Therefore synchronizing along the closed circuit and returning to the reference point
we shall obtain the time differed from the original time on the value
Let us consider the light rays propagation along the closed circuit relatively to the rotating disk.
Let the rays are moved round a circle in the opposite direction and the source is located at the

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rotating disk. Always the velocity of light is equal if one uses the metrically invariant time lag
[20]. Therefore the rays will reach the source simultaneously. In accordance with the universal
time the time difference of the source coming . In the nonrelativistic approximation for
the small velocities of the disk the obtained result coincides with the result of the well-
known Sagnac experiment.
where is the area of the disk. In the ultrarelativistic case we have
We shall point out that in accordance with the current outlook the clock at the rotating disk can
not be identically synchronized at all points. Therefore synchronizing along the closed circuit and
returning to the reference point we shall obtain the time differed from the original time. However
this problem has been solved by the authors in [16], [17] by means of the introduction of the
“relative tensor of curvature” (terminology of the authors) at the space-time. But this topic
exceeds the limits of this article.
5. SPHERICALLY SYMMETRICAL RIGID NRF
Let us consider in the Minkowski space the central symmetrical continuum motion occurring
from some point in which the origin of coordinates is. Obviously that for the observers in the
Lagrange co-moving reference frame the distance between the adjacent medium elements will
change with the time i.e. such system is not the rigid one. As all medium points being at the same
distance from the centre have identical velocities and accelerations then such medium moves
without the rotations. Thus, for such NRF the tensor of the angular velocity is equal to zero, and
the strain velocity tensor and the field of the first curvature vectors are differed from zero. If for
the considered NRF one demands the fulfillment of the rigidity condition then it follows from the
analysis of the structure equation (4) that in the Minkowski space the spherical symmetrical NRF
having nonzero radial acceleration and zero strain velocity tensor is absent. In other words in the
Minkowski space the rigid radial continuum motion is impossible.
In the Riemannian space such situation is possible. For example, it follows from the condition of
static equilibrium in the spherical symmetrical gravitational field described with the
Schwarzschild metric. For the observers being at rest at the surface of the motionless gravitating
sphere from the GR standpoint the acceleration differs from zero and it is directed from the centre
perpendicular to the surface while for the observers keeping of the Newton standpoint the
acceleration is equal to zero. And vice versa the free falling body in the Newton gravitational
field has nonzero acceleration and in the Schwarzschild field it moves on the geodetic line with
zero acceleration. We find the metric of the spherical symmetrical Lagrange co-moving NRF in
analogy with GR [6] in the form
where и depend only from .

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Obviously NRF (30) is rigid as the metric factors do not depend from the time and zero
components k
g0 mean that the rotations are absent. The system (5) taking into account the
formulated demands and also fulfillment of the co-moving conditions
reduces to one equation
One can to be convinced that the structure equations (4) satisfy to (31) without the additional
connections for and functions. Thus, in accordance with the specified field of the first
curvature vectors it is impossible uniquely to determine the metric (30) without the additional
factors.
From the physical encyclopaedia “reference frames (RF) are the collections of the coordinate and
clock system connected with the body relatively which the motion (or the equilibrium) of any
other mass points or bodies is studied”... . Therefore to investigate the motion (equilibrium) of
other bodies the analytical specifying of the body properties is necessary – basis of RF itself. And
what means the RF in vacuum? The physical encyclopaedia ignores. In the Schwarzschild field
vacuum is present outside the body. In accordance with GR in vacuum in the static field (as well
as alternating field) we understand that RF “… is the collection of the infinite number of the
bodies filling all space like some medium” [6]. Let us consider some simplest possibilities.
a). Let the observers locating at the earth surface measure the gravitational field by means
of the accelerometers. The earth rotation is not taken into account, its density is considered as the
constant, and the earth from is the spherical. They will find that the acceleration field is directed
on the radius from the centre perpendicular to the surface. In order to measure the field far from
the surface we use the set of the radial weightless rigid rods. We install the system of the
accelerometers along the rods. Collection of the rods and the accelerometers specifies the basis of
the radial accelerated rigid reference frame. Really with the removing form the earth surface the
acceleration field will decrease in accordance with the Newton’s law of gravitation (in the zero
approximation). If the observers consider that its space is flat and the law of gravitation is exact
then the metrics (30) will have the form [11].
where is the gravitational radius. When derivation (32) we took into account in
accordance with the definition of the plane space and has been found from (31) and
Newton’s law of gravitation.
So, though the space metrics is flat, the space-time metric (31) is the Riemannian one. Thus, the
Newton’s gravitation theory in the flat space permits two logically consistent interpretations.
In accordance with the generally accepted interpretation in the Newton’s theory both the space
and the space-time are the flat. At the same time on the body being at the earth surface two forces
act: the gravity and the support reaction force which in sum give zero and therefore the body has
no acceleration.

