GEOSPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS OF GIS SOFTWARES

Geospatial Analysis of Remote
Sensing Data using different Image
Processing Softwares and
Programming in MATLAB
Ranu Bhardwaj
Ph.D. Scholar
(Amity University)

Syllabus
Basic concept of Remote Sensing
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Photogrammetry
Spatial Analysis
Image Processing techniques
2

Day 1
Geospatial data
Geospatial Technology
Natural Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing in daily life
Definition of Remote Sensing
Concept of Remote Sensing
History of Remote Sensing
Modern day Remote Sensing using satellites
Early Pictures of satellites
Evolvement of Remote sensing
3

Geospatial means…?
Geographic + locational
• Static - For ex. Current location
• Dynamic- For ex. Live location
4

What is
Geo-spatial
data
The word geospatial is used to indicate that data that has a geographic
component to it. This means that the records in a dataset have
locational information tied to them such as geographic data in the form
of coordinates, address, city, or ZIP code. GIS data is a form of geospatial
data. Other geospatial data can originate from GPS data, satellite
imagery, and geotagging.
5

What is the Importance
of Geospatial data..?
6

What is Geospatial
Technology
Geospatial technology refers to all of the
technology used to acquire, manipulate, and
store geographic information.
GIS is one form of geospatial
technology. GPS, remote sensing are other
examples of geospatial technology.
7

What do you understand
by Remote sensing
8

Remote Sensing in
Layman terms
10

Remote Sensing in Daily life
11
Eye Telescope Camera

Definition of
Remote
Sensing
Remote sensing is the science of acquiring
information about an object or phenomenon
by measuring emitted and reflected
radiations.
12

(A) Energy Source or Illumination – Emits Electromagnetic radiation towards earth surface.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere – As energy source emits its radiation, it passes through the atmosphere and comes towards
the earth. There are many atmospheric particles in the atmosphere, due to which some of the energy reflected, some of the energy
scattered in the atmosphere and rest energy strikes on the earth features.
(C) Interaction with the Target - once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere, it interacts with the target
depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor- after the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the target, we require a sensor
(remote - not in contact with the target) to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation.
(E) Transmission, Reception, and Processing- the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to
a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image (hardcopy and/or digital).
(F) Interpretation and Analysis- the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or electronically, to extract information
about the target which was illuminated.
(G) Application
Concept of Remote Sensing
14

Definitionsof
RemoteSensing
 Theterm“remote sensing”initsbroadest sensemerely means “reconnaissanceat
a distance.”(Colwell,1966, p. 71)
 Remotesensinghasbeenvariouslydefined but basically it istheart or science of
telling something about an object without touching it. (Fischer et al., 1976, p.
34)
 Remote sensing is the acquisition of physical data of an object without touch or
contact.(Lintzand Simonett,1976, p. 1)
 Remote sensing is the observation of a target by a device separated from it by
somedistance.(Barrett and Curtis,1976, p. 3)
 Remote sensing is the art, science and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment, through the process of
recording, measuring and interpreting imagery and digital representations of
energy patterns derived from noncontact sensor systems (Lecture Note by
Wataru, 2009)
15

Historyof
Remote Sensing
Natural:
Oldest Compound Eyes
Artificial:
 1800: Discoveryof Infrared by SirWilliam Herschel
 1826: JosephNiepce tookthefirst photograph
 1839: Beginningof practice of photography
 1858: Gaspard Tournachontakesfirst aerial photographfrom a balloon
 1847: Infrared spectrumshownbyA.H.L.Fizeauand J.B.L.Foucaultto share properties with visible
light
 1873: Theoryof electromagnetic energy developed by JamesClerk Maxwell
 1909: Photographyfrom airplanes
 1914-1918 World War I:Aerial reconnaissance
 1920–1930: Developmentand initial applications of aerial photography and photogrammetry
16

 1929–1939: Economicdepressiongeneratesenvironmentalcrisesthat lead to
governmentalapplicationsof aerial photography
 1930–1940: Developmentof radarsinGermany,US,and UK
 1939–1945: World War II:applicationsof nonvisibleportionsof electromagnetic
spectrum;trainingof personsinacquisitionandinterpretationof airphotos
 1950–1960: Military researchand development
 1956: Colwell’sresearchonplant diseasedetectionwithinfrared photography
 1960–1970: Firstuseof termremotesensingTIROSweathersatellite Skylab remote sensing
observationsfromspace
 1972: Launchof Landsat1
 1970–1980: Rapidadvancesindigital image processing
 1980–1990: Landsat4: newgenerationof Landsatsensors
 1986: SPOTFrenchEarthobservationsatellite
 1980s: Developmentof hyperspectral sensors
 1990s: Global remotesensingsystems,lidars
Historyof
Remote Sensing
17

