Getting Started with Ubuntu 12 10 1st Edition The Ubuntu Manual Team
- 1. Visit https://ebookultra.com to download the full version and explore more ebooks Getting Started with Ubuntu 12 10 1st Edition The Ubuntu Manual Team _____ Click the link below to download _____ https://ebookultra.com/download/getting-started-with- ubuntu-12-10-1st-edition-the-ubuntu-manual-team/ Explore and download more ebooks at ebookultra.com
- 2. Here are some suggested products you might be interested in. Click the link to download Ubuntu Unleashed 2012 Edition Covering 11 10 and 12 04 7th Edition Matthew Helmke https://ebookultra.com/download/ubuntu-unleashed-2012-edition- covering-11-10-and-12-04-7th-edition-matthew-helmke/ Getting Started with LibreOffice 6 0 Libreoffice Documentation Team https://ebookultra.com/download/getting-started-with- libreoffice-6-0-libreoffice-documentation-team/ Ubuntu Unleashed 2010 Edition Covering 9 10 and 10 4 Andrew Hudson https://ebookultra.com/download/ubuntu-unleashed-2010-edition- covering-9-10-and-10-4-andrew-hudson/ Ubuntu Unleashed 2011 Edition Covering 10 10 and 11 04 6th Edition Matthew Helmke https://ebookultra.com/download/ubuntu-unleashed-2011-edition- covering-10-10-and-11-04-6th-edition-matthew-helmke/
- 3. Ubuntu Unleashed 2015 Edition Covering 14 10 and 15 04 Matthew Helmke https://ebookultra.com/download/ubuntu-unleashed-2015-edition- covering-14-10-and-15-04-matthew-helmke/ UBUNTU Management Philosophy 1st Edition Johann Broodryk https://ebookultra.com/download/ubuntu-management-philosophy-1st- edition-johann-broodryk/ Getting Started with OpenShift 1st Edition Steven Pousty https://ebookultra.com/download/getting-started-with-openshift-1st- edition-steven-pousty/ Getting Started with Arduino 1st Edition Massimo Banzi https://ebookultra.com/download/getting-started-with-arduino-1st- edition-massimo-banzi/ Getting Started with SAPUI5 1st Edition Miroslav Antolovic https://ebookultra.com/download/getting-started-with-sapui5-1st- edition-miroslav-antolovic/
- 5. Getting Started with Ubuntu 12 10 1st Edition The Ubuntu Manual Team Digital Instant Download Author(s): The Ubuntu Manual Team ISBN(s): 9781481265126, 1481265121 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 8.79 MB Year: 2013 Language: english
- 8. Copyright © – by e Ubuntu Manual Team. Some rights reserved. cba is work is licensed under the Creative Commons Aribution–Share Alike . License. To view a copy of this license, see Appendix A, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/./, or send a leer to Creative Commons, Second Street, Suite , San Francisco, California, , USA. Geing Started with Ubuntu . can be downloaded for free from http:// ubuntu-manual.org/ or purchased from http://ubuntu-manual.org/buy/ gswu/en_US. A printed copy of this book can be ordered for the price of printing and delivery. We permit and even encourage you to distribute a copy of this book to colleagues, friends, family, and anyone else who might be interested. http://ubuntu-manual.org Revision number: Revision date: -- :: -
- 10. Contents Prologue Welcome Ubuntu Philosophy A brief history of Ubuntu Is Ubuntu right for you? Contact details About the team Conventions used in this book Installation Geing Ubuntu Trying out Ubuntu Installing Ubuntu—Geing started Finishing Installation Ubuntu installer for Windows e Ubuntu Desktop Understanding the Ubuntu desktop Unity Using the Launcher e Dash Workspaces Managing windows Browsing files on your computer Nautilus file manager Searching for files and folders on your computer Customizing your desktop Accessibility Session options Geing help Working with Ubuntu All the applications you need Geing online Browsing the web Reading and composing email Using instant messaging Microblogging Viewing and editing photos Watching videos and movies Listening to audio and music Burning CDs and DVDs Working with documents, spreadsheets, and presentations Ubuntu One Hardware Using your devices Hardware identification
- 11. . Displays Connecting and using your printer Sound Using a webcam Scanning text and images Other devices Soware Management Soware management in Ubuntu Using the Ubuntu Soware Center Managing additional soware Manual soware installation Updates and upgrades Advanced Topics Ubuntu for advanced users Introduction to the terminal Ubuntu file system structure Securing Ubuntu Why Ubuntu is safe Basic security concepts User accounts System updates Firewall Encryption Troubleshooting Resolving problems Troubleshooting guide Geing more help Learning More What else can I do with Ubuntu? Open source soware Distribution families Choosing amongst Ubuntu and its derivatives Finding additional help and support e Ubuntu community Contributing A License Creative Commons Aribution–ShareAlike . Legal Code Creative Commons Notice Glossary Credits Index
- 12. Prologue Welcome Welcome to Geing Started with Ubuntu, an introductory guide wrien to help new users get started with Ubuntu. Our goal is to cover the basics of Ubuntu (such as installation and work- ing with the desktop) as well as hardware and soware management, work- ing with the command line, and security. We designed this guide to be simple to follow, with step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots, allowing you to discover the potential of your new Ubuntu system. Ubuntu . is considered a regular release and is supported by Canon- ical with patches and upgrades for eighteen months. Ubuntu . is the most recent and has support for years. Whenever a new version of Ubuntu is released, we will incorporate updates and changes into our guide, and make a new version available at http://www.ubuntu-manual.org. Geing Started with Ubuntu . is not intended to be a comprehensive Ubuntu instruction manual. It is more like a quick-start guide that will get you doing the things you need to do with your computer quickly and easily, without geing bogged down with technical details. As with prior versions, Ubuntu . incorporates many new features, including a new kernel supporting newer graphics cards, updates to the Update Manager, and full-disk encryption, to name just a few. For more detailed information on any aspect of the Ubuntu desktop, see the “Ubuntu Desktop Guide,” which can be obtained in any of the following ways: ‣ in the Dash, type help. ‣ in the desktop menu bar, click Help ‣ Ubuntu Help. ‣ go to https://help.ubuntu.com, Ubuntu . ‣ Ubuntu Desktop Help. ere are also many excellent resources available on the Internet. For example, on https://help.ubuntu.com you will find documentation on in- stalling and using Ubuntu. At the Ubuntu Forums (http://ubuntuforums.org) and Ask Ubuntu (http://askubuntu.com), you will find answers to many Ubuntu-related questions. You can find more information about Ubuntu’s online and system documentation in Chapter 8: Learning More. If something isn’t covered in this manual, chances are you will find the information you are looking for in one of those locations. We will try our best to include links to more detailed help wherever we can. Ubuntu Philosophy e term “Ubuntu” is a traditional African concept originating from the Bantu languages of southern Africa. It can be described as a way of con- People sometimes wonder how to pronounce Ubuntu. Each u is pronounced the same as in the word put except for the last u which is pronounced the same as in the word due. necting with others—living in a global community where your actions affect all of humanity. Ubuntu is more than just an operating system: it is a community of people coming together voluntarily to collaborate on an international soware project that aims to deliver the best possible user experience.
- 13. . The Ubuntu Promise ‣ Ubuntu will always be free of charge, along with its regular enterprise releases and security updates. ‣ Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from Canonical and hun- dreds of companies from across the world. ‣ Ubuntu provides the best translations and accessibility features that the free soware community has to offer. ‣ Ubuntu’s core applications are all free and open source. We want you to use free and open source soware, improve it, and pass it on. A brief history of Ubuntu Ubuntu was conceived in by Mark Shuleworth, a successful South African entrepreneur, and his company Canonical. Shuleworth recognized Canonical is the company that provides financial and technical support for Ubuntu. It has employees based around the world who work on developing and improving the operating system, as well as reviewing work submitted by volunteer contributors. To learn more about Canonical, go to http://www.canonical.com. the power of Linux and open source, but was also aware of weaknesses that prevented mainstream use. Shuleworth set out with clear intentions to address these weaknesses and create a system that was easy to use, completely free (see Chapter : Learning More for the complete definition of “free”), and could compete with other mainstream operating systems. With the Debian system as a base, Shuleworth began to build Ubuntu. Using his own funds at first, Debian is the Linux operating system that Ubuntu is based upon. For more information visit http://www.debian.org/. installation s were pressed and shipped worldwide at no cost to the recipients. Ubuntu spread quickly, its community grew rapidly, and soon Ubuntu became the most popular Linux distribution available. With more people working on the project than ever before, its core fea- tures and hardware support continue to improve, and Ubuntu has gained the aention of large organizations worldwide. One of ’s open source operating systems is based on Ubuntu. In , the French Police began to transition their entire computer infrastructure to a variant of Ubuntu—a process which has reportedly saved them “millions of euros” in licensing fees for Microso Windows. By the end of , the French Police antici- pates that all of their computers will be running Ubuntu. Canonical profits from this arrangement by providing technical support and custom-built soware. While large organizations oen find it useful to pay for support services, For information on Ubuntu Server Edition, and how you can use it in your company, visit http:// www.ubuntu.com/business/server/overview. Shuleworth has promised that the Ubuntu desktop operating system will always be free. As of , Ubuntu is installed on an estimated % of the world’s computers. is equates to tens of millions of users worldwide, and is growing each year. As there is no compulsory registration, the percentage of Ubuntu users should be treated as an estimate. What is Linux? Ubuntu is built on the foundation of Linux, which is a member of the Unix family. Unix is one of the oldest types of operating systems, and together with Linux has provided reliability and security for professional applica- tions for almost half a century. Many servers around the world that store data for popular websites (such as YouTube and Google) run some variant of Linux or Unix. e popular Android system for smartphones is a Linux variant; modern in-car computers usually run on Linux. Even the Mac is based on Unix. e Linux kernel is best described as the core—almost the brain—of the Ubuntu operating system. e Linux kernel is the controller of the operating system; it is responsi-
- 14. ble for allocating memory and processor time. It can also be thought of as the program which manages any and all applications on the computer itself. Linux was designed from the ground up with security and hardware While modern graphical desktop environments have generally replaced early command-line interfaces, the command line can still be a quick and efficient way of performing many tasks. See Chapter 6: Advanced Topics for more information, and Chapter 2: The Ubuntu Desktop to learn more about GNOME and other desktop environments. compatibility in mind, and is currently one of the most popular Unix-based operating systems. One of the benefits of Linux is that it is incredibly flex- ible and can be configured to run on almost any device—from the smallest micro-computers and cellphones to the largest super-computers. Unix was entirely command line-based until graphical user interfaces (s) emerged in (in comparison, Apple came out with Mac ten years later, and Microso released Windows . in ). e early s were difficult to configure, clunky, and generally only used by seasoned computer programmers. In the past decade, however, graphical user interfaces have grown in usability, reliability, and appear- ance. Ubuntu is just one of many different Linux distributions, and uses one To learn more about Linux distributions, see Chapter 8: Learning More. of the more popular graphical desktop environments called . Is Ubuntu right for you? New users to Ubuntu may find that it takes some time to feel comfort- able when trying a new operating system. You will no doubt notice many similarities to both Microso Windows and Mac as well as some dif- ferences. Users coming from Mac are more likely to notice similarities due to the fact that both Mac and Ubuntu originated from Unix. e Unity shell, which is the default in Ubuntu, is a completely new concept, which needs some exploring to get used to it. See Chapter : e Ubuntu Desktop for more information about the Unity shell. Before you decide whether or not Ubuntu is right for you, we suggest giving yourself some time to grow accustomed to the way things are done in Ubuntu. You should expect to find that some things are different from what you are used to. We also suggest taking the following into account: Ubuntu is community based. at is, Ubuntu is developed, wrien, and maintained by the community. Because of this, support is probably not available at your local computer store. Fortunately, the Ubuntu community is here to help. ere are many articles, guides, and manuals available, as well as users on various Internet forums and Internet Relay Chat () rooms that are willing to assist beginners. Additionally, near the end of this guide, we include a troubleshooting chapter: Chapter : Troubleshooting. Many applications designed for Microso Windows or Mac will not run on Ubuntu. For the vast majority of everyday computing tasks, you will find suitable alternative applications available in Ubuntu. However, many professional applications (such as the Adobe Creative Suite) are not developed to work with Ubuntu. If you rely on commercial soware that is not compatible with Ubuntu, yet still want to give Ubuntu a try, you may want to consider dual-booting. Alternatively, some applications To learn more about dual-booting (running Ubuntu side-by-side with another operating system), see Chapter 1: Installation. developed for Windows will work in Ubuntu with a program called Wine. For more information on Wine, go to http://www.winehq.org. Many commercial games will not run on Ubuntu. If you are a heavy gamer, then Ubuntu may not be for you. Game developers usually design games for the largest market. Since Ubuntu’s market share is not as substantial as Microso’s Windows or Apple’s Mac , fewer game developers allocate resources towards making their games compatible with Linux. If See Chapter 5: Software Management to learn more about Ubuntu Software Center.
- 15. . you just enjoy a game every now and then, there are many high quality games that can be easily installed through the Ubuntu Soware Center. Contact details Many people have contributed their time to this project. If you notice any errors or think we have le something out, feel free to contact us. We do everything we can to make sure that this manual is up to date, informative, and professional. Our contact details are as follows: ‣ Website: http://www.ubuntu-manual.org/ ‣ Reader feedback: feedback@ubuntu-manual.org ‣ : #ubuntu-manual on irc.freenode.net ‣ Bug Reports: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-manual/+filebug ‣ Mailing list: ubuntu-manual@lists.launchpad.net About the team Our project is an open-source, volunteer effort to create and maintain qual- ity documentation for Ubuntu and its derivatives. Want to help? We are always looking for talented people to work with, and due to the size of the project we are fortunate to be able to cater to a wide range of skill sets: ‣ Authors and editors ‣ Programmers (Python or TEX) ‣ User interface designers ‣ Icon and title page designers ‣ Event organizers and ideas people ‣ Testers ‣ Web designers and developers ‣ Translators and screenshoers ‣ Bug reporters and triagers To find out how you can get started helping, please visit http://ubuntu-manual. org/getinvolved. Conventions used in this book e following typographic conventions are used in this book: ‣ Buon names, menu items, and other elements are set in boldfaced type. ‣ Menu sequences are sometimes typeset as File ‣ Save As…, which means, “Choose the File menu, then choose the Save As….” ‣ Monospaced type is used for text that you type into the computer, text that the computer outputs (as in a terminal), and keyboard shortcuts.
