08.03.2015-Getting started with ubuntu 14.04

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Revision number: 100 Revision date: 2014-08-12 12:40:44 -0500

Contents
Prologue 5
Welcome 5
Ubuntu Philosophy 5
A brief history of Ubuntu 6
Is Ubuntu right for you? 7
Contact details 8
About the team 8
Conventions used in this book 8
1 Installation 9
Getting Ubuntu 9
Trying out Ubuntu 10
Installing Ubuntu—Getting started 11
Finishing Installation 16
2 The Ubuntu Desktop 19
Understanding the Ubuntu desktop 19
Unity 19
The Launcher 21
The Dash 22
Workspaces 24
Managing windows 24
Browsing files on your computer 26
Files file manager 26
Searching for files and folders on your computer 29
Customizing your desktop 29
Accessibility 31
Session options 32
Getting help 33
3 Working with Ubuntu 35
All the applications you need 35
Getting online 37
Browsing the web 45
Reading and composing email 53
Using instant messaging 58
Viewing and editing photos 62
Watching videos and movies 65
Listening to audio and music 66
Burning cds and dvds 70
Working with documents, spreadsheets, and presentations 73
4 Hardware 75
Using your devices 75
Hardware identification 75
Displays 75
Connecting and using your printer 77
Sound 78

4 getting started with ubuntu 14.04
Using a webcam 79
Scanning text and images 80
Keyboard and mouse 80
Other devices 81
5 Software Management 83
Software management in Ubuntu 83
Using the Ubuntu Software Center 84
Managing additional software 87
Manual software installation 91
Updates and upgrades 92
6 Advanced Topics 95
Ubuntu for advanced users 95
Introduction to the terminal 95
Ubuntu file system structure 97
Securing Ubuntu 98
Why Ubuntu is safe 98
Basic security concepts 99
Users and groups 99
System updates 102
Firewall 102
Encryption 103
Running Windows Programs on Ubuntu 104
7 Troubleshooting 109
Resolving problems 109
Troubleshooting guide 109
Getting more help 114
8 Learning More 115
What else can I do with Ubuntu? 115
Open source software 115
Distribution families 115
Choosing amongst Ubuntu and its derivatives 116
Finding additional help and support 118
The Ubuntu community 119
Contributing 120
A License 121
Creative Commons Attribution–ShareAlike 3.0 Legal Code 121
Creative Commons Notice 127
Glossary 129
Credits 133
Index 135

Prologue
Welcome
Welcome to Getting Started with Ubuntu, an introductory guide written to
help new users get started with Ubuntu.
Our goal is to cover the basics of Ubuntu (such as installation and work-
ing with the desktop) as well as hardware and software management, work-
ing with the command line, and security. We designed this guide to be
simple to follow, with step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots,
allowing you to discover the potential of your new Ubuntu system.
Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months; every
fourth release is a so-called long-term support (lts) version. Each Ubuntu
release has a version number that consists of the year and month number
of the release, and an alliterative code name using an adjective and an an-
imal. Code names are in consecutive alphabetic order, allowing a quick
determination of which release is newer. Ubuntu 14.04 (code-named Trusty
Tahr) is considered a so called LTS version and is supported by Canoni-
cal with patches and upgrades for five years. The previous lts version is
Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise Pangolin), and has support for five years (until April
2017). Whenever a new version of Ubuntu is released, we will incorporate
updates and changes into our guide, and make a new version available at
http://www.ubuntu-manual.org.
Getting Started with Ubuntu 14.04 is not intended to be a comprehensive
Ubuntu instruction manual. It is a quick-start guide that will get you do-
ing the things you need to do with your computer easily, without getting
bogged down with technical details. With the help of this guide, it should
not take long before new users get used to the Unity desktop environment.
Unity includes the Launcher, the Dash, the hud, indicators, and an on-
screen display notification system (osd). All these features will be explained
in this guide.
For more detailed information on any aspect of the Ubuntu desktop, see
the “Ubuntu Desktop Guide,” which can be obtained in any of the following
ways:
‣ in the Dash, type help.
‣ in the indicator area, click Session indicator ‣ Ubuntu Help.
‣ go to https://help.ubuntu.com, Ubuntu 14.04 ‣ Ubuntu Desktop Help.
There are also many excellent resources available on the Internet. For
example, on https://help.ubuntu.com you will find documentation on in-
stalling and using Ubuntu. At the Ubuntu Forums (http://ubuntuforums.org)
and Ask Ubuntu (http://askubuntu.com), you will find answers to many
Ubuntu-related questions. You can find more information about Ubuntu’s
online and system documentation in Chapter 8:
Learning More.
If something isn’t covered in this manual, chances are you will find the
information you are looking for in one of those locations. We will try our
best to include links to more detailed help wherever we can.
Ubuntu Philosophy
The term “Ubuntu” is a traditional African concept originating from the
Bantu languages of southern Africa. It can be described as a way of con-
People sometimes wonder how to pronounce
Ubuntu. Each u is pronounced the same as in
the word put except for the last u which is
pronounced the same as in the word due.