Historyof Remote Sensing
10
Joseph Niepce
First Photograph- 1826
(copyright Gernsheim Collection, U-Texas)
18

HistoryofRemote Sensing
11
First Aerial Photograph from Airplane:
Italy 24-04-1909 (Oblique view of walls
of Centocelli Italy, by Wibur Wright)
The first photo taken
from balloon (1858) 19

12
Early aerial photography by the U.S. Navy, 1914. This photograph illustrates
difficulties encountered in early efforts to match the camera with the airplane
20

Aerial photography, World War I Aerial photography, World War II
13
21

Modern day Remote
Sensing using
satellites
14
22

EarlyPicturesof Satellites
15
Saudi Arabia Eastern India, Bangladesh &
Himalayas (20N, 88E)
Gulf of California and
Southern California
23

Evolvement
of Remote
Sensing
24

Whatdowesensein
Remote Sensing
By recording emitted or reflected radiation and
applying knowledge of its behaviour as it passes
through the Earth’s atmosphere and interacts with
objects, remote sensing analysts develop knowledge
of the character of features such as vegetation,
structures, soils, rock, or water bodies on the
Earth’s surface.
17
26

Electromagnetic(EM) Spectrum
18
The most familiar form of EMR is visible light, which forms only a small (but very important) portion of the full EM spectrum.
The large segments of this spectrum that lie outside the visible range require our special attention because they may behave in
ways that are quite foreign to our everyday experience with visible radiation.
Entertainment/communication Use it as Invisible to human eye Visible range can damage Produce by Useful for
heat source but its heat can be feel tissue accelerating killing cancer
Electrons cells
Entertainment/communication Use it as Invisible to human eye Visible range can damage Produce by Useful for
heat source but its heat can be feel tissue accelerating killing cancer
Electrons cells
27

Various Stepsin RS
23
(A) Energy Source
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere
(C) Interaction with the Target
(D) Recording of Energy by the
Sensor
(E) Transmission, Reception, and
Processing
(F) Interpretation and Analysis
(G) Application
29

Active Remote sensing
For example, RADAR & LIDAR
30

Passive Remote sensing
For example- Spectroradiometer, Imaging radiometer
31

Image Resolution-Spatial,
Spectral, Temporal,
Radiometric…???
32

All remote sensing systems have four types of resolution:
• Spatial
• Spectral
• Temporal
• Radiometric
33

High vs. Low?
Spatial Resolution
Source: Jensen (2000)
34

Source: Jensen (2000)
Spectral Resolution
35

Radiometric Resolution
Imagery data are represented by
positive digital numbers which
vary from 0 to (one less than) a
selected power of 2.
This range corresponds to the
number of bits used for coding
numbers in binary format. Each bit
records an exponent of power 2
(e.g. 1 bit=2 1=2).
The maximum number of
brightness levels available depends
on the number of bits used in
representing the energy recorded.
Thus, if a sensor used 8 bits to
record the data, there would be
28=256 digital values available,
ranging from 0 to 255.
38

Elements of Image Interpretation
Shape:
• Many natural and human-made features have unique
shapes.
• Often used are adjectives like linear, curvilinear, circular,
elliptical, radial, square, rectangular, triangular,
hexagonal, star, elongated, and amorphous.
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Shadow:
 Shadow reduction is of concern in remote sensing because shadows
tend to obscure objects that might otherwise be detected.
 However, the shadow cast by an object may be
the only real clue to its identity.
 Shadows can also provide information on the height of an
object either qualitatively or quantitatively.
41

 Tone and Color:
 A band of EMR recorded by a remote sensing instrument can be
displayed on an image in shades of gray ranging from black to white.
 These shades are called “tones”, and can be qualitatively referred to as
dark, light, or intermediate (humans can see 40-50 tones).
 Tone is related to the amount of light reflected from the scene in a specific
wavelength interval (band).
43

