PyCon AU 2010 - Getting Started With Apache/mod_wsgi.
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Mod_wsgi is an Apache module that allows hosting WSGI applications. It intercepts requests and passes them to the designated WSGI script file. The Apache user needs access permissions to the script file and directories to allow the application to run. Python path needs to be configured to import modules and packages. Static media files also need to be manually mapped to URLs for the Django development server.
![HELLO WORLD
def application(environ, start_response):
status = '200 OK'
output = 'Hello World!'
response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'),
('Content-Length', str(len(output)))]
start_response(status, response_headers)
return [output]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedwithapachemodwsgi-121021065848-phpapp01/85/PyCon-AU-2010-Getting-Started-With-Apache-mod_wsgi-4-320.jpg)
![DJANGO WSGI SCRIPT
import os
import sys
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedwithapachemodwsgi-121021065848-phpapp01/85/PyCon-AU-2010-Getting-Started-With-Apache-mod_wsgi-15-320.jpg)
![SYS.PATH.INSERT()
import os
import sys
root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
sys.path.insert(0, root)
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedwithapachemodwsgi-121021065848-phpapp01/85/PyCon-AU-2010-Getting-Started-With-Apache-mod_wsgi-19-320.jpg)
![SYS.PATH.INSERT()
import os
import sys
root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
sys.path.insert(0, root)
packages = os.path.join(root,
'environ/lib/python2.6/site-packages'
sys.path.insert(0, packages)
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedwithapachemodwsgi-121021065848-phpapp01/85/PyCon-AU-2010-Getting-Started-With-Apache-mod_wsgi-24-320.jpg)
![SITE.ADDSITEDIR()
import os
import sys
import site
root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
sys.path.insert(0, root)
packages = os.path.join(root,
'environ/lib/python2.6/site-packages'
site.addsitedir(packages)
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedwithapachemodwsgi-121021065848-phpapp01/85/PyCon-AU-2010-Getting-Started-With-Apache-mod_wsgi-25-320.jpg)
![ACTIVATE THIS
import os
import sys
root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
sys.path.insert(0, root)
activate_this = os.path.join(root,
'environ/bin/activate_this.py')
execfile(activate_this, dict(__file__=activate_this))
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedwithapachemodwsgi-121021065848-phpapp01/85/PyCon-AU-2010-Getting-Started-With-Apache-mod_wsgi-26-320.jpg)
PyCon AU 2010 - Getting Started With Apache/mod_wsgi.
- 1. GETTING STARTED WITH MOD_WSGI Graham Dumpleton PyCon Australia June 2010
- 2. WHAT IS WSGI? • Specification for an interface between web servers and Python web applications or frameworks. • Intended to promote web application portability across a variety of web servers. • PEP 333 - http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333 • More Information - http://www.wsgi.org
- 3. WHAT IS MOD_WSGI? • An Apache module to support hosting WSGI applications in conjunction with the Apache web server. • Interceptsrequests to designated URLs and passes requests off to the WSGI application specified in the target WSGI script file that the URL maps to.
- 4. HELLO WORLD def application(environ, start_response): status = '200 OK' output = 'Hello World!' response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'), ('Content-Length', str(len(output)))] start_response(status, response_headers) return [output]
- 5. MAPPING A URL • Mapping WSGI application at root of web server. WSGIScriptAlias / /home/grumpy/example-1/hello.wsgi • Mapping WSGI application at sub URL of web server. WSGIScriptAlias /suburl /home/grumpy/example-1/hello.wsgi
- 6. FORBIDDEN client denied by server configuration: /home/grumpy/example-1/hello.wsgi
- 7. DENY FROM ALL • By default Apache denies access to everything. <Directory /> Order deny,allow Deny from all </Directory> • Thus we need to open up access to our script. <Directory /home/grumpy/example-1> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory>
- 8. FORBIDDEN (13)Permission denied: access to / denied
- 9. DRWXR-X--- • Apache server child processes runs as a special user. • The Apacheuser must be able to search directories down to where the WSGI script file is located. • User account home directories often have permissions of drwxr-x--- and access is thereby restricted. • Make directories accessable to others. chmod o+rx /home/grumpy • Better still, don’t put WSGI script files under home directories.
- 10. INTERNAL SERVER ERROR (13)Permission denied: mod_wsgi (pid=666, process='', application='tests.example.com|'): Call to fopen() failed for '/home/ grumpy/example-1/echo.wsgi'.