- 16. 1 Installation Getting Ubuntu Before you can get started with Ubuntu, you will need to obtain a copy of Many companies (such as Dell and System76) sell computers with Ubuntu preinstalled. If you already have Ubuntu installed on your computer, feel free to skip to Chapter 2: The Ubuntu Desktop. the Ubuntu installation image for or . Some options for doing this are outlined below. Minimum system requirements Ubuntu runs well on most computer systems. If you are unsure whether it The majority of computers in use today will meet the requirements listed here; however, refer to your computer documentation or manufacturer’s website for more information. will work on your computer, the Live is a great way to test things out first. Below is a list of hardware specifications that your computer should meet as a minimum requirement. ‣ GHz x processor (Pentium or beer) ‣ of system memory () ‣ of disk space (at least is recommended) ‣ Video support capable of × resolution ‣ Audio support ‣ An Internet connection (highly recommended, but not required) Downloading Ubuntu e easiest and most common method for geing Ubuntu is to download the Ubuntu image directly from http://www.ubuntu.com/download. Choose how you will install Ubuntu: ‣ Download and install ‣ Try it from a or stick ‣ Run it with Windows Download and Install / Try it from a DVD or USB stick For the Download and install, or Try it from a or stick options, select whether you require the -bit or -bit version (-bit is recommended for most users), then click “Start download.” Installing and run alongside Windows For the Run it with Windows option, simply select “Start download,” and then follow the instructions for the Ubuntu installer for Windows. 32-bit versus 64-bit Ubuntu and its derivatives are available in two versions: -bit and -bit. is difference refers to the way computers process information. Comput- 32-bit and 64-bit are types of processor architectures. Most new desktop computers have a 64-bit capable processor. ers capable of running -bit soware are able to process more information than computers running -bit soware; however, -bit systems require more memory in order to do this. Nevertheless, these computers gain per- formance enhancements by running -bit soware. ‣ If your computer has a -bit processor install the -bit version.
- 17. . ‣ If your computer is older, a netbook, or you do not know the type of processor in the computer, install the -bit version. If your computer has a -bit processor, click on the “-bit” option before you click “Start download.” Downloading Ubuntu as a torrent When a new version of Ubuntu is released, the download servers can get Torrents are a way of sharing files and informa- tion around the Internet via peer-to-peer file sharing. A file with the .torrent extension is made available to users, which is then opened with a compatible program such as uTorrent, Deluge, or Transmission. These programs download parts of the file from other people all around the world. “clogged” as large numbers of people try to download or upgrade Ubuntu at the same time. If you are familiar with using torrents, you can download the torrent file by clicking “Alternative downloads,” and then “BitTorrent download.” Downloading via torrent may improve your download speed, and will also be help to spread Ubuntu to other users worldwide. Burning the DVD image Once your download is complete, you will be le with a file called ubuntu- While the 64-bit version of Ubuntu is referred to as the “AMD64” version, it will work on Intel, AMD, and other compatible 64-bit processors. .-desktop-i.iso or similar (i here in the filename refers to the -bit version. If you downloaded the -bit version, the filename contains amd instead). is file is a image—a snapshot of the contents of a — which you will need to burn to a . Creating a bootable USB drive If your is able to boot from a stick, you may prefer to use a memory stick instead of burning a . Scroll down to “Burn your or create a drive,” select or stick, choose the you are using to create the drive, and then click Show me how. If you select the “ Stick” option, your installation will be running from the memory stick. In this case, references to Live , will refer to the memory stick. Trying out Ubuntu e Ubuntu and stick function not only as installation media, but also allow you to test Ubuntu without making any permanent changes to your computer by running the entire operating system from the or stick. Your computer reads information from a at a much slower speed In some cases, your computer will not recognize that the Ubuntu DVD or USB is present as it starts up and will start your existing operating system instead. Generally, this means that the priority given to boot devices when your computer is starting needs to be changed. For example, your computer might be set to look for information from your hard drive, and then to look for information on a DVD or USB. To run Ubuntu from the Live DVD or USB, we want the computer to look for information from the appropriate device first. Changing your boot priority is usually handled by BIOS settings; this is beyond the scope of this guide. If you need assistance with changing the boot priority, see your computer manufacturer’s documentation for more information. than it can read information off of a hard drive. Running Ubuntu from the Live also occupies a large portion of your computer’s memory, which would usually be available for applications to access when Ubuntu is running from your hard drive. e Live / experience will therefore feel slightly slower than it does when Ubuntu is actually installed on your computer. Running Ubuntu from the / is a great way to test things out and allows you to try the default applications, browse the Internet, and get a general feel for the operating system. It’s also useful for checking that your computer hardware works properly in Ubuntu and that there are no major compatibility issues. To try out Ubuntu using the Live / stick, insert the Ubuntu into your drive, or connect the drive and restart your computer. Aer your computer finds the Live / stick, and a quick load- ing screen, you will be presented with the “Welcome” screen. Using your mouse, select your language from the list on the le, then click the buon
- 18. labeled Try Ubuntu. Ubuntu will then start up, running directly from the Live / drive. Figure 1.1: The “Welcome” screen allows you to choose your language. Once Ubuntu is up and running, you will see the default desktop. We will talk more about how to actually use Ubuntu in Chapter : e Ubuntu Desktop, but for now, feel free to test things out. Open some applications, change seings and generally explore—any changes you make will not be saved once you exit, so you don’t need to worry about accidentally breaking anything. When you are finished exploring, restart your computer by clicking Alternatively, you can also use your mouse to double-click the “Install Ubuntu 12.10” icon that is visible on the desktop when using the Live DVD. This will start the Ubuntu installer. the “Power” buon in the top right corner of your screen (a circle with a line through the top) and then select Restart. Follow the prompts that appear on screen, including removing the Live and pressing Enter when instructed, and then your computer will restart. As long as the Live is no longer in the drive, your computer will return to its original state as though nothing ever happened! Installing Ubuntu—Getting started At least of free space on your hard drive is required in order to install Clicking on the underlined “release notes” link will open a web page containing any important information regarding the current version of Ubuntu. Ubuntu; however, or more is recommended. is will ensure that you will have plenty of room to install extra applications later on, as well as store your own documents, music, and photos. To get started, place the Ubuntu in your drive and restart your computer. Your computer should load Ubuntu from the . When you first start from the , you will be presented with a screen asking you whether you want to first try out Ubuntu or install it. Select the language you want to view the installer in and click on the Install Ubuntu buon. is will start the installation process. If you have an Internet connection, the installer will ask you if you would like to “Download updates while installing.” We recommend you do so. e second option, “Install this third-party soware,” includes the Fluendo codec, and soware required for some wireless hardware. If you are not connected to the Internet, the installer will help you set up a wireless connection. e “Preparing to install Ubuntu” screen will also let you know if you have enough disk space and if you are connected to a power source (in case
- 19. . you are installing Ubuntu on a laptop running on baery). Once you have selected your choices, click Continue. Figure 1.2: Preparing to install. Internet connection If you are not connected to the Internet, the installer will ask you to choose a wireless network (if available). We recommend that you connect during install, though updates and third-party software can be installed after installation. . Select Connect to this network, and then select your network from the list. . If the list does not appear immediately, wait until a triangle/arrow ap- pears next to the network adapter, and then click the arrow to see the available networks. . In the Password field, enter the network or key (if necessary). . Click Connect to continue. Figure 1.3: Set up wireless. Allocate drive space is next step is oen referred to as partitioning. Partitioning is the process If you are installing on a new machine with no operating system, you will not get the first option. The upgrade option is only available if you are upgrading from a previous version of Ubuntu. of allocating portions of your hard drive for a specific purpose. When you create a partition, you are essentially dividing up your hard drive into sec- tions that will be used for different types of information. Partitioning can sometimes seem complex to a new user; however, it does not have to be. In
- 20. fact, Ubuntu provides you with some options that greatly simplify this pro- cess. e Ubuntu installer will automatically detect any existing operating system installed on your machine, and present installation options suitable for your system. e options listed below depend on your specific system and may not all be available: ‣ Install alongside other operating systems ‣ Install inside Windows ‣ Upgrade Ubuntu … to . ‣ Erase … and install Ubuntu ‣ Something else Install alongside other operating systems. If you are a Windows or Mac user and you are trying to install Ubuntu for Ubuntu provides you with the option of either replacing your existing operating system altogether, or installing Ubuntu alongside your existing system. The latter is called dual- booting. Whenever you turn on or restart your computer, you will be given the option to select which operating system you want to use for that session. the first time, select the Install alongside other operating systems option. is option will enable you to choose which operating system you wish to use when you computer starts. Ubuntu will automatically detect the other operating system and install Ubuntu alongside it. For more complicated dual-booting setups, you will need to configure the parti- tions manually. Figure 1.4: Choose where you would like to install Ubuntu. Upgrade Ubuntu … to 12.10 is option will keep all of your Documents, music, pictures, and other personal files. Installed soware will be kept when possible (not all your currently installed soware may be supported on the new version). System- wide seings will be cleared. Erase disk and install Ubuntu Use this option if you want to erase your entire disk. is will delete any existing operating systems that are installed on that disk, such as Microso Windows, and install Ubuntu in its place. is option is also useful if you have an empty hard drive, as Ubuntu will automatically create the neces- sary partitions for you. Formaing a partition will destroy any data currently on the partition. Be sure to back up any data you want to save before formaing.
- 21. . Something else is option is for advanced users and is used to create special partitions, or Ubuntu installs a home folder where your personal files and configuration data are located by default. If you choose to have your home folder on a separate partition, then in the event that you decide to reinstall Ubuntu or perform a fresh upgrade to the latest release, your personal files and configuration data won’t be lost. format the hard drive with a file system different to the default one. Aer you have chosen the installation type, click Continue, or Install More information and detailed instructions on partitioning are available at: https://help. ubuntu.com/community/HowtoPartition. Now. Confirm Partition choices and start install If you chose Something else, configure the partitions as you need. Once you are happy with the way the partitions are going to be set up, click the Install Now buon at the boom right to move on. To reduce the time required for installation, Ubuntu will continue the installation process in the background while you configure important user details—like your username, password, keyboard seings and default time- zone. Where are you? Figure 1.5: Tell Ubuntu your location. e next screen will display a world map. Using your mouse, click your geographic location on the map to tell Ubuntu where you are. Alternatively, you can use the drop-down lists below the map. is allows Ubuntu to con- figure your system clock and other location-based features. Click Forward when you are ready to move on. Keyboard layout Next, you need to tell Ubuntu what kind of keyboard you are using. In most cases, you will find the suggested option satisfactory. If you are unsure which keyboard option to select, you can click the Detect Keyboard Layout buon to have Ubuntu determine the correct choice by asking you to press a series of keys. You can also manually choose your keyboard layout from the list of options. If you like, enter text into the box at the boom of the window to ensure you are happy with your selection, then click Continue.
- 22. Figure 1.6: Verify that your keyboard layout is correct. Who are you? Ubuntu needs to know some information about you so it can set up the primary user account on your computer. When configured, your name will appear on the login screen as well as the user menu, which we discuss in Chapter : e Ubuntu Desktop. On this screen you will need to tell Ubuntu: ‣ your name ‣ what you want to call your computer ‣ your desired username ‣ your desired password ‣ how you want Ubuntu to log you in Figure 1.7: Setup your user account. Enter your full name under Your name. e next text field is the name your computer uses, for terminals and networks. You can change this to what you want, or keep the predetermined name. Next is your username, the name that is used for the user menu, your home folder, and behind the scenes. You will see this is automatically filled in for you with your first
- 23. . name. Most people find it easiest to stick with this. However, it can be changed if you prefer. Next, choose a password and enter it into both password fields. When both passwords match, a strength rating will appear to the right that will show you whether your password is “too short,” “weak,” “fair,” or “strong.” You will be able to continue the installation process regardless of your password strength, but for security reasons it is best to choose a strong one. is is best achieved by having a password that is at least six char- acters long, and is a mixture of leers, numbers, symbols, and upper- case/lowercase. Avoid obvious passwords that include your birth date, spouse’s name, or the name of your pet. Login Options Finally, at the boom of this screen you have three options from which to choose regarding how you wish to log in to Ubuntu. ‣ Log in automatically ‣ Require my password to log in ‣ Encrypt my home folder Log in automatically Ubuntu will log in to your primary account automatically when you start up the computer so you won’t have to enter your username and password. is makes your login experience quicker and more convenient, but if privacy or security are important to you, we don’t recommend this option. Anyone who can physically access your computer will be able to turn it on and also access your files. Require my password to login is option is selected by default, as it will prevent unauthorized people from accessing your computer without knowing the password you cre- ated earlier. is is a good option for those who, for example, share their computer with other family members. Once the installation process has been completed, an additional login account can be created for each family member. Each person will then have their own login name and password, account preferences, Internet bookmarks, and personal storage space. Encrypt my home folder is option provides you with an extra layer of security. Your home folder is where your personal files are stored. By selecting this option, Ubuntu will automatically enable encryption on your home folder, meaning that files and folders must be decrypted using your password before they can be accessed. erefore if someone had physical access to your hard drive (for example, if your computer was stolen and the hard drive removed), they would not be able to see your files without knowing your password. If you choose this option, be careful not to enable automatic login at a later date. It will cause complications with your encrypted home folder, and will potentially lock you out of important files.