Jensen (2000)
Tone and Color
44

Texture:
 Texture refers to the arrangement of tone or color
in an image.
 Useful because Earth features that exhibit similar
tones often exhibit different textures.
 Adjectives include smooth (uniform, homogeneous), intermediate, and
rough (coarse, heterogeneous).
45

Pattern:
 Pattern is the spatial arrangement of objects on
the landscape.
 General descriptions include random and systematic; natural
and human-made.
 More specific descriptions include circular, oval,
curvilinear, linear, radiating, rectangular, etc.
47

...KEEPTAKI NG NOTES...
Jensen (2000)
48

Height and Depth:
 As discussed, shadows can often offer clues to the
height of objects.
 In turn, relative heights can be used to interpret
objects.
 In a similar fashion, relative depths can often be
interpreted.
 Descriptions include tall, intermediate, and short; deep, intermediate, and
shallow.
49

Association:
 This is very important when trying to interpret an object or
activity.
Association refers to the fact that certain features and activities
are almost always related to the presence of certain other
features and activities.
51

Only 1 out of 11 Landsat 8 OLI images are usable for
the current year!
For Sentinel 2A, there are only 2 usable images…
70

The solution is to use active microwave sensors (SAR)
that can see through clouds!
71

Spatial Resolution: Landsat 8 OLI vs. Sentinel 2A vs. Sentinel 1A
81

A close-up of the river vegetation
85

Various Platforms of RS torecordEM spectrum
22
89

Applications of Remote
Sensing
90

Application of RS and GIS
35
Agriculture and Soil
• Precision Agriculture,
Crop Acreage and
Production
Estimation, Soil and
Land Degradation
Mapping
Forest, Biodiversity
and Environment
• Forest Cover and
Type Mapping,
Biodiversity
Characterisation,
Environmental
Impact Studies,
Monitoring of
Environmental
Sensitive Area,
Monitoring of
Wetland Areas,
Forest Fire and Risk
Mapping
Engineering and
Geology
• Mineral Potential
Mapping,
Groundwater
Potential Zoning,
Infrastructure
Planning
Regional/ Land
Development
• Town and Country
Planning, Land
Alienation, Solid
Waste Disposal
91

Applicationof RS and GIS
36
Marine and
Oceanography
• Potential Fishing
Zone (PFZ),
Coastal Zone
Mapping, Marine
Resources,
Physical
Oceanography
Disaster
Management
• Monitoring and
Mapping of
Disaster Areas
(Forest fire,
Flood and
Landslide),
Landslide Hazard
Zonation, Flood
Damage
Assessment,
Forest Fire
Meteorology
• Extended Range
Monsoon
Forecasting,
Ocean State
Forecasting
Water
• Potential
Drinking Water
Zones,
Monitoring of
Catchment and
Reservoir Areas,
Surface Water,
Watershed
Development
92

Applicationof RS and GIS
37
Environmental Health
• Dengue Risk
Mapping Zoning,
Children Malnutrition
Study, Air Pollution
Study, Tick Borne
Disease
Landuse Monitoring
• Landuse/ Land Cover
Mapping, Wasteland
Mapping,
Topography and
Geographic
Positioning, Urban
Development,
Geology
National Security
• Intelligence,
Territorial Security
Management,
Mapping and Rescue
Planning, Strategic
and Tactical, Ground
Mobility
93

Application of RS:CropGrowth Monitoring
38
94

Global Normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) map
by MODIS(2003)
ApplicationofRS:CropGrowth Monitoring
[GSFC, 2003]
39
95

ApplicationofRS:
Forest Monitoring
40
96

ApplicationofRS:UrbanHeatIsland Monitoring
Land Surface temperature is clearly enhanced by land cover
41
97

ApplicationofRS:WildFire Monitoring
42
98

ApplicationofRS:Disaster Management
43
99

ApplicationofRS:Land Uses
44
Newfoundland , Canada
Landsat Composite Image
100

ApplicationofRS:LandUse change
45
101

ApplicationofRS:Flood Mapping
47
satellite image of St. Louis on
July 4, 1988, during normal river
levels.
St. Louis on July 18, 1993,
during the height of the
flooding.
103

ApplicationofRS:Military Use
48
104

49
ApplicationofRS:Military Use
105

• BooksonRemotesensing
BooksandTutorials
55
James B. Campbell, Randolph H. Wynne (2011):Introduction to Remote Sensing, Fifth Edition
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Fundamentals of Remote sensing
Thomas M. Lillesand (eds.), 2007. Remote sensing and image interpretation, Willey.
106