necting with others—living in a global community where your actions
affect all of humanity. Ubuntu is more than just an operating system: it is
a community of people coming together voluntarily to collaborate on an
international software project that aims to deliver the best possible user
experience.
The Ubuntu Promise
‣ Ubuntu will always be free of charge, along with its regular enterprise
releases and security updates.
‣ Ubuntu comes with full commercial support from Canonical and hun-
dreds of companies from across the world.
‣ Ubuntu provides the best translations and accessibility features that the
free software community has to offer.
‣ Ubuntu’s core applications are all free and open source. We want you to
use free and open source software, improve it, and pass it on.
A brief history of Ubuntu
Ubuntu was conceived in 2004 by Mark Shuttleworth, a successful South
African entrepreneur, and his company Canonical. Shuttleworth recognized To learn more about Canonical, go to http://
www.canonical.com.the power of Linux and open source, but was also aware of weaknesses that
prevented mainstream use.
Shuttleworth set out with clear intentions to address these weaknesses
and create a system that was easy to use, completely free (see Chapter 8:
Learning More for the complete definition of “free”), and could compete
with other mainstream operating systems. With the Debian system as a
base, Shuttleworth began to build Ubuntu. Using his own funds at first, Debian is the Linux operating system that
Ubuntu is based upon. For more information
visit http://www.debian.org/.
installation cds were pressed and shipped worldwide at no cost to the
recipients. Ubuntu spread quickly, its community grew rapidly, and soon
Ubuntu became the most popular Linux distribution available.
With more people working on the project than ever before, its core
features and hardware support continue to improve, and Ubuntu has gained
the attention of large organizations worldwide.
While large organizations often find it useful to pay for support services, For information on Ubuntu Server Edition, and
how you can use it in your company, visit http://
www.ubuntu.com/business/server/overview.
Shuttleworth has promised that the Ubuntu desktop operating system
will always be free. Ubuntu is installed on an estimated 2% of the world’s
computers. This equates to tens of millions of users worldwide, and is
growing each year. As there is no compulsory registration, the percentage
of Ubuntu users should be treated as an estimate.
What is Linux?
Ubuntu is built on the foundation of Linux, which is a member of the Unix
family. Unix is one of the oldest types of operating systems, and together
with Linux has provided reliability and security for professional applica-
tions for almost half a century. Many servers around the world that store
data for popular websites (such as YouTube and Google) run some variant
of Linux or Unix. The popular Android system for smartphones is a Linux
variant; modern in-car computers usually run on Linux. Even Apple os x is
based on Unix. The Linux kernel is best described as the core—almost the
brain—of the Ubuntu operating system.
The Linux kernel is the controller of the operating system; it is responsi-