- 24. Finishing Installation Ubuntu will now finish installing on your hard drive. As the installation progresses, a slideshow will give you an introduction to some of the default applications included with Ubuntu. ese applications are covered in more detail in Chapter : Working with Ubuntu. e slideshow will also highlight the Ubuntu support options: Figure 1.8: Ubuntu community support options. Where to get help for Ubuntu. Aer approximately twenty minutes, the installation will complete and you will be able to click Restart Now to restart your computer and start Ubuntu. e will be ejected, so remove it from your drive and press Enter to continue. Figure 1.9: You are now ready to restart your computer. Wait while your computer restarts, and you will then see the login win- dow (unless you selected automatic login).
- 25. . Login Screen Aer the installation has finished and your computer is restarted, you will be greeted by the login screen of Ubuntu. e login screen will present you with your username and you will have to enter the password to get past it. Click your username and enter your password. Once done, you may click the arrow or press Enter to get into the Ubuntu desktop. Ubuntu’s login screen supports multiple users and also supports custom backgrounds for each user. In fact, Ubuntu automatically will pick up your current desktop wallpaper and set it as your login background. Ubuntu’s login screen also A guest session is also available at the login screen. You can activate this session for guests using your laptop or desktop. lets you select the different environments to login. e login screen allows you to update your keyboard language, volume intensity and enable/disable accessibility seings before you log in to your desktop. It also displays date/time and baery power for laptops. You can also shut down or restart your system from the login screen. Figure 1.10: Login Screen. Ubuntu installer for Windows You can install and run Ubuntu alongside your current installation of Win- dows: . Download the Ubuntu installer for Windows http://www.ubuntu.com/ download/ubuntu/windows-installer . Run the download file . Install Ubuntu Download and run the installer Aer the file, wubi.exe, is downloaded, run the file to start the installation. If a security message appears, click Continue, to proceed with the installation: Installation e Ubuntu Installer will start. Choose and enter a “Username” and “Pass- word.” e password must be entered twice to ensure accuracy. Aer
- 26. Figure 1.11: User Account Control dialog choosing a password, click Install. e Ubuntu Installer will download and install Ubuntu. is process will take some time. e download file size is ≈ . Aer the installation is complete, click Finish on the “Completing the Ubuntu Setup Wizard” screen to reboot the computer. Figure 1.12: Ubuntu Windows Installer Installation complete Aer the computer restarts, you can select “Ubuntu” from the boot menu. You will then be logged in to Ubuntu and will be presented with your new desktop!
- 28. 2 The Ubuntu Desktop Understanding the Ubuntu desktop Initially, you may notice many similarities between Ubuntu and other operating systems, such as Microso Windows or Mac . is is because they are all based on the concept of a graphical user interface ()—i.e., you use your mouse to navigate the desktop, open applications, move files, and perform most other tasks. In short, things are visually-oriented. is chapter is designed to help you become familiar with various applications and menus in Ubuntu so that you become confident in using the Ubuntu . Figure 2.1: The Ubuntu 12.10 default desktop. Unity All -based operating systems use a desktop environment. Desktop envi- ronments encompass many things, such as: ‣ e look and feel of your system ‣ e way the desktop is laid out ‣ How the desktop is navigated by the user In Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu), a number of desktop environ- To read more about other variants of Ubuntu, refer to Chapter 8: Learning More. ments are available. Ubuntu uses Unity as the default desktop environment. Aer installing and logging in to Ubuntu, you will see the Unity desktop. is initial view is comprised of the desktop background and two bars—a horizontal one located at the top of your desktop called the menu bar, and the other bar is vertically oriented at the far le, called the Launcher.
- 29. . Unity used to come in two versions—Unity D, which was wrien for low- powered systems, and Unity D, which favored high-performance systems. Because of recent advancements in Unity D, Ubuntu . has discontinued the use of Unity D and now only includes Unity D. Unity D now is able to run on lower-powered systems as well as high-performance platforms. The Desktop Background Below the menu bar is an image that covers the entire desktop. is is the default desktop background, or wallpaper, belonging to the default Ubuntu . theme known as Ambiance. To learn more about customizing your desktop (including changing your background), see the section on Customizing your desktop below. The Menu Bar e menu bar incorporates common functions used in Ubuntu .. e icons on the far-right of the menu bar are called the indicator area. Each installation of Ubuntu may contain slightly different types and quantities of icons based on a number of factors, including type of hardware and available on-board peripherals. e most common indicators are (starting from the le): For more about: ‣ the Messaging Indicator see Microblogging; ‣ the Network Indicator see Getting online; ‣ the Session Indicator see Session options. Keyboard indicator allows you to select the keyboard layout you would like and change your keyboard preferences. The keyboard indicator only appears when you have chosen more than one keyboard layout in the keyboard settings during installation. Messaging indicator incorporates all your social applications. From here, you can access your instant messenger client, your email client, your microblogging application, and even Ubuntu One, your personal cloud! Network indicator allows you to manage your network connections and connect quickly and easily to a wired or wireless network. Sound indicator provides an easy way to adjust the sound volume as well as access your music player and sound seings. Clock displays the current time and provides an easy way to access your calendar and time and date seings. User menu allows you to easily switch between different users and access your online and user accounts. Session indicator provides an easy way to access system seings, soware updates, printers, and session options for locking your computer, log- ging out of your session, restarting the computer, or shuing down completely. Figure 2.2: The Indicators of the menu bar. Every application has a menuing system where different actions can be executed in an application (like File, Edit, View, etc.); the menuing system for an application is appropriately called the application menu. In Unity, the application menu isn’t on the titlebar of the application as is commonly the case with other environments. Instead, it is located to the le area Note that some older applications may still display their menu within the application window. of the menu bar. To show an application’s menu, just move your mouse to the Ubuntu desktop’s menu bar. While your mouse is positioned here, the active application’s menu options will superimpose itself over the Ubuntu desktop’s menu bar, allowing you to use the application’s menus. Moving your mouse away from the menu bar will allow Ubuntu desktop’s menu bar to reappear. is capability of Unity to only show the application’s menu when needed is especially beneficial for netbook and laptop users as it provides you with more free work space.
- 30. The Launcher Figure 2.3: The Ubuntu 12.10 Launcher on the left with a sample of applications on it. e vertical bar of icons on the le side of the screen is called the Launcher. e Launcher provides easy access to applications, mounted devices, and the Trash. All running applications on your system will place an icon in the Launcher while the application is running. e first icon at the top of the Launcher is the Dash, a major innovation and core element of Unity—we will explore the Dash in a later section of this chapter. By de- fault, other applications appear on the Launcher, including LibreOffice and Firefox, the workspace switer lens, any mounted devices, and, of course, the always-important Trash lens at the boom of the Launcher. The workspace switcher helps you to select the workspace or the window you want. Trash contains deleted files. Tip: Pressing Super+S will show the content of the workspaces on one screen. Super key is also known as the Windows key (Win key). It is located between the left Strg key and Alt key. Using the Launcher Running applications To run an application from the Launcher (or cause an already-running If you hold the Super key, a number will appear on each of the first ten applications, along with a margin containing useful shortcuts. You can launch an application with a number n on it by typing Super+n. application to appear), just click on the application’s icon. Running applica- tions will have one or more triangles on the le side of the icon, indicating the number of application windows open for this application. e appli- cation in the foreground (meaning on top of all other open application windows) is indicated by a single white triangle on the right side of its icon. You can also run an application through the Dash. We will talk about the Dash, in the e Dash section. Figure 2.4: Just below the Home Folder icon, you will see the Firefox icon. Notice the triangle on the right side indicating it is the application in the foreground (on top of all other applications), and the triangle on the left side indicating there’s only one window associated with Firefox at this time.
- 31. . Adding and removing applications from the Launcher ere are two ways to add an application to the Launcher: ‣ Open the Dash, find the application to add, and drag and drop it to the Launcher ‣ Run the application you want to add to the Launcher, right-click on the application’s icon on the Launcher, and select Lo to Launer. To remove an application from the Launcher, right-click on the applica- tion’s icon, then select Unlo from Launer. The Dash e Dash is a tool to help you access and find applications and files on your The Dash allows you to search for information, both locally (installed applications, recent files, bookmarks, etc.) as well as remotely (Twitter, Google Docs, etc.). This is accomplished by utilizing one or more lenses, each responsible for providing a category of search results for the Dash. For more information about the Dash and its lenses, see: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ Unity. computer quickly. If you are a Windows user, you’ll find the Dash to be a more advanced Start Menu. If you are a Mac user, the Dash is similar to Launchpad in the dock. If you’ve used a previous version of Ubuntu or an- other Linux distribution, the Dash replaces the menus. To explore the Dash, click on the top-most icon on the Launcher; the icon has the Ubuntu logo on it. Aer selecting the Dash icon, another window will appear with a search bar on the top as well as grouping of recently accessed applications, files, and downloads. e search bar provides dynamic results There are many sites now on the Internet dedicated to creating and releasing lenses for the Ubuntu Unity desktop. Some sites even teach you how to make your own lenses and maximize the efficencies of the Ubuntu Unity interface. as you enter your search terms. e eight lenses at the boom are links to your Home lens, Applications lens, Wikipedia lens, Files and Folders lens, Social lens, Music lens, Photo lens, and Videos lens. Lenses act as specialized search categories in the Dash. Figure 2.5: The Dash Search for files and applications with the Dash e Dash is an extremely powerful tool allowing you to search your entire system for applications and files based on your search terms.
- 32. Find files/folder Dash can help you find the names of files or folders. Simply type in what you remember of the name of the file or folder, and as you type, results will appear in the Dash. e Files lens can also assist you in finding files or folders. e Files lens shows you the most recent files accessed, as well as recent downloads. You can use the filter results buon in the top-right corner of the Dash to filter results to your requirements by file or folder modification times, by file type (.odt, .pdf, .doc, .tex, etc.), or by size. Find applications e standard Ubuntu installation comes with many applications. Users can also download thousands more applications from the Ubuntu Soware Center. As you collect an arsenal of awesome applications (and get a bonus Ubuntu Software Center and software manage- ment will be discussed in detail at Chapter 5: Software Management. point for alliteration!), it may become difficult to remember the name of a particular application. Simply use the Application lens on the Dash. is lens will automatically categorize installed applications under “Recently Used,” “Installed,” or “Apps Available for Download.” You can also enter a If you are new to the world of Ubuntu, be sure to read the Chapter 3: Working with Ubuntu. It will provide you help in choosing the application(s) that suit your needs. name of the application (or a part of it), in the search bar in the Dash, and the names of applications matching your search criteria will appear. Even if you don’t remember the name of the application at all, type a keyword that is relevant to that application, and the Dash will find it. For example, type music, and the Dash will show you the default music player and any music player you’ve used). Figure 2.6: You can see the default results when you press Application lens, and also the criteria on the right side. External search results In addition to finding applications and files on your local computer using the Dash’s search bar, the search criteria is also passed to to the Internet, and results pertinent to your search criteria are return in the Dash. is is a new feature in Ubuntu with the release of .. If you are concerned about local search terms being sent to external resources, you can use the “kill
- 33. . switch” provided in the privacy section of the System Seings to disable all online search results. e online search results within the Dash are turned on by default during in- stallation. If you do not want external search results, go to System Settings ‣ Privacy ‣ Sear Results and switch off the “include online search results” switch. Workspaces Workspaces are also known as virtual desktops. ese separate views of your desktop allow you to group applications together, and by doing so, help to reduce cluer and improve desktop navigation. For example, in one workspace, you can open all of your media applications; your office suite in another, and your web browser open in a third workspace. Ubuntu has four workspaces by default. Switching between workspaces To switch between workspaces, click on the workspace switcher located on the Launcher. is utility allows you to toggle through the workspaces (whether they contain open applications or not), and choose the one you want to use. Managing windows When opening a program in Ubuntu (such as a web browser or a text editor —see Chapter : Working with Ubuntu for more information on using applications)—a window will appear on your desktop. e windows in Ubuntu are very similar to those in Microso Windows or Mac . Simply stated, a window is the box that appears on your screen when you start a program. In Ubuntu, the top part of a window (the titlebar) will have the name of the application to the le (most oen, the title will be the name of the application). A window will also have three buons in the top-le corner. From le to right, these buons represent close, minimize window, and maximize window. Other window management options are available by right-clicking anywhere on the title bar. Closing, maximizing, restoring, and minimizing windows Figure 2.7: This is the top bar of a window, named titlebar. The close, minimize, and maximize buttons are on the top-left corner of window. To close a window, click on the in the upper-le corner of the window —the first buon on the le-hand side. e buon immediately to the right of the is the minimize buon ( ) which removes the window from the visible screen and places it in the Launcher. is buon doesn’t close the application, it just hides the application from view. When an application is minimized to the Launcher, the le-side of the icon in the Launcher will display a triangle showing you the application is still running. Clicking the icon of the application that is minimized will restore the window to its original position. Finally, the right-most buon ( ) is the maximize buon, which makes the application window fill the entire screen. Clicking
- 34. the maximize buon again will return the window to its original size. If a window is maximized, its top-le buons and menu are automatically hidden from view. To make them appear, just move your mouse to the menu bar. Moving and resizing windows To move a window around the workspace, place the mouse pointer over You can also move a window by holding the Alt key and dragging the window. the window’s titlebar, then click and drag the window while continuing to hold down the le mouse buon. To resize a window, place the pointer on an edge or corner of the window so that the pointer turns into a larger, two-sided arrow, (known as the resize icon). You can then click and drag to resize the window. Figure 2.8: The workspace switcher on the Launcher. Switching between open windows In Ubuntu there are many ways to switch between open windows. Press Strg+Super+D to hide all window and display the desktop, the same works to restore all windows. . If the window is visible on your screen, you can click any portion of it to raise it above all other windows. . Use Alt+Tab to select the window you wish to work with. Hold down the Alt key, and keep pressing Tab until the window you’re looking for appears in the popup. . Click on the corresponding icon on the Launcher. Move your mouse to the le side of your screen to show the Launcher, and right-click on the application icon. If the application has multiple windows open, double- click on the icon in order to select the window you want. Moving a window to different workspace To move a window to a different workspace, make sure the window isn’t maximized. If it is maximized, click on the right-most buon on the le side of the titlebar to restore it to its original size. en right-click on the window’s titlebar and select: ‣ Move to Workspace Le, to move the window to the le workspace ‣ Move to Workspace Right, to move the window to the right workspace ‣ Move to Another Workspace, and then choose the workspace you wish to move the window to. Window always on the top or on visible workspace At times, you may want to have a window always on top so that it can be seen or monitored while you work with other applications. For exam- ple, you may want to browse the web and, at the same time, view and answer to any incoming instant message. To keep a window on top, right- click on the window’s titlebar, then select Always On Top. Note that this window will be on the top of all windows that are opened in the current workspace. If you want to have a window always on the top regardless of the workspace, right-click on the window’s titlebar, then select Always on Visible Workspace. is window will now be on top of all other windows across all workspaces.