BooksandTutorials
Paul R. Wolf (eds.), 2000. Elements of photogrammetry with applications in GIS, McGraw-Hill Science.
Qihao Weng, Remote Sensing and GIS Integration, Theory, Methods and Applications
BooksonRemoteSensingand GIS
56
107

BooksandTutorials
• BooksonGIS
Shahab Fazal, GIS Basics
Michael N. DeMers, GIS for Dummies
Julie Delaney & Kimberly Van Niel, Geographic Information system An introduction
57
108

BooksandTutorials
 BooksonGIS
T. Sutton, O. Dassau, M. Sutton, A gentle introduction to GIS
To be added with the help
of Sir Google … . 
58
109

 RemoteSensing (RS)
□ Remotelysensingtheuseful information of object (earth)
□ Processof recording, measuring and interpreting imagery and
digital representations of energy patterns derived from
noncontactsensor systems
 GeographicInformation System(GIS)
□ Asystemdesigned to capture, store, manipulate, analyze,
manage, and present all types of geographically
referenced data
3
110

Geographically Referenced
image
 Geographically Referenced Data
separate GIS from other
Information Systems.
 Georeferencing means that the
internal coordinate system of an
image or aerial photo image can
be related to a geographic
coordinate system.
 Georeference something means
to define its existence in physical
space. That is, establishing its
location in terms of coordinate
systems.
 Before we begin discussing GIS,
we must understand data nature
used with GIS applications.
111

For example, roads-
To describe a road, we need locations
(where it is), and its characteristics: length,
name, speed limit, and direction).
The location, also called geometry or shape,
represents spatial data,
whereas the characteristics are attribute
data.
So, the road, like any other geographically
referenced data, has two main components:
spatial data & attribute data.
112

Can you recall
Google Earth?
The information in the Google earth is obtained
through Remote Sensing
While its representation and management on
geographical locations is made possible
through GIS
4
114

Can you recall
Google Earth?
Let's look at small movies about Google earth to
learn more about the remotely sensed
information and its geographical referencing of
the information
5
115

Google Earth Engine allows
observation of dynamic changes in
agriculture, natural resources, and
climate using geospatial data
from the Landsat satellite
program, which passes over the
same places on the Earth every
sixteen days.
116

Nitin Chauhan - Department of Remote Sensing
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
117

Geography….
The Science of Earth’s Physical
features, resources, climate,
population etc.
Nitin Chauhan - Department of Remote Sensing 118

Geography….
What & Where
Location is important
What & Where
4
GEOGRAPHY = Geo + Graphy
SNAKES & LADDER

E L
P P A
O G D
C A
T
Data…
5

L E
G
D O
C A T
Information
6
A P P

Data Information
Factual information,
especially information
organized for analysis
or used to reason or
make decisions.
Information is the
result of processing,
manipulating and
organizing data in a
way that adds to the
knowledge of the
person receiving it.
Data versus Information….
7

Nitin Chauhan - Department of Remote Sensing
GIS
⚫ Geographic
 GIS tend to deal primarily with geographic or spatialfeatures.
 These objects can be referenced or related to a specific location in space.
⚫ Information
 Large volumes of data, handled within a GIS
 Real world objects with set of characteristics or descriptive attributes
⚫ System
 Complex environments are broken down into their component parts for ease of
understanding and handling but
 Are considered to from an integrated whole
123

What GIS can do? Real world problems
Identification Where ?
Locate What is there?
Optimum path What is the best route?
Patterns What relations exists between?
Trend What has changed ?
Models What if ?
What GIS can do???
9

GIS Definition
⚫Toolbox based
- set of tools
- a system
- an information system
⚫Database definitions
- a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and
upon which a set of procedures are operated in order to answer queries
about spatial entities in the database.
⚫Organization based definitions
- a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced
data in a problem solving environment
for capturing, storing, retrieving,
analyzing and displaying which
are spatially referenced to earth

C + S + T + A + R + D = GIS
Defining GIS….the easy way
11

GIS is a tool that can:
C = Collect
S = Store
Defining GIS….the easy way
12
T = Transform
A = Analyze
R = Retrieve
D = Display
d
Nitin
a
Cht
aua
han - Department of Remote Sensing
127