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In our interpretation on the body being at rest relatively the earth surface only one force acts –
the support reaction force which adds to the body the acceleration measured with the
accelerometer (floor scales) and calculated in accordance with the (31) using the metric (32). If
the support is removed then the body will move on the geodesic line in the space-time with the
metric (32) while in general interpretation when the support is absent the body will move in the
flat space-time under the action of the gravity.
Modified Newton’s interpretation is closer the Einstein’s interpretation then the Newton’s one.
Using [31] one can to show that the calculation of the pericentre displacement over one rotation
in accordance with the metric (32) is one-third of one in accordance with the Schwarzschild
metric. The change of the light ray direction when passing near the central body in accordance
with (32) is one-second of the Schwarzschild one. So, the proposed model does not pretend on the
GR substitution, it fixes the more close connection between the Newton’s and the Einstein’s
theories showing that one can to consider the Newton’s theory in the Riemannian space-time. If
in the Newton’s approximation the considered interpretation coincides with the experimental data
then the model does not take into account more thin effects which are explained in GR.
b). When derivation (32) one supposes that corresponds to the model of the flat
space section. The system of the rigid non-deformable rods on which the sound spreads with the
infinitely large velocity that contradicts to the finite velocity of the interaction spreading has been
selected as the reference frame outside the earth. We shall consider that the basis structure of the
radial accelerated NRF outside the earth is equivalent to some elastic medium subjected to the
deformations and consequently the tensions but having zero strain velocity tensor.
It is conveniently to determine the connection between the deformation and stress tensors in the
Lagrange co-moving NRF considering the elastic medium for which the Hooke law in the form
[29] specified at the hypersurface orthogonal to the world lines [30] is valid
where is the first invariant of the deformation tensor, is the Lamé coefficient, is
the metric of the space section (30).
is the metric tensor of the plane space in the spherical coordinates.
The elastic medium must to satisfy the continuity equation.
The solution of the continuity equation results in the relation [29], [30]
where is the “medium” density in the unstrained state.
The “motion” equations of the elastic medium in the Lagrange NRF have the form similar to the
equilibrium condition of the elastic medium in the Newtonian gravitational field at the classic
consideration

34
where are the “unphysical” – affine components of the acceleration and the raising and the
lowering of tensor indexes and the calculation of the covariant derivative is realized by means of
the space metric . As the metric (30) is orthogonal then to construct the tetrad field one can to
combine the vectors of ortho reference mark with the vectors of the affine reference mark and
to write the tetrad field in the form of the Lame calibration [32]. [33].
where the summation of is absent. The tetrad tensor components coincide with the “physical”.
Supposing that the physical or the tetrad acceleration components correspond (as in the case a).)
to the Newtonian value, we have from (34) and (35) in the spherical coordinates the expression
The integration of this expression provided that at the infinity the space is plane ( ) results in
the relation
where is the longitudinal sound velocity.
Taking into account that the first curvature vector
using (31) and (36) we obtain the equation for . The integration of this equation provided that at
infinity forms
The limit of the expressions (38) and (39) when results in the metric (32) that corresponds
to the model of perfectly rigid body in the Newtonian sense. We shall refer to as relativistic rigid
body such body in which the longitudinal sound velocity is equal to the velocity of light in
vacuum [11]. The expression (38) exactly coincides with the component of the Schwarzschild
metric in the standard form and component of this metrics is obtained from (38) if one
expands into a series and keeps only the first infinitesimal order on .
Thus, for the spherically – symmetrical rigid NRF where the basis is the relativistic rigid body
and the acceleration corresponds to the Newtonian one the metric has the form (30) where is
determined from (38) when the sound velocity is equal to the velocity of light in vacuum and
is obtained at the same conditions from (37). We represent the final output in the form