prologue 7
ble for allocating memory and processor time. It can also be thought of as
the program which manages any and all applications on the computer itself.
While modern graphical desktop environments have generally replaced
early command line interfaces, the command line can still be a quick and
efficient way of performing many tasks. See Chapter 6: Advanced Topics
for more information, and Chapter 2: The Ubuntu Desktop to learn more
about gnome and other desktop environments.
Linux was designed from the ground up with security and hardware
compatibility in mind, and is currently one of the most popular Unix-based
operating systems. One of the benefits of Linux is that it is incredibly flex-
ible and can be configured to run on almost any device—from the smallest
micro-computers and cellphones to the largest super-computers. Unix was
entirely command line-based until graphical user interfaces (guis) emerged
in 1973 (in comparison, Apple came out with Mac os ten years later, and
Microsoft released Windows 1.0 in 1985).
The early guis were difficult to configure, clunky, and generally only
used by seasoned computer programmers. In the past decade, however,
graphical user interfaces have grown in usability, reliability, and appear-
ance. Ubuntu is one of many different Linux distributions. To learn more about Linux distributions, see
Chapter 8: Learning More.
Is Ubuntu right for you?
New users to Ubuntu may find that it takes some time to feel comfortable
when trying a new operating system. You will no doubt notice many sim-
ilarities to both Microsoft Windows and Apple os x as well as some differ-
ences. Users coming from Apple os x are more likely to notice similarities
due to the fact that both Apple os x and Ubuntu originated from Unix. The
Unity shell, which is the default in Ubuntu, is a completely new concept,
which needs some exploring to get used to it. See Chapter 2: The Ubuntu
Desktop for more information about the Unity shell.
Before you decide whether or not Ubuntu is right for you, we suggest
giving yourself some time to grow accustomed to the way things are done
in Ubuntu. You should expect to find that some things are different from
what you are used to. We also suggest taking the following into account:
Ubuntu is community based. That is, Ubuntu is developed, written, and
maintained by the community. Because of this, support is probably
not available at your local computer store. Fortunately, the Ubuntu
community is here to help. There are many articles, guides, and manuals
available, as well as users on various Internet forums and Internet Relay
Chat (irc) rooms that are willing to assist beginners. Additionally, near
the end of this guide, we include a troubleshooting chapter: Chapter 7:
Troubleshooting.
Many applications designed for Microsoft Windows or Apple os x will not
run on Ubuntu. For the vast majority of everyday computing tasks, you
will find suitable alternative applications available in Ubuntu. However,
many professional applications (such as the Adobe Creative Suite) are
not developed to work with Ubuntu. If you rely on commercial software
that is not compatible with Ubuntu, yet still want to give Ubuntu a try,
you may want to consider dual-booting. Alternatively, some applications To learn more about dual-booting (running
Ubuntu side-by-side with another operating
system), see Chapter 1: Installation.
developed for Windows will work in Ubuntu with a program called
Wine. For more information on Wine, see Chapter 6: Advanced Topics.
Many commercial games will not run on Ubuntu. If you are a heavy gamer,
then Ubuntu may not be for you. Game developers usually design games

for the largest market. Since Ubuntu’s market share is not as substantial
as Microsoft’s Windows or Apple’s os x, fewer game developers allocate
resources towards making their games compatible with Linux. If you See Chapter 5: Software Management to learn
more about Ubuntu Software Center.just enjoy a game every now and then, there are many high quality
games that can be easily installed through the Ubuntu Software Center.
There are also a lot of games available at http://store.steampowered.com/
browse/linux/.
Contact details
Many people have contributed their time to this project. If you notice any
errors or think we have left something out, feel free to contact us. We do
everything we can to make sure that this manual is up to date, informative,
and professional. Our contact details are as follows:
‣ Website: http://www.ubuntu-manual.org/
‣ Reader feedback: feedback@ubuntu-manual.org
‣ irc: #ubuntu-manual on irc.freenode.net
‣ Bug Reports: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-manual/+filebug
‣ Mailing list: ubuntu-manual@lists.launchpad.net
About the team
Our project is an open-source, volunteer effort to create and maintain qual-
ity documentation for Ubuntu and its derivatives.
Want to help?
We are always looking for talented people to work with, and due to the size
of the project we are fortunate to be able to cater to a wide range of skill
sets:
‣ Authors and editors
‣ Programmers (Python or TEX)
‣ User interface designers
‣ Icon and title page designers
‣ Event organizers and ideas people
‣ Testers
‣ Web designers and developers
‣ Translators and screenshotters
‣ Bug reporters and triagers
To find out how you can get started helping, please visit http://ubuntu-
manual.org/getinvolved.
Conventions used in this book
The following typographic conventions are used in this book:
‣ Button names, menu items, and other gui elements are set in boldfaced
type.
‣ Menu sequences are sometimes typeset as File ‣ Save As…, which means,
“Choose the File menu, then choose the Save As….”
‣ Monospaced type is used for text that you type into the computer, text
that the computer outputs (as in a terminal), and keyboard shortcuts.