- 11. -RW-R----- • Apache server child processes runs as a special user. • The Apache user must be able to read the WSGI script file. •A user account umask of 0007 will result in files being created with permissions of -rw-r----- and access is thereby restricted. • Make files readable to others. chmod o+r /home/grumpy/example-1/hello.wsgi
- 12. SUCCESS
- 13. DJANGO APPLICATION • Install Django. • Create an empty project. mkdir /home/grumpy/example-2 cd /home/grumpy/example-2 django-admin.py startproject mysite • Run the Django development server. python mysite/manage.py runserver
- 14. SUCCESS
- 15. DJANGO WSGI SCRIPT import os import sys os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
- 16. DJANGO APACHE CONFIG WSGIScriptAlias / /home/grumpy/example-2/apache/mysite.wsgi <Directory /home/grumpy/example-2/apache> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory>
- 17. INTERNAL SERVER ERROR raise ImportError("Could not import settings '%s' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): %s" % (self.SETTINGS_MODULE, e)) ImportError: Could not import settings 'mysite.settings' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named mysite.settings
- 18. SYS.PATH • Pythonmodules/packages are not imported relative to current working directory. • Python modules/packages are not imported relative to the directory containing the WSGI script file. • The PYTHONPATH of the user who owns the WSGI script file is not consulted. • Therefore must explicitly designate directories to search for Python modules/packages.
- 19. SYS.PATH.INSERT() import os import sys root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..') sys.path.insert(0, root) os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
- 20. SUCCESS
- 21. VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT • Create and activate virtual environment cd /home/grumpy/example-2 virtualenv --no-site-packages environ source environ/bin/activate • Install Django and other required packages. easy_install Django
- 22. SUCCESS
- 23. INTERNAL SERVER ERROR ImportError: No module named django.core.handlers.wsgi
- 24. SYS.PATH.INSERT() import os import sys root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..') sys.path.insert(0, root) packages = os.path.join(root, 'environ/lib/python2.6/site-packages' sys.path.insert(0, packages) os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
- 25. SITE.ADDSITEDIR() import os import sys import site root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..') sys.path.insert(0, root) packages = os.path.join(root, 'environ/lib/python2.6/site-packages' site.addsitedir(packages) os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
- 26. ACTIVATE THIS import os import sys root = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..') sys.path.insert(0, root) activate_this = os.path.join(root, 'environ/bin/activate_this.py') execfile(activate_this, dict(__file__=activate_this)) os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
- 27. SITE-PACKAGES • Using sys.path.insert() allows directory to be placed first, but .pth files do not get processed. • Using site.addsitedir() results in .pth files being processed, but new directories get placed last. • Using activate_this.py results in .pth files being processed and sys.path reordered such that new directories get placed first. • Value of sys.prefix is however altered by activate_this.py and no certainty over whether this may cause later issues.
- 28. SUCCESS
- 29. DJANGO ADMIN PAGES • Add ‘django.contrib.admin’ to INSTALLED_APPS in the file ‘mysite/settings.py’. • Add (r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)) to 'urlpatterns’ in the file ‘mysite/urls.py’. • Configure ‘DATABASES’ in the file ‘mysite/settings.py’. • Synchronise database model. python mysite/manage.py syncdb
- 30. SUCCESS
- 31. NOT FOUND
- 32. STATIC MEDIA FILES • Django’s static media files are only served automatically by the Django development server and not when using Django WSGIHandler object. • Mustmanually map any static media files to appropriate sub URL in Apache.
- 33. ALLOW FROM ALL WSGIScriptAlias / /home/grumpy/example-2/apache/mysite.wsgi <Directory /home/grumpy/example-2/apache> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory> Alias /media/ /home/grumpy/example-2/media/ <Directory /home/grumpy/example-2/media/> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory>
- 34. SUCCESS
- 35. SUMMARY OF MAIN POINTS • Need to tell Apache what resources it should allow access to. • Apache user needs access to WSGI script file/directory. • Application user needs read access to source code. • Application user needs to be able to write to data directories. • Python needs to know where to search for modules/packages.
- 36. ONLINE RESOURCES • The mod_wsgi documentation. http://www.modwsgi.org http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/WhereToGetHelp http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/VirtualEnvironments http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/ReloadingSourceCode • Personal blog posts. http://blog.dscpl.com.au