- 35. . Browsing files on your computer ere are two ways to locate files on your computer—either search for You can open your Home folder from the Launcher. them or access them directly from their folder. You can search for a file via the Dash or Files & Folders in the Launcher. You can also use the Files & Folders tool to access commonly used folders (such as Documents, Music, Downloads), as well as most recently accessed files. Go To access Go, move your mouse over the top bar and select Go. e Go If you do not see the desktop menu, click somewhere on the desktop and it will appear. menu holds a list of commonly used folders (such as Documents, Music, Downloads, and the Home Folder). You can browse the files on your com- puter by clicking Computer in this menu. If you set up a home network, you will find a menu item to access shared files or folders. Your Home Folder e home folder is used to store your personal files. Your home folder matches your login name. When you open your personal folder, you will see there are several more folders inside, including Desktop (which con- tains any files that are visible on the desktop), Documents, Downloads, Music, Pictures, Public, Templates, and Videos. ese are created automat- ically during the installation process. You can add more files and folders as needed at any time. Nautilus file manager Just as Windows has Windows Explorer and Mac has Finder to browse files and folders, Ubuntu uses the Nautilus file manager by default. The Nautilus file manager window When you select the Home Folder shortcut in the Launcher, click on a folder in the Dash, or double-click on a folder on the desktop, the Nautilus file manager window opens. e default window contains the following features: menu bar e menu bar is located at the top of the screen, the so called global menu. ese menus allow you to modify the layout of the browser, navigate, bookmark commonly used folders and files, and view hidden If you bookmark a folder, it will appear in the Bookmarks menu and in the left pane. folders and files. titlebar e titlebar shows the name of the currently selected folder. It also contains the Close, Minimize, and Maximize buons. toolbar e toolbar contains tools for navigation. On the right is the search icon (which looks like a magnifying glass); clicking on this icon opens a field so you can search for a file or folder by name. Just below the If you start typing a location in the toolbar starting with a / character, Nautilus will automatically change the navigation buttons into a text field labeled Location. It is also possible to convert the navigation buttons into a text field by pressing Ctrl+L. toolbar, you will see a representation of your current browsing. is is similar to the history function in most browsers; it keeps track of where you are and allows you to backtrack if necessary. You can click on the locations to navigate back through the file browser. le pane e le pane of the file browser has shortcuts to commonly used folders. When a folder is bookmarked, it appears in the le pane. No maer what folder is open, the le pane will always contain the same folders. is le pane can be changed to display different features (such
- 36. as Information, Tree, History, etc.) by clicking the down arrow beside “Places” near the top. central pane e largest pane shows the files and folders in the directory that you are currently browsing. Figure 2.9: Nautilus file manager displaying your home folder. Navigating Nautilus To navigate between folders, use the bookmarks in the le pane of the What is a Directory? Or a Folder? A directory is a division of space in a file system that you can use to organize files. A folder is the name given to a directory in a Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment like Nautilus. Nautilus file manager. You can also retrace your steps by clicking on the name of a folder in the path bar. Double-clicking on a visible folder will cause you to navigate to it. Opening files A file, in its simplest form, is data. Data can represent a text document, database information, or data that will be used to produce music or video. To open a file, you can either double-click on its icon or right-click the icon and select one of the Open With options. Ubuntu aempts to determine what application to use for the file being opened, and most of the time, Ubuntu chooses correctly. However, if you want to open the file using an application other than what is selected, then choose Open With Other Application. A selection of installed applications will appear. Make your selection, and the file will open in the selected application. Creating new folders To create a new folder from within Nautilus, click File ‣ Create New Folder. en, name the folder that appears by replacing the default “Untitled Folder” with your desired label (e.g., “Personal Finances”). You can also create a new folder by pressing Ctrl+Shift+N, or by right-clicking in the file browser window and selecting Create New Folder from the popup menu (this action will also work on the desktop). Hidden Files and Folders If you wish to hide certain folders or files, place a dot (.) in front of the You can easily view hidden files by clicking View ‣Show Hidden Files or by pressing Ctrl+H. Hiding files with a dot (.) is not a security measure—it simply provides a way to keep folders organized and tidy. name (e.g., “.Personal Finances”). In some cases it is impossible to hide files and folders without prefixing them with a dot. In Nautilus, these folders can be hidden by creating a .hidden file. is is accomplished by opening the file and typing the name of the file or folder you wish to hide. Make sure that each file or folder is on a separate line. When you open Nautilus, the folder will no longer be visible.
- 37. . Copying and moving files and folders You can copy files or folders in Nautilus by clicking Edit ‣ Copy, or by right- You can also use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V to cut, copy, and paste (respectively) files and folders. clicking on the item and selecting Copy from the popup menu. When using the Edit menu in Nautilus, make sure you’ve selected the file or folder you want to copy first (by le-clicking on it once). Multiple files can be selected by le-clicking in an empty space (i.e., not on a file or folder), holding the mouse buon down, and dragging the cursor across the desired files or folders. is “click-drag” move is useful when you are selecting items that are grouped closely together. To select multiple files or folders that are not positioned next to each other, hold down the Ctrl key while clicking on each item individually. Once multiple files and/or folders are selected, you can use the Edit menu to perform actions just like you would for a single item. When one or more items have been “copied,” navigate to the When you “cut” or “copy” a file or folder, nothing will happen until you “paste” it somewhere. Paste will only affect the most recent item that was cut or copied. desired location then click Edit ‣ Paste (or right-click in an empty area of the window and select Paste) to copy them to the new location. While the In the Nautilus Edit menu, you will also find the Copy To and Move To buttons. These can be used to copy or move items to common locations and can be useful if you are using panes (see below). Note that it is unnecessary to use Paste when using these options. copy command can be used to make a duplicate of a file or folder in a new location, the cut command can be used to move files and folders around. at is, a copy will be placed in a new location, and the original will be removed from its current location. To move a file or folder, select the item you want to move then click Edit ‣ Cut. Navigate to the desired location, then click Edit ‣ Paste. As with the copy command above, you can also If you click on a file or folder, drag it, and then hold down the Alt key and drop it to your destination folder, a menu will appear asking whether you want to copy, , move, or link the item. Notice that the symbol of the mouse cursor changes from an arrow into a question mark as soon as you hold down the Alt key. perform this action using the right-click menu, and it will work for multiple files or folders at once. An alternative way to move a file or folder is to click on the item, and then drag it to the new location. Using multiple tabs and multiple Nautilus windows Opening multiple Nautilus windows can be useful for dragging files and folders between locations. e option of tabs (as well as panes) is also avail- able in Nautilus. To open a second windows when browsing a folder in When dragging items between Nautilus windows, tabs, or panes, a small symbol will appear over the mouse cursor to let you know which action will be performed when you release the mouse button. A plus sign (+) indicates you are about to copy the item, whereas a small arrow means the item will be moved. The default action will depend on the folders you are using. Nautilus, select File ‣ New Window or press Ctrl+N. is will open a new window, allowing you to drag files and/or folders between two locations. To open a new tab, click File ‣ New Tab or press Ctrl+T. A new row will ap- pear above the space used for browsing your files containing two tabs—both will display the directory you were originally browsing. You can click these tabs to switch between them to click and drag files or folders between tabs the same as you would between windows. You can also open a second pane in Nautilus so you can see two locations at once without having to switch between tabs or windows. To open a second pane, click View ‣ Extra Pane, or press F3 on your keyboard. Again, dragging files and folders between panes is a quick way to move or copy items. Searching for files and folders on your computer You can search for files and folders using the Dash or Nautilus. Search for files and folders quickly by pressing Ctrl+F in Nautilus and then typing what you want to find. Search using the Dash In the Dash, simply type your search terms in the search bar at the top of the Dash. Alternatively, you may use the Sear for Files and folders lens; here you can use a filter to narrow down your search. Open the drop-down menu on the right side of the search bar. Select Last modified, Type, e.g.,
- 38. Documents, or Size. It is sufficient to type the first few leers of the file or folder you are searching for. Search using Nautilus In Nautilus, click Go ‣ Sear for Files, or press Ctrl+F. is opens the search field where you can type the name of the file or folder you want to find. Customizing your desktop Figure 2.10: You can change most of your system’s settings here. One of the advantages to a windowed environment through Unity is the ability to change the look and feel of your desktop. Don’t like the default Ubuntu theme? Do you have a picture of your third cousin’s aunt’s uncle’s nephew’s pet chihuahua that you’d love to see on your desktop as wallpa- per? All of this (and more) is possible through desktop customizations in Unity. Most customizations can be reached via the Session Indicator and then selecting System Settings to open the System Seings application win- dow. e Dash, desktop appearance, themes, wallpapers, accessibility, and other configuration seings are available here. For more information see Session options. Appearance You can change the background, fonts, and window theme to further mod- ify the look and feel of your desktop. To begin, open Appearance by either right-clicking on your background and selecting Change Desktop Ba- ground or selecting Session Indicator ‣ System Settings ‣ Appearance. Theme e “Appearance” window will display the current selected background wallpaper and theme. emes control the appearance of your windows, buons, scroll bars, panels, icons, and other parts of the desktop. e Am- biance theme is used by default, but there are other themes from which you
- 39. . Figure 2.11: You can change the theme in the Look tab of the “Appearance” window. can choose. Just click once on any of the listed themes to give a new theme a try. e theme will change your desktop appearance immediately. Desktop background Under Baground, you may choose from Wallpapers, Pictures Folder, and Colors and Gradients. When Wallpapers is selected, you will see Ubuntu’s default selection of backgrounds. To change the background simply click the picture you would like to use. You’re not limited to this selection though. To use one of your own pictures, click the +… buon, and navigate to the image you would like to use, double-click the image, and the change will take effect immediately. is image will then be added to your list of available backgrounds. If you want to choose from a larger selection of desktop backgrounds, click the “Get More Backgrounds Online” link at the boom of the “Appearance Preferences” window. is link will open your web browser, and direct you to the http://art.gnome.org/backgrounds website. Accessibility Ubuntu has built-in tools that make using the computer easier for people with certain physical limitations. You can find these tools by opening the Dash and searching for “Universal Access.” On the Seeing tab you can man- age the text size, the contrast of the interfaces, enable a zoom tool and even a screen reader. Selecting high-contrast themes and larger on-screen fonts can assist those with vision difficulties. You can activate “Visual Alerts” though the Hearing tab, if you have hearing impairment. Also you can ad- just keyboard and mouse seings to suit your needs through the Typing and Pointing and Cliing tabs respectively. Orca screen reader Orca is a useful tool for people with visual impairments. Orca comes pre- installed in Ubuntu. To run Orca, click on the Dash, type Orca, and click on the displayed result. Orca is the “Screen Reader” part of Universal Ac- cess and can be launched once the “Screen Reader” is activated. Orca’s voice synthesizer will activate and assist you through the various options
- 40. Figure 2.12: Universal allows you to enable extra features to make it easier to use your computer. such as voice type, voice language, Braille, and screen magnification. Once you have finished selecting your seings, you will need to log out of the computer (Orca will offer to do this for you). When you log back in, the Orca seings you selected will automatically run every time you use your computer. Session options When you have finished working on your computer, you can choose to log out, suspend, restart, or shut down through the Session Indicator on the far right side of the top panel. Logging out Logging out will leave the computer running but return you to the login screen. is is useful for switching between users, such as when a different person wishes to log in to their account, or if you are ever instructed to “log out and back in again.” You can also log out by pressing the Ctrl+Alt+Del keys. Before logging out, you should always verify your work in any open applications is saved. Suspend To save energy, you can put your computer into suspend mode, which will save its current condition to internal memory, power off all devices, and allow you to start back up more quickly. While in a suspended state, the computer will use just a trickle of energy; this is required because the ses- sion is saved to internal memory, and if no power goes to internal memory, the data will be lost. Rebooting To reboot your computer, select Shut Down… from the “Session Indicator” and click on Restart. Shut down To totally power down your computer, select Shut Down… from the “Ses- sion Indicator” and click on Shutdown.