1 Installation
Getting Ubuntu
Before you can get started with Ubuntu, you will need to obtain a copy of Many companies (such as Dell and System76)
sell computers with Ubuntu preinstalled. If
you already have Ubuntu installed on your
computer, feel free to skip to Chapter 2: The
Ubuntu Desktop.
the Ubuntu installation image for dvd or usb. Some options for doing this
are outlined below.
Minimum system requirements
If you are unsure whether it will work on your computer, the Live dvd is a
great way to test things out first. Below is a list of hardware specifications
that your computer should meet as a minimum requirement.
‣ 1 GHz x86 processor (Pentium 4 or better)
‣ 1 gb of system memory (ram)
‣ 5 gb of disk space (at least 15 gb is recommended)
‣ Video support capable of 1024×768 resolution
‣ Audio support
‣ An Internet connection (highly recommended, but not required)
Downloading Ubuntu
The easiest and most common method for getting Ubuntu is to download
the Ubuntu dvd image directly from http://www.ubuntu.com/download.
Choose how you will install Ubuntu:
‣ Download and install
‣ Try it from a dvd or usb stick
Download and Install / Try it from a DVD or USB stick
For the Download and install, or Try it from a dvd or usb stick options, select
whether you require the 32-bit or 64-bit version (32-bit is recommended for
most users), then click “Start download.”
32-bit versus 64-bit
Ubuntu and its derivatives are available in two versions: 32-bit and 64-bit.
This difference refers to the way computers process information. Comput- 32-bit and 64-bit are types of processor
architectures. Most new desktop computers
have a 64-bit capable processor.
ers capable of running 64-bit software are able to process more information
than computers running 32-bit software; however, 64-bit systems require
more memory in order to do this. Nevertheless, these computers gain per-
formance enhancements by running 64-bit software.
‣ If your computer has a 64-bit processor, install the 64-bit version.
‣ If your computer is older, a netbook, or you do not know the type of
processor in the computer, install the 32-bit version.
If your computer has a 64-bit processor, select the “64-bit” option before
you click “Start download.”

Downloading Ubuntu as a torrent
When a new version of Ubuntu is released, the download servers can get Torrents are a way of sharing files and informa-
tion around the Internet via peer-to-peer file
sharing. A file with the .torrent extension is
made available to users, which is then opened
with a compatible program such as uTorrent,
Deluge, or Transmission. These programs
download parts of the file from other people all
around the world.
“clogged” as large numbers of people try to download or upgrade Ubuntu
at the same time. If you are familiar with using torrents, you can download
the torrent file by clicking “Alternative downloads,” and then “BitTorrent
download.” Downloading via torrent may improve your download speed,
and will also help to spread Ubuntu to other users worldwide.
Burning the DVD image
Once your download is complete, you will be left with a file called ubuntu- While the 64-bit version of Ubuntu is referred
to as the “AMD64” version, it will work on Intel,
AMD, and other compatible 64-bit processors.
14.04-desktop-i386.iso or similar (i386 here in the filename refers to the 32-bit
version. If you downloaded the 64-bit version, the filename contains amd64
instead). This file is a dvd image—a snapshot of the contents of a dvd—
which you will need to burn to a dvd.
Creating a bootable USB drive
If your pc is able to boot from a usb stick, you may prefer to use a usb
memory stick instead of burning a dvd. Scroll down to “Burn your dvd
or create a usb drive,” select dvd or usb stick, choose the os you are using
to create the usb drive, and then click Show me how. If you select the “usb
Stick” option, your installation will be running from the usb memory stick.
In this case, references to Live dvd, will refer to the usb memory stick.
Trying out Ubuntu
The Ubuntu dvd and usb stick function not only as installation media, but
also allow you to test Ubuntu without making any permanent changes to
your computer by running the entire operating system from the dvd or usb
stick.
Your computer reads information from a dvd at a much slower speed In some cases, your computer will not recognize
that the Ubuntu DVD or USB is present as it
starts up and will start your existing operating
system instead. To run Ubuntu from the Live
DVD or USB, we want the computer to look
for information from the Live DVD or USB
first. Changing your boot priority is usually
handled by BIOS settings; this is beyond the
scope of this guide. If you need assistance with
changing the boot priority, see your computer
manufacturer’s documentation for more
information.
than it can read information off of a hard drive. Running Ubuntu from
the Live dvd also occupies a large portion of your computer’s memory,
which would usually be available for applications to access when Ubuntu is
running from your hard drive. The Live dvd/usb experience will therefore
feel slightly slower than it does when Ubuntu is actually installed on your
computer. Running Ubuntu from the dvd/usb is a great way to test things
out and allows you to try the default applications, browse the Internet, and
get a general feel for the operating system. It’s also useful for checking that
your computer hardware works properly in Ubuntu and that there are no
major compatibility issues.
To try out Ubuntu using the Live dvd/usb stick, insert the Ubuntu dvd
into your dvd drive, or connect the usb drive and restart your computer.
After your computer finds the Live dvd/usb stick, and a quick load-
ing screen, you will be presented with the “Welcome” screen. Using your
mouse, select your language from the list on the left, then click the button
labelled Try Ubuntu. Ubuntu will then start up, running directly from the
Live dvd/usb drive.
Once Ubuntu is up and running, you will see the default desktop. We
will talk more about how to actually use Ubuntu in Chapter 2: The Ubuntu
Desktop, but for now, feel free to test things out. Open some applications,
change settings and generally explore—any changes you make will not be