History of GIS
⚫ Ian L. McHarg is Known as “ Father of GIS”
⚫ 1963 : Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) :
http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/CLI/index_agriculture.html). It was given by Roger
Tomlinson to analyze Canada's national land inventory
⚫ 1964 : Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics (and Spatial Analysis) was
established by Howard Fisher. This lab had major influence on the development
of GIS until early 1980
⚫ 1965 : The development of the GBF-DIME (Geographic Base Files - Dual
Independent Map Encoding) files by the
U.S. Census Bureau. term DIME itself was first coined by
George Farnsworth
13

History of GIS
⚫1966 : Howard Fisher developed
SYMAP (Synagraphic Mapping
a general-purpose
System)
mapping package, producing
• isoline, choropleth and proximal maps on a line
printer.
• 1966 : Howard Fisher developed SYMAP (Synagraphic
Mapping System) a general-purpose mapping package,
producing isoline, choropleth and proximal maps on a
line printer.
14

History of GIS
⚫1969 : Data formats begin to emerge and private
vendors began offering GIS packages:
 Environmental Science Research Institute (ESRI) is founded
by Jack and Laura Dangermond
 Jim Meadlock establishes Intergraph Corporation (originally
called M & S Computing Inc)
⚫1972 : IBM's GFIS (Geographic Information
Systems)
15

History of GIS
⚫ 1976 : Minnesota Land Management Information System
(MLMIS), developed at the Centre for Urban and Regional
Analysis, University of Minnesota.
⚫ 1977 : The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) develops the
Digital Line Graph (DLG) spatial data format
⚫ 1978 : ESRI developed the first version of Arc/Info, the
current leading GIS software package.
⚫ 1978 : ERDAS (Earth Resource Data Analysis System) was
founded
16

History of GIS
⚫ 1980 : GIS was pushed to evolve towards analysis
⚫ 1982 : ESRI's ARC/INFO® 1.0, the first commercially
available GIS software package, which ran on mainframe
computers
⚫ 1985 : Army Corps of Engineers at the Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) started the
development of the GIS GRASS – Geographic Resources
Analysis Support System – as a raster based GIS
programme
17

History of GIS
18
⚫ 1986 : Mapinfo was founded. ESRI's PC ARC/INFO® 1.0, the
first GIS software available for the personal computer, was
released
⚫ 1987 : SPANS( Spatial Analysis System) GIS and IDRISI by Clark
University.
⚫ 1988 : US bureau of Census „TIGER‟(Topographically Integrated
Geographic Encoding and Referencing) digital data products.
⚫ 1988 : The National Centre for Geographic Information and
Analysis (NCGIA) was established in the USA

History of GIS
19
⚫ 1989 : ER Mapper was launched. Intergraph launched MGE (Modular
GIS Environment)
⚫ 1990 : Third phase of evolution : GIS became a real Management
Information System (MIS), and thus able to support decision making
processes
⚫ 1992 : Lebanon, decided to rebuild the entire nations electricity
network in GIS environment
⚫ 1993 : XEROX PARC Map Viewer : first Web-based interactive map
Viewer was developed by Steve Putz
⚫ 1994 : OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium ) was founded

History of GIS
⚫ Beyond 2000 :



Mobile GIS
Location based services
Open access to satellite images (ex. Google Earth)
20
⚫ 1997 : Internet GIS –
( ArcIMS – Arcview Internet Map Server)
( Mapserver – Developed by University of Minnesota – open source)

Geographical information systemsevolved from centuriesof mapmakingand thecompilation
of spatial data
HistoryandDevelopmentof GIS
31
Map prepared by Eratosthenes
The Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographerEratosthenes (ca. 276 –
194B.C.) laid the foundations of scientific cartography
136

HistoryandDevelopmentof GIS
Ptolemy’s map of the world, about A.D. 150, republished in 1482. Notice the
use of latitude and longitude lines and the distinctive projection of this map
32
137

History and Developmentof GIS
Al-Idrisi’s map of the world, 1456. He completed a map of the known world in
the 12th century. Drawn with south at the top, this later example has been
inverted for easier viewing.
33
138

Components/ Elements of GIS
Application
Hardware
⚫ There are namely 5 components of GIS
People
Software
Data

RS and GIS ofEarthResources
24
GIS
Data
Product
Interpre
tation Products Users
Electromagetic remote sensing of earth and its processing
Remote Sensing Sensing System
Geo referencing
Pictorial and
Numerical data
140