- 41. . Other options From the Session Indicator, you can select Lo Screen to require a pass- You can lock your screen quickly by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+L. Locking your screen is recommended if you move away from your computer for a short amount of time. word before using the computer again—this is useful if you need to leave your computer for some duration. You can also use the Session Indicator to set up a guest session for a friend, or to switch users to log into another user account without closing your applications. Getting help General Help Ubuntu, just like other operating systems, has a built-in help reference Many applications have their own help section which can be accessed by clicking the Help menu within the application window. called the Ubuntu Desktop Guide. To access it, click on the Dash and type Help. Alternatively, you can press F1 while on the desktop, or select Ubuntu Help from the Help menu in the menu bar. Heads-Up Display help Figure 2.13: The HUD (heads-up display) shows application-specific help information based on your general input. e (heads-up display) is a new help feature introduced in Ubuntu .. is is a keyboard-friendly utility to help you find commands, fea- tures, and preferences embedded deep within the menu structure of an application. Activate the by pressing the le Alt key on the keyboard. If you want to search a menu item, such as creating a new message in un- derbird, then just type message in the and the option for composing a new email message will come up in the list of matching results. You can press the Enter key to active the command. e works for almost all The HUD feature may not be available in all applications as this is a new capability in Ubuntu 12.04. Your mileage may vary! applications that are natively installable in Ubuntu; it also works for some applications running under WINE. WINE is an acronym for Wine Is Not an Emulator. It allows you to run some Windows-based applications in Ubuntu. Discussion of how to use WINE is beyond the scope of this manual, but it is worth checking out if you need to run Windows applications under Ubuntu. Online Help If you can’t find an answer to your question in this manual or in the Ubuntu Desktop Guide, you can contact the Ubuntu community through the Ubuntu Forums (http://ubuntuforums.org). Many Ubuntu users open an We encourage you to check any information you find on other websites with multiple sources when possible, but only follow direc- tions if you understand them completely. account on the forums to receive help, and in turn provide support to others as they gain more knowledge. Another useful resource is the Ubuntu Wiki (https://wiki.ubuntu.com), a website maintained by the Ubuntu community.
- 42. Figure 2.14: The built-in system help provides topic-based help for Ubuntu.
- 44. 3 Working with Ubuntu All the applications you need If you are migrating from a Windows or Mac platform, you may wonder if the programs that you once used are available for Ubuntu. Some of the programs you already use have native Linux versions. And, for those that don’t, there are free and open-source applications that will cover your needs. is section will recommend some alternates that will work well on Ubuntu. Most of the applications listed in this section are available via You can search for more applications in the Ubuntu Software Center by the category that you are interested in. the Soware Center. ose followed by an asterisk (*) can be downloaded directly from their official websites. Office Suites ‣ Windows: Microso Office, LibreOffice ‣ Mac : iWork, Microso Office, LibreOffice ‣ Linux: LibreOffice, KOffice, Office, Kexi (database application) In Ubuntu you may choose among many office suites. e most popular suite is the LibreOffice (formerly OpenOffice). Included in the suite: ‣ Writer—word processor ‣ Calc—spreadsheet ‣ Impress—presentation manager ‣ Draw—drawing program ‣ Base—database ‣ Math—equation editor LibreOffice Suite is installed by default. Note that Base is not installed by default and it can be installed through Ubuntu Soware Center. Email Applications ‣ Windows: Microso Outlook, Mozilla underbird ‣ Mac : Mail.app, Microso Outlook, Mozilla underbird ‣ Linux: Mozilla underbird, Evolution, KMail As with office suites, there are multiple options for email applications. One very popular email application is Mozilla underbird, which is also available for Windows. underbird is the default email application in Ubuntu. Another option is Evolution—similar to Microso Outlook, it also provides a calendar. Web Browsers ‣ Windows: Microso Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Chromium, Google Chrome ‣ Mac : Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Chromium, Google Chrome ‣ Linux: Mozilla Firefox, Opera*, Chromium, Google Chrome*, Epiphany e most popular web browsers can be installed directly from the Ubuntu Soware Center. Opera is available for download from http:// www.opera.com/browser/download/. Google Chrome is available for download from https:// www.google.com/chrome/.
- 45. . PDF Readers ‣ Windows: Adobe Reader ‣ Mac : Adobe Reader ‣ Linux: Evince, Adobe Reader, Okular Evince is a user-friendly and minimalistic reader, and it is the default reader. If Evince doesn’t cover your needs, Adobe Reader is available for Ubuntu too. Multimedia Players ‣ Windows: Windows Media Player, ‣ Mac : icktime, ‣ Linux: Totem, , MPlayer, Kaffeine For multimedia, Ubuntu users have a wide variety of options for high quality players. Two popular and powerful media players for Ubuntu are VLC and Mplayer. Meanwhile, the classic and user-friendly Totem is the default media player in Ubuntu. Music Players and Podcatchers ‣ Windows: Windows Media Player, iTunes, Winamp ‣ Mac : iTunes ‣ Linux: Rhythmbox, Banshee, Amarok, Audacity, Miro ere are several options for listening to music with Ubuntu: Rhythmbox (installed by default) and Amarok among many others. With these you can listen to music and your favorite podcasts. Audacity is similar to Winamp. ere is Miro for those of you who watch video podcasts and series from the Internet. CD/DVD Burning ‣ Windows: Nero Burning , InfraRecorder ‣ Mac : Burn, Toast Titanium ‣ Linux: Brasero, Kb, Gnome-baker ere are several popular disk burning applications such as Gnome- baker, Brasero, Ubuntu’s default burner, and Kb. ese burners are powerful tools, offering user-friendly interfaces, many features and they are all open source and free of charge! Photo Management ‣ Windows: Microso Office Picture Manager, Picasa ‣ Mac : Aperture, Picasa ‣ Linux: Shotwell, gumb, Gwenview, F-Spot You can view and manage your favorite photos with Shotwell, Ubuntu’s default photo manager, or with gumb, Gwenview, and F-Spot. Graphics Editors ‣ Windows: Adobe Photoshop,
- 46. ‣ Mac : Adobe Photoshop, ‣ Linux: , Inkscape is a very powerful graphics editor. You can create your own graph- ics, taper your photographs, modify your pictures. , a powerful alterna- tive to Photoshop, covers the needs of novice users, professional photogra- phers, and designers. is not loaded by default, but can be installed via the Soware Center. Instant Messaging ‣ Windows: Windows Live Messenger, , Yahoo! Messenger, Google Talk ‣ Mac : Windows Live Messenger, , Yahoo! Messenger, Adium, iChat ‣ Linux: Empathy, Pidgin, Kopete, aMSN None of the other platform clients have Linux versions. However, you can use Pidgin, Empathy or Kopete to communicate over most pro- tocols including: , , Google Talk (Jabber/), Facebook, Yahoo!, and . is means you need only one client to communicate with all of your friends. e drawback is that some of these clients have limited video support. If you are using exclusively, aMSN may be worth a try. VoIP Applications ‣ Windows: Skype, Google Video Chat ‣ Mac : Skype, Google Video Chat ‣ Linux: Ekiga, Skype, Google Video Chat VoIP technologies allow you to talk to people over the Internet. e most popular such application is Skype, which is available for Linux. An open-source alternative Ekiga supports voice communication using the protocol. Note that Ekiga isn’t compatible with Skype. BitTorrent Clients ‣ Windows: µTorrent, Azureus ‣ Mac : Transmission, Azureus ‣ Linux: Transmission, Deluge, Azureus, KTorrent, Flush, Vuze, BitStorm Lite ere are a number of BitTorrent clients for Ubuntu: Transmission, Ubuntu’s default client, is simple and light-weight, Deluge, Azureus and KTorrent offer many features and can satisfy the most demanding of users. Getting online is section of the manual will help you to check your connection to the Internet and help you configure it where needed. Ubuntu can connect to the Internet using a wired, wireless, or dialup connection. Ubuntu also supports more advanced connection methods, which will be briefly discussed at the end of this section.
- 47. . A wired connection is when your computer connects to the Internet using an Ethernet cable. is is usually connected to a wall socket or a networking device—like a switch or a router. A wireless connection is when your computer connects to the Internet In order to connect wirelessly, you must be in a location with a working wireless network. To set up your own wireless network, you will need to purchase and install a wireless router or access point. Some locations may already have a publicly accessible wireless networks available. If you are unsure whether your computer has a wireless card, check with your manufacturer. using a wireless radio network—usually known as Wi-Fi. Most routers now come with wireless capability, as do most laptops and netbooks. Because of this, Wi-Fi is the most common connection type for these types of devices. Wireless connectivity makes laptops and netbooks more portable when moving to different rooms of a house and while traveling. A dialup connection is when your computer uses a modem to connect to the Internet through a telephone line. NetworkManager (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.1: The network connection states: (a) disconnected, (b) wired, and (c) wireless. In order to connect to the Internet using Ubuntu, you need to use the Net- workManager utility. NetworkManager allows you to turn network con- nections on or off, manage wired and wireless networks, and make other network connections, such as dial up, mobile broadband, and s. Figure 3.2: Here you can see the currently active connection is “Wired connection 1.” You can access NetworkManager by using its icon found the top panel. is icon may look different depending on your current connection state. Clicking this icon will reveal a list of available network connections. e current connection (if any) will have the word “disconnect” underneath it. You can click on “disconnect” to manually disconnect from that network. is menu also allows you to view technical details about your current connection or edit all connection seings. In the image to the right you will see a check mark next to “Enable Networking.” Deselect “Enable Net- working” to disable all network connections. Select “Enable Networking” to enable networking again. is can be very useful when you are required to turn off all wireless communications, like in an airplane. Establishing a wired connection If you have an Ethernet cable running from a wall socket or networking Are you already online? If the NetworkManager icon in the top panel shows a connection then you may have successfully connected during the Ubuntu setup process. You can also simply open a browser and see if you have access to the Internet. If so, you do not need to do anything for the rest of this section. device, such as a switch or router, then you will want to setup a wired connection in Ubuntu. In order to connect to the Internet with a wired connection, you need to know whether your network supports (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). is a way for your computer to automatically be configured to access your network and/or Internet connection. is usually auto- matically configured on your router. is is usually the quickest and easiest way of establishing a connection to the Internet. If you are unsure whether your router is setup to use , you may wish to contact your ’s (In- ternet Service Provider) customer service line to check. If your router isn’t configured to use then they will also be able to tell you what configu- ration seings you need in order to get online. Automatic connections with DHCP Figure 3.3: This window displays your IP address and other connection information. If your network supports then you may already be set up for online access. To check this, click on the NetworkManager icon. ere should be a “Wired Network” heading in the menu. If “Wired connection ” appears directly underneath, then your machine is currently connected and proba- bly setup for . If “Disconnected” appears in gray underneath the wired network section, look below to see if an option labeled “Wired connec-
- 48. tion ” appears in the list. If so, click on it to aempt to establish a wired connection. To check if you are online, click on the NetworkManager icon in the An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique number assigned to your machine so that your router can identify you on the network. Think of it like a phone number for your computer. Having this unique address allows the router to speak to your computer, and therefore send/receive data. If you are still not online after following these steps, you may need to try setting up your network connection manually using a static IP address. top panel and select the Connection Information option. You should see a window showing details of your connection. If your address is displayed as ... or starts with ., then your computer was not successfully assigned connection information through . If it shows another address (e.g., ...), then it is likely that your connection to the router was successful. To test your Internet connection, you may want to open the Firefox web browser to try loading a web page. More information on using Firefox can be found later in this chapter. Manual configuration with static address If your network does not support then you need to know a few items of information before you can get online. If you do not know any of this information, then you call your . ‣ An address—is is a unique address used for identifying your com- puter on the network. An address is always given in four numbered groups, separated by dots, for example, .... When connect- ing using , this address will periodically change (hence, the name “dynamic”). However, if you have configured a static address, your address will never change. ‣ A network mask—is tells your computer the size of the network to which it is being connected. It is formaed the same way as the ad- dress, but usually looks something like .... ‣ A gateway—is is the address of the device that your machine looks to for access to the Internet. Usually, this will be the router’s address. If you do not know your ISP’s DNS server addresses, Google has DNS servers that anyone in the world can use for free. The addresses of these servers are: Primary—8.8.8.8 Secondary—8.8.4.4 ‣ server—is is the address of the (Domain Name Service) server. is what your computer uses to resolve addresses to domain names. For example http://www.ubuntu.com resolves to .... is is the address of the Ubuntu website on the Internet. is used so you don’t have to remember addresses. Domain names (like ubuntu.com) are much easier to remember. You will need at least one server address but you can enter up to three addresses in case one server is unavailable. To manually configure a wired connection, click on the NetworkManager icon and select Edit Connections. Make sure you are looking at the “Wired” tab inside the “Network Connections” window. e list may already have an entry, such as “Wired connection ” or a similar name. If a connection is listed, select it and click the Edit buon. If no connection is listed, click the Add buon. If you are adding a connection, you need to provide a name for the connection. is will distinguish the connection being added from any other connections added in future. In the “Connection Name” field, choose a name such as “Wired Home.” Figure 3.4: In this window you can manually edit a connection. To setup the connection: . Make sure that the Connect automatically option is selected under the connection name. . Switch to the v Settings tab. . Change the Method to “Manual.” . Click on the Add buon next to the empty list of addresses.