35
The calculation of the known GR effects in accordance with the metric (39) when only
insignificantly differs from the calculation using the Schwarzschild’s metric. The difference is in
the pericenter shift calculation which is equal to 5/6 from the Schwarzschild’s one. The change of
the light beam direction when passing close by the central body coincides with the
Schwarzschild’s one. Therefore the modified model is considerably nearer to GR than (32).
6. CONCLUSIONS
1. It is proved that in the Minkowski space the translatory globally uniformly accelerated and
rigid in the Born’s sense continuum motion is impossible. If besides the continuum motion
equations one imposes the supplementary conditions for the rigidity or the rotations of the
continuum following from physical considerations then these conditions “remove” the moving
medium from the plane space-time.
2. The metric of the rigid in the Born’s sense globally uniformly accelerated continuum realized
in the Riemannian space-time has been presented. The metric integrates the properties of the
Möller’s metric (the rigidity in the Born’s sense) and the properties of the Logunov’s metric (the
global uniformly acceleration). It should be noted that the proper time which was obtained by
Einstein [34] in 1907 and which was named exact is obtained from the metric (10) for the fixed
Lagrangian particle.
where is the proper time for given space point, is the universal time. But Einstein renounced
of the exact expression for the approximation (Möller’s).
3. The relativistic rigid in the Born’s sense uniformly rotating NRF without the restriction of the
radius value and having at infinity the linear velocity which is equal to the velocity of light and
finite acceleration but realized in the Riemannian space time has been obtained.
4. Equations of structure being exact restrict the domain of applicability of the Einstein’s
equations as they give the supplementary conditions which are not always compatible with the
GR solutions.
5. The spherically symmetrical rigid NRF having no the analog in the Minkowski space which is
equivalent to the balance of the gravitational forces to the elastic forces has been constructed. If in
the elastic medium the transverse sound velocity concides with the velocity of light in free space
then the body is the relativistic rigid and the obtained equilibrium solution is described with the
metric closed to the Schwarzschild’s metric. For the classic solids the velocity of sound goes to
infinity but the equilibrium space-time metric remains the Riemannian with the plane space. It
turns out that the connection between the Newton’s and Einstein’s theories is much close then
commonly thought.
6. The Bell inequality was solved
7. The time-series identification of the physical frame of reference as the reference body with the
specified physical properties resulted in essential approaching of the Newton’s and Einstein’s
gravitation theories. Assignment of the physical properties to the reference frames in a manner is
equivalent to the introduction of the quantum-mechanical principle of complementarity to the
Newton’s gravitation theory. In this approach the space-time geometry depends on the means by

36
the instrumentality of which it is observed. Similarly the quantum mechanics it is impossible to
describe the atomic systems independently of watching facilities.
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37
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Authors
Stanislav A. Podosenov (M’96) was born in Arkhangelsk, Russia in 1937. He received the degree in
theoretical physics in 1963 and the Ph. D. degree in relativistic mechanics of deformable media in 1972,
both from Moscow State University physical Faculty, Russia. From 1963 to 1970, he lectured physics at
Moscow State Technical University, where he completed his postgraduate study. Since 1970, he has been
working at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optophysical Measurements on problems of relativistic
mechanics and electrodynamics, noninertial frames of reference in special and general relativity, and
nonstationary neutron transfer theory. Presently, he is working in the field of EM pulses radiation theory
and their interaction with conducting bodies. Dr. Podosenov is the laureate of prize of the Russian
Federation government 2002 in the field of science and engineering.
Alexander A. Potapov was born in 1951. He is the Doctor of physical and mathematical Sciences. Dr.
Potapov has been working as a chief researcher at the Institute of radio engineering and electronics of
Russian Academy of Sciences named after V. A. Kotelnikov. He is working in the field of radio physics,
dispersion and diffraction of electromagnetic waves, radiolocation, recognition and image and signal
processing, determinate chaos, modern topology, fractal analysis, fractional operators, scaling effects. Dr.
Potapov is the academician of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences RANS and the academician of
Academy of Engineering Sciences named after A. M. Prokhorov. He is the professor of Kazan State
Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev. Dr. Potapov is the Chief Editor of the magazine
“Nonlinear world”, Member of editorial board of the international magazine “Electromagnetic
Phenomena”. He is Honorable radio operator of the Russian Federation. Dr. Potapov is the author of the
basic researches in the field of fractal approaches to radio physics, radio engineering and radar problems
and broad spectrum of adjacent scientific and technology paths. He is working in this field from 1979. Dr.
Potapov is the initiator of the pioneer researches and developments on fractal theory application in radio
physics, scaling effects and fractal operators in radio systems in Russia. He is the author of more than 400
scientific publications, includes 10 monographs.
Jaykov Foukzon. Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Elena R. Men’kova was born in Moscow, Russia in 1955. She received the Ph.D. degree in 1984 from
Russian Chemical-technological University, Russia. Since 1984 she has been working as a Junior
Researcher, and then Senior Researcher at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optophysical
Measurements. Her research interest focuses on the works connected with radiation and measurement of
pulse electromagnetic fields.

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