 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)systemdesigned to capture, store,manipulate,analyze, manage,and
present all types of geographically referenced data
 GISare computerizedsystemsdesigned for thestorage, retrieval and
analysisof geographically referenced data
 GISusesadvanced analytical tools to explore at a scientificlevel the spatial relationships, patterns, and
processesof cultural, biological, demographic, economic,geographic, and physical phenomena
Unique capabilities of GIS
 GISstoresrelated geographic features inseparate collectionsof files called map layers
 Map layers canbe reusedeasily and assembledinto any numberof mapcompositionsand overlaid for
analysis
GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)
25
141

GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)
26
142

 Information
□ Remotesensingdata
□ Geographic data
 Hardware
□ Computer
□ Digitizer
□ Scanner
□ Printer/Plotter
 Software
□ Desktop GIS
□ Internet GIS
□ CADSoftware
□ Database Software
 Multimedia (photos, videos, 3D models)
ToolsforGIS
27
Information
Hardware/
software
Multimedia
143

 Location:Whatis at...?Whereis it…?
□ (Locationquestion;what existsata particular location)
 Condition:Statusof features…?
□ (Conditionalquestion;whichlocationssatisfy certainconditions)
 Trends:Whathas changed since...?
□ (Trendyquestion;identifiesgeographic occurrenceortrendsthathave changed orin the
processof changing)
 Patterns:Whatspatial patterns exist…?
□ (Relationalquestion:analyzes thespatial relationshipbetweenobjects ofgeographic
features)
 Modeling:Whatif…?
□ (Model based question;computersand displays an optimumpath,a suitableland, risky
area against disasters etc.based on model)
GIS answersthefollowing
28
144

 Location:Whatis at...?Where is it…?
 Condition:Statusof features…?
 Trends:Whathas changed
since...?
 Patterns:Whatspatial patterns
exist…?
 Modeling: Whatif…?
GIS answersthefollowing…
29
Mohsin
145

Basicdatamanipulationin
RS &GIS
30
One of the most
common products
of a GIS is a map
Global to local
146

Tools for GIS
 Hardware
 Computer
 Digitizer
 Scanner
 Printer/Plotter
 Software
 Desktop GIS
 Internet GIS
 CAD Software
 Database Software
 Multimedia (photos, videos, 3D models)
14
7

Unique capabilities of GIS
 GIS stores related geographic features in separate collections of files
called map layers
 Map layers can be reused easily and assembled into any number
of map compositions and overlaid for analysis
14
8
....KEEP TAKING NOTES....

GIS answers the following
 Location: What is at...? Where is it?
 Condition: Status of features?
 Trends: What has changed since...?
 Patterns: What spatial patterns exist?
 Modeling: What if…?
14
9

Vector data
 Map features
 Vector data comprise Points (x & y) , lines (segment of arcs), polygons
(lines with same start & end points)
 Data comprise explicit spatial coordinates
 Feature attributes
 Every feature has attributes (e.g. name,
• area, population)
Shape Name Class Pop2000 State
Point New York City 8,008,278 NY
Point Los Angeles City 3,694,820 CA
Point Chicago City 2,896,016 IL
Vector
data is
also
called
‘spaghet
ti’ data 151

Vector data
15
2
Line feature comprises of two forms of point locations (vertices), which represent change
in direction of ARCS…
NODES which represent the start & end of arcs,
including locations where different arcs connect…
Vector data are divided into their SPATIAL component and ATTRIBUTE component.
Attribute linked to each spatial feature are stored using RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEM.

Raster Data
Stored electronic image or picture
taken as an aerial photograph or
satellite image
Composed of a rectangular array of
square cells, called pixels, with a
number in each cell representing the
solid color fill of that cell…
153

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4

15
5

TOPOLOGY
 Topology can be defined as “The mathematical study of objects
which are preserved through deformation, twistings and
stretchings.”
 Operations concerned with connections between objects
are dependent on information about topological
relationships.
15
6

GIS example
 Identify polluting companies and their proximity to populations
in poverty, water features, or schools.
 Start with
1. Databases
2. Map layers
15
8

Databases
Not easy to interpret
15
9

Additional layers
Political features (municipalities)
16
1

Additional layers
Physical features (lakes, rivers, etc.)
162

Additional layers
Administrative data (schools)
163

Maps and tables are interactive
Identify features
164

Maps and tables are interactive
Select features

Advanced GIS functions
Proximity selections
166

Advanced GIS functions
Buffers
 Select top polluting companies and show the number of schools within 2 miles of these
companies.
167