- 49. . . Enter your address in the field below the Address header. . Click to the right of the address, directly below the Netmask header and enter your network mask. If you are unsure, “...” is the most common. . Click on the right of the network mask directly below the Gateway header and enter the address of your gateway. . In the Servers field below, enter the address of your server(s). If you are entering more than one, separate them with commas—for example, “..., ...”. . Click Save to save your changes. A MAC address is a hardware ad- dress for your computer’s network card. Entering this information is sometimes important when using a cable modem connection. If you know the MAC address of your net- work card, this can be entered in the appropriate text field in the Wired tab of the editing window. To find the MAC addresses for all installed networking devices, open a terminal window, and at the command line prompt, type ifconfig. This will display a lot of information about each of the network devices installed on the computer. The wired devices will be labeled as LAN0, LAN1, etc. The wireless devices will appear as WLAN0, WLAN1, etc. When you have returned to the Network Connections screen, your newly added connection should now be listed. Click Close to return to the desktop. If your connection was configured correctly, the NetworkManager icon should have changed to show an active wired connection. To test if your connection is properly set up, simply open a web browser. If you can access the Internet, then you are connected! Wireless If your computer is equipped with a wireless (Wi-Fi) card and you have a wireless network nearby, you should be able to set up a wireless connection in Ubuntu. Connecting to a wireless network for the first time If your computer has a wireless network card, you can connect to a wireless To improve speed and reliability of your wireless connection, try moving closer to your router or wireless access point. network. Most laptops and netbooks have a built-in wireless networking card. Ubuntu is usually able to detect any wireless network in range of your computer. To see a list of wireless networks, click on the NetworkMan- ager icon. Under the “Wireless Networks” heading you should see a list of available wireless networks. Each network will be shown by its name and a signal meter to the le showing its relative signal strength. e signal meter looks like a set of bars similar to what is seen when viewing signal strength of a cell phone. Simply put, the more bars, the stronger the signal. A wireless network can be open to anyone, or it can be protected with a password. A small padlock will be displayed by the signal bar if any wireless network within range are password-protected. You will need to know the correct password in order to connect to these secured wireless networks. To connect to a wireless network, select the desired network by clicking on its name within the list. is will be the name that was used during the installation of the wireless router or access point. Most s (Internet service providers) provide pre-configured routers with a sticker on them detailing the current wireless network name and password. Most publicly accessible wireless networks will be easily identifiable by the name used for the wireless network—for example “Starbucks-Wireless.” If the network is unprotected (i.e., the signal meter does not show a pad- lock), a connection should be established within a few seconds—and with- out a password required. e NetworkManager icon in the top panel will animate as Ubuntu aempts to connect to the network. If the connection is successful, the icon will change to display a signal meter. An on-screen
- 50. notification message will also appear informing you that the connection was successful. If the network is password-protected, Ubuntu will display a window called “Wireless Network Authentication Required” as it tries to make a connection. is means that a valid password is required to make a connec- tion. is is what the screen should look like: Figure 3.5: Enter your wireless network password. If you know the password, enter it in the Password field and then click on the Connect buon. As you type the password, it will be obscured from view to prevent others from reading the password as you type it. Once the To verify the characters you are entering for the password, you can view the password by selecting the Show Password check box. Then, you can make the password obscure again by deselecting the Show password check box. password is entered, click on the Connect buon. e NetworkManager icon in the top panel will animate as Ubuntu aempts to connect to the network. If the connection is successful, the icon will change to display a signal meter. An on-screen notification message will also appear informing you that the connection was successful. If you entered the password incorrectly, or if it doesn’t match the cor- rect password (for example if it has recently been changed and you have forgoen), NetworkManager will make another aempt to connect to the network, and the “Wireless Network Authentication Required” window will re-appear so that you can re-type the password. You can hit the Cancel but- ton to abort the connection. If you do not know the correct password, you may need to call your ’s customer support line or contact your network administrator. Once you have successfully established a wireless connection, Ubuntu will store these seings (including the password) to make it easier to con- nect to this same wireless network in the future. You may also be prompted to select a keyring password here. e keyring stores passwords in one place so you can access them all in the future by remembering just the keyring password. Connecting to a saved wireless network Ubuntu will automatically try to connect to a wireless network in range if it has the seings saved. is works on both open and secure wireless networks. If you have numerous wireless networks in range that are saved on your computer, Ubuntu may choose to connect to one network while you may want to connect to another network. To remedy this action, click on the NetworkManager icon. A list of wireless networks will appear along with their signal meters. Simply click on the network to which you wish to connect, and Ubuntu will disconnect from the current network and aempt to connect to the one you have selected. If the network is secure and Ubuntu has the details for this network saved, Ubuntu will automatically connect. If the details for this network connection are not saved, are incorrect, or have changed, then you will be prompted to enter the network password again. If the network is open (no
- 51. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 52. of any and every such officer shall be revoked and be held to be void and of no effect. Within thirty days after the passage of this Act, the State Board of Health shall meet and adopt such measures as may seem necessary to facilitate the enforcement of this Act, and prepare rules and regulations with regard to the proper methods of collecting and examining articles of food or drugs, and for the appointment of the necessary inspectors and analysts; and the State Board of Health shall be authorised to expend, in addition to all sums already appropriated for said Board, an amount not exceeding ten thousand dollars for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. And the sum of ten thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, for the purposes in this section provided. 6. Every person selling or offering or exposing any article of food or drugs for sale, or delivering any article to purchasers, shall be bound to serve or supply any public analyst or other agent of the State or Local Board of Health appointed under this Act, who shall apply to him for that purpose, and on his tendering the value of the same, with a sample sufficient for the purpose of analysis of any article which is included in this Act, and which is in the possession of the person selling, under a penalty not exceeding fifty dollars for a first offence, and one hundred dollars for a second and subsequent offences. 7. Any violation of the provisions of this Act shall be treated and punished as a misdemeanour; and whoever shall impede, obstruct, hinder, or otherwise prevent any
- 53. analyst, inspector, or prosecuting officer in the performance of his duty shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be liable to indictment and punishment therefor. 8. Any Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. 9. All the regulations and declarations of the State Board of Health made under this Act from time to time, and promulgated, shall be printed in the statutes at large. 10. This Act shall take effect at the expiration of ninety days after it shall become a law. Amendment of April 29th, 1885. Section 1. The title of chapter four hundred and seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-one, entitled “An Act to prevent the adulteration of food and drugs,” is hereby amended to read as follows: “An Act to prevent the adulteration of food, drugs and spirituous, fermented or malt liquors in the State of New York.” 2. Section one of chapter four hundred and seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-one is amended to read as follows:— 1. No person shall within this State manufacture, brew, distil, have, offer for sale or sell any articles of food, drugs, spirituous, fermented or malt liquors which are adulterated within the meaning of this Act, and any person violating this provision shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding fifty dollars for the first offence, and not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisonment for one year, or both, for each subsequent
- 54. offence, and shall in addition thereto be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars for each and every offence, to be sued for and recovered in the name of the people of the State of New York on complaint of any citizen, one-half of such recovery to be paid to the prosecutor of the action and the balance shall be paid to the county where such recovery shall be obtained for the support of the poor. 3. Section two is hereby amended to read as follows:— 2. The term food as used in this Act shall include every article of food or drink by man, including teas, coffees, and spirituous, fermented and malt liquors. The term drug as used in this Act shall include all medicines for internal or external use. 4. Section three is hereby amended by adding after subdivision seven the following: C. In the case of spirituous, fermented and malt liquors, if it contain any substance or ingredient not normal or healthful to exist in spirituous, fermented or malt liquors, or which may be deleterious or detrimental to health when such liquors are used as a beverage. 5. Section five is hereby amended to read as follows:— 5. The State Board of Health shall take cognisance of the interests of the public health as it relates to the sale of food, drugs, spirituous, fermented and malt liquors, and the adulteration thereof, and make all necessary inquiries relating thereto. It shall have the supervision of the appointment of public analysts and chemists, and upon its recommendation, whenever it shall deem any such officers incompetent, the appointment of any and every such officer shall be revoked and be held to be void and of no effect. Within thirty days after the passage of this Act, and from time to time thereafter as it may deem expedient, the said Board of Health shall meet and adopt
- 55. such measures, not provided for by this Act, as may seem necessary to facilitate the enforcement of this Act, and for the purpose of making an examination or analysis of spirituous, fermented or malt liquors sold or exposed for sale in any store or place of business not herein otherwise provided for, and prepare rules and regulations with regard to the proper methods of collecting and examining articles of food, drugs, spirituous, fermented or malt liquors, and for the appointment of the necessary inspectors and analysts. The said Board shall at least once in the calendar year cause samples to be procured in public market or otherwise, of the spirituous, fermented or malt liquors distilled, brewed, manufactured or offered for sale in each and every brewery or distillery located in this State, and a test, sample or analysis thereof to be made by a chemist or analyst duly appointed by said Board of Health. The samples shall be kept in vessels and in a condition necessary and adequate to obtain a proper test and analysis of the liquors contained therein. The vessels containing such samples shall be properly labelled and numbered by the secretary of said Board of Health, who shall also prepare and keep an accurate and proper list of the names of the distillers, brewers or vendors, and opposite each name shall appear the number which is written or printed upon the label attached to the vessel containing the sample of the liquor manufactured, brewed, distilled or sold. Such lists, numbers and labels shall be exclusively for the information of the said Board of Health, and shall not be disclosed or published unless upon discovery of some deleterious substance prior to the completion of the analysis, except when required in evidence in a court of justice. The samples when listed and numbered shall be delivered to the chemist, analyst or other officer of said Board of Health, and shall be designated and known to such chemist, analyst or officer only by its number, and by no other mark or designation.
- 56. The result of the analysis or investigation shall thereupon, and within a convenient time, be reported by the officer conducting the same to the secretary of said State Board of Health, setting forth explicitly the nature of any deleterious substance, compound or adulteration which may be detrimental to public health and which has been found upon analysis in such samples, and stating the number of the samples in which said substance was found. Upon such examination or analysis the brewer, distiller or vendor in whose sample of spirituous, fermented or malt liquor such deleterious substances, compounds or adulterations shall be found, shall be deemed to have violated the provisions of this Act, and shall be punishable as prescribed in section seven of this Act. 6. Section six of said chapter four hundred and seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-one is hereby amended to read as follows:— 6. Every person selling, offering, exposing for sale or manufacturing, brewing or distilling any article of food, spirituous, malt or fermented liquors, or delivering any such articles to purchasers, shall be bound to serve or supply any public analyst or other agent of the State or local Board of Health appointed under this Act, who shall apply to him for that purpose, and upon his tendering the value of the same, with a sample sufficient for the purpose of analysis of any article which is included in this Act, and which is in possession of the person selling, manufacturing, brewing or distilling the same, and any person who shall refuse to serve or supply such sample of any article as prescribed herein, or any person who shall impede, obstruct, hinder or otherwise prevent any analyst, inspector or prosecuting officer in the performance of his duty shall be deemed to have violated the provisions of
- 57. this Act, and shall be punishable as prescribed by section seven of this Act. 7. Section seven of said chapter four hundred and seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-one is hereby amended to read as follows:— 7. Upon discovering that any person has violated any of the provisions of this Act, the State Board of Health shall immediately communicate the facts to the district attorney of the county in which the person accused of such violation resides or carries on business, and the said district attorney, upon receiving such communication or notification, shall forthwith commence proceeding for indictment and trial of the accused as prescribed by law in cases of misdemeanour. 8. The State Board of Health shall be authorised to expend, in addition to the sums already appropriated for said board, an amount not exceeding three thousand dollars, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act, in relation to spirituous, fermented or malt liquors. And the sum of three thousand dollars is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated and expended for the purposes of this Act. 9. This Act shall take effect immediately. Special Act to prevent deception in the sale of dairy products, and to preserve the public health, being supplementary to and in aid of chapter two hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty- four, entitled “An act to prevent deception in sales of dairy products.” (Passed April 30, 1885).
- 58. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:— Section 1. No person or persons shall sell or exchange, or expose for sale or exchange, any unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated or unwholesome milk, or shall offer for sale any article of food made from the same, or of cream from the same. The provisions of this section shall not apply to skim milk sold to bakers or housewives for their own use or manufacture, upon written orders for the same, nor to skim milk sold for use in the county in which it is produced. This provision shall not apply to pure skim cheese made from milk which is clean, pure, healthy, wholesome and unadulterated, except by skimming. Whoever violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment of not less than one month or more than six months, or both such fine and imprisonment for the first offence, and by six months’ imprisonment for each subsequent offence. 2. No person shall keep cows for the production of milk for market, or for sale or exchange, or for manufacturing the same, or cream from the same, into articles of food, in a crowded or unhealthy, condition, or feed the cows on food that is unhealthy, or that produces impure, unhealthy, diseased or unwholesome milk. No person shall manufacture from impure, unhealthy, diseased or unwholesome milk, or of cream from the same, any article of food. Whoever violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanour and shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment of not less than one month or more than four months, or by both such fine and imprisonment for the first offence, and by four months’ imprisonment for each subsequent offence.
- 59. 3. No person or persons shall sell, supply or bring to be manufactured to any butter or cheese manufactory, any milk diluted with water or any unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated or unwholesome milk, or milk from which any cream has been taken (except pure skim milk to skim cheese factories), or shall keep back any part of the milk commonly known as “strippings,” or shall bring or supply milk to any butter or cheese manufactory that is sour (except pure skim milk to skim cheese factories). No butter or cheese manufactories, except those who buy all the milk they use, shall use for their own benefit, or allow any of their employés or any other person to use for their own benefit, any milk, or cream from the milk, or the product thereof, brought to said manufactories without the consent of the owners thereof. Every butter or cheese manufacturer, except those who buy all the milk they use, shall keep a correct account of all the milk daily received, and of the number of packages of butter and cheese made each day, and the number of packages and aggregate weight of cheese and butter disposed of each day, which account shall be open to inspection to any person who delivers milk to such manufacturer. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished for each offence by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars, or more than two hundred dollars, or not less than one month or more than six months’ imprisonment, or both such fine and imprisonment. 4. No manufacturer of vessels for the package of butter shall sell or dispose of any such vessels without branding his name and the true weight of the vessel or vessels on the same, with legible letters or figures not less than one- fourth of an inch in length. Whoever violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished for each offence by a fine of not less
- 60. than fifty dollars, nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment of not less than thirty days or more than sixty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 5. No person shall sell, or offer or expose for sale, any milk except in the county from which the same is produced, unless each can, vessel or package containing such milk shall be distinctly and durably branded with letters not less than one inch in length, on the outside, above the center, on every can, vessel or package containing such milk, the name of the county from which the same is produced; and the same marks shall be branded or painted in a conspicuous place on the carriage or vehicle in which the milk is drawn to be sold; and such milk can only be sold in, or retailed out of a can, vessel, package or carriage so marked. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, or not less than two months’ or more than four months’ imprisonment, or both such fine and imprisonment, for the first offence, and by four months’ imprisonment for each subsequent offence. 6. No person shall manufacture out of any oleaginous substance or substances, or any compound of the same, other than that produced from unadulterated milk, or of cream from the same, any article designed to take the place of butter or cheese produced from pure unadulterated milk or cream of the same, or shall sell, or offer for sale, the same as an article of food. This provision shall not apply to pure skim-milk cheese made from pure skim milk. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and be punished by a fine of not less than two hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, or not less than six months or more than one year’s imprisonment, or both
- 61. such fine and imprisonment for the first offence, and by imprisonment for one year for each subsequent offence. 7. No person by himself or his agents or servants shall render or manufacture out of any animal fat or animal or vegetable oils not produced from unadulterated milk or cream from the same, any article or product in imitation or semblance of or designed to take the place of natural butter or cheese produced from pure unadulterated milk or cream of the same, nor shall he or they mix, compound with, or add to milk, cream or butter any acids or other deleterious substance or any animal fats or animal or vegetable oils not produced from milk or cream, with design or intent to render, make or produce any article or substance or any human food in imitation or semblance of natural butter or cheese, nor shall he sell, keep for sale, or offer for sale any article, substance or compound made, manufactured or produced in violation of the provisions of this section, whether such article, substance or compound shall be made or produced in this State or in any other State or country. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and be punished by a fine of not less than two hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars or not less than six months’ or more than one year’s imprisonment for the first offence, and by imprisonment for one year for each subsequent offence. Nothing in this section shall impair the provisions of section six of this Act. 8. No person shall manufacture, mix or compound with or add to natural milk, cream or butter any animal fats or animal or vegetable oils, nor shall he make or manufacture any oleaginous substance not produced from milk or cream, with intent to sell the same for butter or cheese made from unadulterated milk or cream, or have the same in his possession, or offer the same for sale with such intent, nor shall any article or substance or
- 62. compound so made or produced, be sold for butter or cheese, the product of the dairy. If any person shall coat, powder or colour with annatto or any colouring matter whatever, butterine or oleomargarine, or any compounds of the same, or any product or manufacture made in whole or in part from animal fats or animal or vegetable oils not produced from unadulterated milk or cream, whereby the said product, manufacture or compound shall be made to resemble butter or cheese, the product of the dairy, or shall have the same in his possession, or shall sell or offer for sale or have in his possession any of the said products which shall be coloured or coated in semblance of or to resemble butter or cheese, it shall be conclusive evidence of an intent to sell the same for butter or cheese, the product of the dairy. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and be punished by a fine of not less than two hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars. This section shall not be construed to impair or affect the prohibitions of sections six and seven of this Act. 9. Every manufacturer of full-milk cheese may put a brand upon each cheese indicating “full-milk cheese,” and the date of the month and year when made; and any person using this brand upon any cheese made from which any cream whatever has been taken shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished for each offence by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars. 10. No person shall offer, sell or expose for sale in full packages, butter or cheese branded or labelled with a false brand or label as to county or state in which the article is made. Whoever violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars or more than fifty dollars, or imprisonment of not less than fifteen days
- 63. or more than thirty days for the first offence, and fifty dollars or thirty days’ imprisonment for each subsequent offence. 11. No person shall manufacture, sell or offer for sale any condensed milk, unless the same shall be put up in packages upon which shall be distinctly labelled or stamped the name, or brand, by whom or under which the same is made. No condensed milk shall be made or offered for sale unless the same is manufactured from pure, clean, healthy, fresh, unadulterated and wholesome milk, from which the cream has not been removed, or unless the proportion of milk solids contained in the condensed milk shall be in amount the equivalent of twelve per centum of milk solids in crude milk, and of such solids twenty-five per centum shall be fat. When condensed milk shall be sold from cans, or packages not hermetically sealed, the vendor shall brand or label such cans or packages with the name of the county or counties from which the same was produced, and the name of the vendor. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars or more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment of not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment for the first offence, and by six months’ imprisonment for each subsequent offence. 12. Upon the expiration of the term of office of the present commissioner, the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a commissioner, who shall be known as the New York State Dairy Commissioner, who shall be a citizen of this State, and who shall hold his office for the term of two years, or until his successor is appointed, and shall receive a salary of three thousand dollars per annum, and his necessary expenses incurred in the discharge of his official duties
- 64. under this Act. Said commissioner shall be charged, under the direction of the Governor, with the enforcement of the various provisions thereof, and with all laws prohibiting or regulating the adulteration of butter, cheese, or milk. The said commissioner is hereby authorised and empowered to appoint such assistant commissioners and to employ such experts, chemists, agents, and such counsel as may be deemed by him necessary for the proper enforcement of this law, their compensation to be fixed by the commissioner. The said commissioner is also authorised to employ a clerk at an annual salary not to exceed twelve hundred dollars. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated, to be paid for such purpose out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. All charges, accounts and expenses authorised by this Act shall be paid by the Treasurer of the State upon the warrant of the comptroller, after such expenses have been audited and allowed by the comptroller. The entire expenses of said commissioner shall not exceed the sum appropriated for the purposes of this Act. The said commissioner shall make annual reports to the legislature, on or before the fifteenth day of January of each year, of his work and proceedings, and shall report in detail the number of assistant commissioners, experts, chemists, agents, and counsel he has employed, with their expenses and disbursements. The said commissioner shall have a room in the new capitol, to be set apart for his use by the capitol commissioner. The said commissioner and assistant commissioners and such experts, chemists, agents, and counsel as they shall duly authorise for the purpose, shall have full access, egress, and ingress to all places of business, factories, farms, buildings, carriages, vessels, and cans used in the manufacture and sale of any dairy products or any imitation thereof. They shall also have power and authority to open any package, can, or vessel containing such articles which may be manufactured, sold,
- 65. or exposed for sale, in violation of the provisions of this Act, and may inspect the contents therein and may take therefrom samples for analysis. This section shall not affect the tenure of the office of the present commissioner. 13. Upon the application for a warrant under this Act, the certificate of the analyst or chemist of any analysis made by him shall be sufficient evidence of the facts therein stated. Every such certificate shall be duly signed and acknowledged by such analyst or chemist before an officer authorised to take acknowledgments of conveyances of real estate. 14. Courts of special sessions shall have jurisdiction of all cases arising under this Act, and their jurisdiction is hereby extended so as to enable them to enforce the penalties imposed by any or all sections thereof. 15. In all prosecutions under this Act, one-half of the money shall be paid by the court or clerk thereof to the city or county where the recovery shall be had, for the support of the poor, except in the city and county of New York shall be equally divided between the pension funds of the police and fire departments, and the residue shall be paid to the Dairy Commissioner, who shall account therefor to the Treasury of the State, and be added to any appropriation made to carry out the provisions of this Act. All sums of money expended by the Dairy Commissioner under the provisions of this Act shall be audited and allowed by the Comptroller of the State. Any bond given by any officer shall be subject to the provisions of this section. 16. In all prosecutions under this Act relating to the sale and manufacture of unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated, or unwholesome milk, if the milk be shown to contain more than eighty-eight per centum of water or
- 66. fluids, or less than twelve per centum of milk solids, which shall contain not less than three per centum of fat, it shall be declared adulterated, and milk drawn from cows within fifteen days before, and five days after, parturition, or from animals fed on distillery waste, or any substance in the state of putrefaction or fermentation, or upon any unhealthy food whatever, shall be declared unclean, unhealthy, impure and unwholesome milk. This section shall not prevent the feeding of ensilage from silos. 17. The doing of any thing prohibited being done, and the not doing of any thing directed to be done in this Act, shall be presumptive evidence of a wilful intent to violate the different sections and provisions thereof. If any person shall suffer any violation of the provisions of this Act by his agent, servant, or in any room or building occupied or controlled by him, he shall be deemed a principal in such violation and punished accordingly. 18. Chapters four hundred and sixty-seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-two, five hundred and forty- four, and five hundred and eighteen of the laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-four, five hundred and fifty- nine of the laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-five, four hundred and fifteen of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, two hundred and twenty, and two hundred and thirty-seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-eight, four hundred and thirty-nine of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty, and two hundred and fourteen of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, are hereby repealed. 19. If any person shall, by himself or other, violate any of the provisions of sections one, two, three, four or five of this Act, or knowingly suffer a violation thereof by his agent, or in any building or room occupied by him, he shall, in addition to the fines and punishments therein
- 67. described for each offence, forfeit and pay a fixed penalty of one hundred dollars. If any person, by himself or another, shall violate any of the provisions of sections six, seven, or eight of this Act, he shall, in addition to the fines and penalties herein prescribed for each offence, forfeit and pay a fixed penalty of five hundred dollars. Such penalties shall be recovered with costs in any court of this State having jurisdiction thereof in an action to be prosecuted by the Dairy Commissioner, or any of his assistants in the name of the people of the State of New York. 20. This Act and each section thereof is declared to be enacted to prevent deception in the sale of dairy products, and to preserve the public health which is endangered by the manufacture, sale or use of the articles or substances herein regulated or prohibited. 21. This Act shall take effect immediately. Sections six and seven shall not apply to any product manufactured, or in process of manufacture at the time of the passage of this Act; but neither this exemption nor this Act shall impair the power to prosecute any violations heretofore committed of section six of the Act of which this Act is supplemental. An Act to amend chapter two hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-four, entitled “An Act to prevent deception in sales of dairy products.” (Passed April 30, 1885). The people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:— Section 1. Section seven of chapter two hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-four,
- 68. entitled “An Act to prevent deception in sales of dairy products,” is hereby amended to read as follows:— 7. No person shall offer, sell, or expose for sale butter or cheese branded or labelled with a false brand or label as to the quality of the article, or the county or State in which the article is made. The New York State Dairy Commissioner is hereby authorised and directed to procure and issue to the cheese manufactories of the State, upon proper application therefor and under such regulations as to the custody and use thereof as he may prescribe, a uniform stencil brand bearing a suitable device or motto, and the words “New York State Full Cream Cheese.” Every brand issued shall be used upon the outside of the cheese and also upon the package containing the same, and shall bear a different number for each separate manufactory, and the commissioner shall keep a book in which shall be registered the name, location and number of each manufactory using the said brand, and the name or names of the persons at each manufactory authorised to use the same. It shall be unlawful to use or permit such stencil brand to be used upon any other than full cream cheese or packages containing the same. Whoever violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanour, and for each and every cheese or package so falsely branded shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars or more than fifty dollars, or imprisonment of not less than fifteen or more than thirty days. 2. This Act shall take effect immediately. An Act to protect butter and cheese manufacturers. (Passed June 8, 1885, three-fifths being present.)
- 69. The people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:— Section 1. Whoever shall with intent to defraud, sell, supply, or bring to be manufactured to any butter or cheese manufactory in this State, any milk diluted with water, or in any way adulterated, unclean or impure, or milk from which any cream has been taken, or milk commonly known as skimmed milk, or whoever shall keep back any part of the milk as strippings, or whoever shall knowingly bring or supply milk to any butter or cheese manufactory that is tainted or sour, or whoever shall knowingly bring or supply to any butter or cheese manufactory, milk drawn from cows within fifteen days before parturition, or within three days after parturition, or any butter or cheese manufacturers who shall knowingly use or allow any of his or her employés or any other person to use for his or her benefit, or for their own individual benefit, any milk or cream from the milk brought to said butter or cheese manufacturer, without the consent of all the owners thereof, or any butter or cheese manufacturer who shall refuse or neglect to keep or cause to be kept a correct account, open to the inspection of any one furnishing milk to such manufacturer, of the amount of milk daily received, or of the number of pounds of butter and the number of cheeses made each day, or of the number cut or otherwise disposed of, and the weight of each, shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay a sum not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, with costs of suit, to be sued for in any court of competent jurisdiction for the benefit of the person or persons, firm or association, or corporation or their assigns upon whom such fraud or neglect shall be committed. But nothing in this Act shall affect, impair, or repeal any of the provisions of chapter two hundred and
- 70. two of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-four, or of the acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto. 2. This Act shall take effect immediately. Special Act in relation to the manufacture and sale of vinegar. (Passed June 9, 1886.) The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:— Section 1. Every person who manufactures for sale, or offers or exposes for sale as cider vinegar, any vinegar not the legitimate product of pure apple juice, known as apple cider, or vinegar not made exclusively of said apple cider, or vinegar into which foreign substances, drugs or acids have been introduced, as may appear by proper test, shall for each offence be punishable by a fine of not less than fifty, nor more than one hundred dollars. 2. Every person who manufactures for sale, or offers for sale, any vinegar found upon proper tests to contain any preparation of lead, copper, sulphuric acid, or other ingredient injurious to health, shall for each such offence be punishable by fine of not less than one hundred dollars. 3. The mayor of cities shall, and the supervisor of towns may, annually, appoint one or more persons to be inspectors of vinegar, who shall be sworn before entering upon their duties, and who shall have power and authority to inspect and examine all vinegar offered for sale. 4. No person shall by himself, his servant or agent, or as the servant or agent of any other person, sell, exchange, deliver, or have in his custody or possession, with intent to sell or exchange, or expose or offer for sale or exchange
- 71. any adulterated vinegar, or label, brand or sell as cider vinegar, or as apple vinegar, any vinegar not the legitimate product of pure apple juice, or not made exclusively from apple cider. 5. All vinegars shall be without artificial colouring matter, and shall have an acidity equivalent to the presence of not less than four and one-half per cent., by weight, of absolute acetic acid, and in the case of cider vinegar, shall contain in addition not less than two per cent. by weight of cider vinegar solids upon full evaporation over boiling water; and if any vinegar contains any artificial colouring matter or less than the above amount of acidity, or in the case of cider vinegar, if it contains less than the above amount of acidity or of cider vinegar solids, it shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this Act. 6. Every person making or manufacturing cider vinegar shall brand on each head of the cask, barrel or keg containing such vinegar the name and residence of the manufacturer, the date when same was manufactured, and the words cider vinegar. 7. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this Act shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. Any person who may have suffered any injury or damage by reason of the violation of any of the provisions of this Act, may maintain an action in his own name against any person violating any of the provisions of this Act, to recover the penalties provided for such violation, and one-half of the sum recovered shall be retained by him for his own use and the other half shall be paid into the city or county treasury where such offence was committed for the benefit of such city or county. 8. This Act shall take effect immediately.