GIS APPLICATIONS AND
EXAMPLES
168

GIS applications
Engineering Civil engineering, surveying, property mapping
Business Site location, delivery systems, marketing, media and press, real
estate.
Defense/intelligen
ce
Military operations, geospatial intelligence
Government Federal, state, local, economic development, elections, urban
and regional planning.
Health Public health, health and human services, hospitals, managed
care, research.
Natural resources Agriculture, archaeology, climate change, conservation,
environmental management, forestry, marine and coast, mining,
petroleum, water resources.
Public safety Computer-Aided Dispatch, emergency/disaster management,
EMS, homeland security, law enforcement, fire protection,
wildfire management
Transportation Aviation, highways, logistics, railways, ports and maritime, public
transit
Utilities/communic
ations
Electric, gas, pipeline, telecommunications, water/wastewater
.8..5.KEEPTAKING NOTES....
169

ImportantMilestonesinTheDevelopmentof GIS
170

Remote sensing
advantages and
limitations
171

How to collect scientific data
In-situ Remotely
172

Importance of Remote Sensing
Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data from dangerous or inaccessible areas, with growing relevance in
modern society.
It replaces slower, costly data collection on the ground, providing fast and repetitive coverage of extremely large
areas for everyday applications, ranging from weather forecasts to reports on natural disasters or climate change.
Remote sensing is also an unobstructive method, allowing users to collect data and perform data processing and
GIS analysis offsite without disturbing the target area or object.
Monitoring floods and forest fires, deforestation, polar bears, chemical concentrations, and earthquakes are just a
few cases in which geospatial remote sensing provides a global perspective and actionable insights that would
otherwise be unattainable.
173

Why Remote Sensing
SYSTEMATIC DATA
COLLECTION
INFORMATION ABOUT
THREE DIMENSIONS OF REAL
OBJECTS
REPEATABILITY GLOBAL COVERAGE
THE ONLY SOLUTION
SOMETIMES FOR THE
OTHERWISE INACCESSIBLE
AREAS.
MULTIPURPOSE
INFORMATION
174

Suppose you have a digital image which has a
radiometric resolution of 6 bits. What is the maximum
value of the digital number which could be represented
in that image?
175

 Searchand InstallGoogle earth or UseGoogle Mapsto locate you home
 Thepurposeisto get interaction with remotely sensed informationand its
processingusinginternetGIS systems
 Noformal submissionisrequired. However,youhaveto report about your
interaction with Google earth or Google Map
 Deadline:Innext class
Assignment
62
176

A Model…
 A model is simply a means of representing “reality” and, spatial data models provide abstraction of
spatially referenced features in the real world.
 Representation of real world is often divided into,
(1) Entities (distinct objects like points, locations, roads, admin boundaries)
(2) Fields (convey the idea of values of some property at all locations)
 Objects that are well described as distinct entities are sensibly represented using the
VECTOR DATA MODEL.
 Properties that tend to vary quite smoothly from place to place are
frequently represented using RASTER DATA MODEL.
 Exceptions are isolines / contours / temperature elevation etc…
17
7

What is GIS?
17
8
Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) are computerized systems
designed for the storage, retrieval
and analysis of geographically
referenced data
GIS uses advanced analytical tools
to explore at a scientific level the
spatial relationships, patterns, and
processes of cultural, biological,
demographic, economic,
geographic, and physical
phenomena

GIS & Image
Processing
softwares
ENVI
ERDAS Imagine
ArcMap
QGIS
MATLAB
Python
179

 Providethestudentwitha basicunderstandingof thescienceandtechnology of remotesensingand geographic information system
 Enablethestudentto understandthedifferencesbetweenthevarioussatellite remotesensingsystemsinexistencetoday
 Enablethestudentto differentiate betweenthedifferent typesof information provided by thesesystems
 Enablethestudentto understandtheintegration of remotesensingand GIS
 Providethestudentwithbasicunderstandingof GISsystemsand their processingof remotesensingand geographic data
 Enablethestudentto perform basicmanipulatationof data usingcommercial softwaresuchasArcGISetc
Goal oftheCourse
180

GEOSPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS OF GIS SOFTWARES

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