- 72. Adulteration prohibited. 1882, 263, § 1. Definition of terms “drug” and “food.” 1882, 263, § 2. Drugs, how adulterated. 1882, 263, § 3. Specifications. Officinal drugs may be sold as called for, or as variation is made known to the purchaser. 1884, 289, § 7. The following are the Statutes of the State of Massachusetts relating to the adulteration of food and drugs:— GENERAL LAWS RELATING TO ADULTERATION. FOOD AND DRUGS. Section 1. No person shall, within this commonwealth, manufacture for sale, offer for sale, or sell any drug or article of food which is adulterated within the meaning of this Act. 2. The term “drug” as used in this Act shall include all medicines for internal or external use, antiseptics, disinfectants, and cosmetics. The term “food” as used herein shall include all articles used for food or drink by man. 3. An article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this Act— (a.) In the case of drugs,—(1.) If, when sold under or by a name recognised in the United States Pharmacopœia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down therein, unless the order calls for an article inferior to such standard, or unless such difference is made known or so appears to the purchaser at the time of such sale; (2.) If, when sold under or by a name not recognised in the United States Pharmacopœia, but which is found in some other pharmacopœia, or other standard
- 73. Food, how adulterated. Specifications. Provisions of Act not to apply to labelled compounds or work on materia medica, it differs materially from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work; (3.) If its strength or purity falls below the professed standard under which it is sold: (b.) In the case of food—(1.) If any substance or substances have been mixed with it so as to reduce, or lower, or injuriously affect its quality or strength; (2.) If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for it; (3.) If any valuable constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted from it; (4.) If it is an imitation of, or is sold under the name of another article; (5.) If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased, decomposed, putrid, or rotten animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal; (6.) If it is coloured, coated, polished, or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, or if it is made to appear better or of greater value than it really is; (7.) If it contains any added or poisonous ingredient, or any ingredient which may render it injurious to the health of a person consuming it. 4. The provisions of this Act shall not apply to mixtures or compounds recognised as ordinary articles of food or drinks, provided that the same are not injurious to
- 74. mixtures when not injurious to health. No prosecution to be made relative to drugs, if standard of same has been raised since the issue of the last edition of the Pharmacopœia until such change has been published. 1884, 289, § 5. State Board shall make investigations and may appoint inspectors, analysts and chemists. 1882, 263, § 5. The Board shall make regulations as to collecting and examining of food and drugs, and may expend ten thousand dollars in carrying out health, and are distinctly labelled as mixtures or compounds. And no prosecutions shall at any time be maintained under the said Act concerning any drug the standard of strength or purity whereof has been raised since the issue of the last edition of the United States Pharmacopœia, unless and until such change of standard has been published throughout the commonwealth. 5. The State Board of Health, Lunacy, and Charity, shall take cognisance of the interests of the public health relating to the sale of drugs and food and the adulteration of the same, and shall make all necessary investigations and inquiries in reference thereto, and for these purposes may appoint inspectors, analysts, and chemists, who shall be subject to its supervision and removal. Within thirty days after the passage of this Act the said Board shall adopt such measures as it may deem necessary to facilitate the enforcement hereof, and shall prepare rules and regulations with regard to the proper methods of collecting and examining drugs and articles of food. Said Board may expend annually an amount not
- 75. the provisions of this Act. 1882, 263, § 5. 1884, 289, § 1. Three-fifths to be expended in relation to milk and its products. 1884, 289, § 1. Samples to be furnished to officers or agents. 1882, 263, § 6. Obstruction and its penalty. 1882, 263, § 7. State Board to report prosecutions and money expended. exceeding ten thousand dollars for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act: provided, however, that not less than three-fifths of the said amount shall be annually expended for the enforcement of the laws against the adulteration of milk and milk products. 6. Every person offering or exposing for sale, or delivering to a purchaser, any drug or article of food included in the provisions of this Act, shall furnish to any analyst or other officer or agent appointed hereunder, who shall apply to him for the purpose and shall tender him the value of the same, a sample sufficient for the purpose of the analysis of any such drug or article of food which is in his possession. 7. Whoever hinders, obstructs, or in any way interferes with any inspector, analyst, or other officer appointed hereunder, in the performance of his duty, and whoever violates any of the provisions of this Act, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars for the first offence, and not exceeding one hundred dollars for each subsequent offence. 8. The State Board of Health, Lunacy, and Charity shall report annually to the Legislature the number of prosecutions made under said chapter, and an itemised
- 76. 1883, 263, § 2. 1884, 289, § 2. Powers of inspectors. 1884, 289, § 3. Act of 1882 does not affect chapter 57 of the Public Statutes. 1884, 289, § 4. Samples to be sealed for benefit of defendant. 1884, 289, § 8. Selling corrupt or unwholesome provisions without notice. Public Statutes, account of all money expended in carrying out the provisions thereof. 9. An inspector appointed under the provisions of said chapter two hundred and sixty-three of the Acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two shall have the same powers and authority conferred upon a city or town inspector by section two of chapter fifty-seven of the Public Statutes. 10. Nothing contained in chapter two hundred and sixty-three of the Acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two shall be in any way construed as repealing or amending anything contained in chapter fifty-seven of the Public Statutes. 11. Before commencing the analysis of any sample the person making the same shall reserve a portion which shall be sealed; and in case of a complaint against any person the reserved portion of the sample alleged to be adulterated shall upon application be delivered to the defendant or his attorney. 12. Whoever knowingly sells any kind of diseased, corrupted, or unwholesome provisions, whether for meat or drink, without making the same fully known to the buyer, shall be punished by imprisonment in
- 77. chap. 208, § 1. 12 Cush. 499. Adulterating food. Public Statutes, chap. 208, § 3. Adulterating liquor used for drink, with Indian cockle, etc. Public Statutes, chap. 208, § 4. Adulteration of drugs or medicines. the jail not exceeding six months, or by fine not exceeding two hundred dollars. 13. Whoever fraudulently adulterates, for the purpose of sale, bread or any other substance intended for food, with any substance injurious to health, or knowingly barters, gives away, sells, or has in possession with intent to sell, any substance intended for food, which has been adulterated with any substance injurious to health, shall be punished by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding three hundred dollars; and the articles so adulterated shall be forfeited, and destroyed under the direction of the court. 14. Whoever adulterates, for the purpose of sale, any liquor used or intended for drink, with Indian cockle, vitriol, grains of paradise, opium, alum, capsicum, copperas, laurel-water, logwood, Brazil wood, cochineal, sugar of lead, or any other substance which is poisonous or injurious to health, and whoever knowingly sells any such liquor so adulterated, shall be punished by imprisonment in the State prison not exceeding three years; and the articles so adulterated shall be forfeited. 15. Whoever fraudulently adulterates, for the purpose of sale, any drug or medicine,
- 78. Public Statutes, chap. 208, § 5. Persons selling certain poisons to keep record, etc. Purchasers who give false name, etc. Public Statutes, chap. 208, § 6. Appointment of inspectors of milk. Public Statutes, chap. 57, § 1. or sells any fraudulently adulterated drug or medicine, knowing the same to be adulterated, shall be punished by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding four hundred dollars; and such adulterated drugs and medicines shall be forfeited, and destroyed under the direction of the court. 16. Whoever sells arsenic, strychnine, corrosive sublimate, or prussic acid, without the written prescription of a physician, shall keep a record of the date of such sale, the name of the article, the amount thereof sold, and the name of the person or persons to whom delivered; and for each neglect shall forfeit a sum not exceeding fifty dollars. Whoever purchases deadly poisons as aforesaid, and gives a false or fictitious name to the vendor, shall be punished by fine not exceeding fifty dollars. LAWS RELATIVE TO SPECIAL ARTICLES OF FOOD. OF THE INSPECTION AND SALE OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. 1. The mayor and aldermen of cities shall, and the selectmen of towns may, annually appoint one or more persons to be inspectors of milk for their respective places, who shall be sworn before entering upon the duties of their office. Each
- 79. Their duties and powers. 1884, 310, § 3 11 Allen, 264. Persons selling milk from carriages to be licensed. Public inspector shall publish a notice of his appointment for two weeks in a newspaper published in his city or town, or if no newspaper is published therein, he shall post up such notice in two or more public places in such city or town. 2. Such inspectors shall keep an office, and shall record in books kept for the purpose the names and place of business of all persons engaged in the sale of milk within their city or town. Said inspectors may enter all places where milk is stored or kept for sale, and all persons engaged in the sale of milk shall, on the request in writing of an inspector, deliver to the person having the request a sample or specimen sufficient for the purpose of analysis of the milk then in his possession from such can or receptacle as shall be designated by the inspector or the person bearing the request. Said inspector shall cause the sample or specimen of milk so delivered to be analysed or otherwise satisfactorily tested, the results of which analysis or test they shall record and preserve as evidence. The inspectors shall receive such compensation as the mayor and alderman or selectmen may determine. 3. In all cities, and in all towns in which there is an inspector of milk, every person who conveys milk in carriages or otherwise for the purpose of selling the same in such
- 80. Statutes, chap. 57, § 3. city or town shall annually, on the first day of May, or within thirty days thereafter, be licensed by the inspector or inspectors of milk of such city or town to sell milk within the limits thereof, and shall pay to such inspector or inspectors fifty cents each to the use of the city or town. The inspector or inspectors shall pay over monthly to the treasurer of such city or town all sums collected by him or them. Licenses shall be issued only in the names of the owners of carriages or other vehicles, and shall for the purposes of this chapter be conclusive evidence of ownership. No license shall be sold, assigned, or transferred. Each license shall record the name, residence, place of business, number of carriages or other vehicles used, name and residence of every driver or other person engaged in carrying or selling said milk, and the number of the license. Each licensee shall before engaging in the sale of milk, cause his name, the number of his license, and his place of business, to be legibly placed on each outer side of all carriages or vehicles used by him in the conveyance and sale of milk, and he shall report to the inspector or inspectors any change of driver or other person employed by him which may occur during the term of his license. Whoever, without being first licensed under the provisions of this section, sells milk or exposes it for sale from carriages or other vehicles, or has it in his custody or possession with intent so to sell, and whoever violates any of the provisions of this section, shall for a first
- 81. Persons selling milk in stores, etc., to be registered. Public Statutes, chap. 57, § 4. 1 Allen, 593. 2 Allen, 157. Penalty for selling, etc., adulterated milk, etc. Public Statutes, chap. 57, § 5. 9 Allen, 499. 10 Allen, 199. 11 Allen, 264. 107 Mass., 194. offence be punished by fine of not less than thirty nor more than one hundred dollars; for a second offence by fine of not less than fifty nor more than three hundred dollars; and for a subsequent offence by fine of fifty dollars and by imprisonment in the house of correction for not less than thirty nor more than sixty days. 4. Every person before selling milk or offering it for sale in a store, booth, stand, or market-place in a city or in a town in which an inspector or inspectors of milk are appointed, shall register in the books of such inspector or inspectors, and shall pay to him or them fifty cents to the use of such city or town; and whoever neglects so to register shall be punished for each offence by fine not exceeding twenty dollars. 5. Whoever by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or agent of any other person, sells, exchanges, or delivers, or has in his custody or possession with intent to sell or exchange, or exposes or offers for sale or exchange, adulterated milk, or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added, or milk produced from cows fed on the refuse of distilleries or from sick or diseased cows, shall for a first offence be punished by fine of not less than fifty nor more than two hundred dollars; for a second offence by
- 82. Penalty for selling milk from which cream has been removed. Public Statutes, chap. 57, § 6. Vessels containing milk from which cream has been removed to be marked “skimmed milk.” Public Statutes, chap. 57, § 7. fine of not less than one hundred nor more than three hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the house of correction for not less than thirty nor more than sixty days; and for a subsequent offence by fine of fifty dollars and by imprisonment in the house of correction for not less than sixty nor more than ninety days. 6. Whoever by himself or by his servant or as the servant or agent of any other person, sells, exchanges, or delivers, or has in his custody or possession with intent to sell or exchange, or exposes or offers for sale as pure milk, any milk from which the cream or a part thereof has been removed, shall be punished by the penalties provided in the preceding section. 7. No dealer in milk, and no servant or agent of such a dealer, shall sell, exchange, or deliver, or have in his custody or possession, with intent to sell, exchange, or deliver, milk from which the cream or any part thereof has been removed, unless in a conspicuous place above the centre upon the outside of every vessel, can, or package from or in which such milk is sold, the words “skimmed milk” are distinctly marked in letters not less than one inch in length. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be punished by the penalties provided by section 5.
- 83. Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to specialized publications, self-development books, and children's literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system, we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading. Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and personal growth! ebookultra.com