installation 11
Figure 1.1: The “Welcome” screen allows you to
choose your language.
saved once you exit, so you don’t need to worry about accidentally breaking
anything.
When you are finished exploring, restart your computer by clicking Alternatively, you can also use your mouse to
double-click the “Install Ubuntu 14.04” icon that
is visible on the desktop when using the Live
DVD. This will start the Ubuntu installer.
the “Power” button in the top right corner of your screen (a circle with
a line through the top) and then select Restart. Follow the prompts that
appear on screen, including removing the Live dvd and pressing Enter
when instructed, and then your computer will restart. As long as the Live
dvd is no longer in the drive, your computer will return to its original state
as though nothing ever happened!
Installing Ubuntu—Getting started
At least 5 gb of free space on your hard drive is required in order to install Clicking on the underlined “release notes” link
will open a web page containing any important
information regarding the current version of
Ubuntu.
Ubuntu. We recommend 15 gb or more. This will ensure that you will
have plenty of room to install extra applications later on, as well as store
your own documents, music, and photos. To get started, place the Ubuntu
dvd in your dvd drive and restart your computer. Your computer should
load Ubuntu from the dvd. When you first start from the dvd, you will
be presented with a screen asking you whether you want to first try out
Ubuntu or install it. Select the language you want to view the installer
in and click on the Install Ubuntu button. This will start the installation
process.
If you have an Internet connection, the installer will ask you if you
would like to “Download updates while installing.” We recommend you
do so. The second option, “Install this third-party software,” includes the
Fluendo mp3 codec, and software required for some wireless hardware. If
you are not connected to the Internet, the installer will help you set up a
wireless connection.
The “Preparing to install Ubuntu” screen will also let you know if you
have enough disk space and if you are connected to a power source (in case
you are installing Ubuntu on a laptop running on battery). Once you have
selected your choices, click Continue.

Figure 1.2: Preparing to install.
Internet connection
If you are not connected to the Internet, the installer will ask you to choose
a wireless network (if available). We recommend that you connect to the
Internet during install, although updates and
third-party software can be installed after
installation completes.
1. Select Connect to this network, and then select your network from the
list.
2. If the list does not appear immediately, wait until a triangle/arrow ap-
pears next to the network adapter, and then click the arrow to see the
available networks.
3. In the Password field, enter the network wep or wpa key (if necessary).
4. Click Connect to continue.
Figure 1.3: Set up wireless.
Allocate drive space
The Ubuntu installer will automatically detect any existing operating sys- If you are installing on a new machine with no
operating system, you will not get the first
option. The upgrade option is only available if
you are upgrading from a previous version of
Ubuntu.
tem installed on your machine, and present installation options suitable for
your system. The options listed below depend on your specific system and
may not all be available:
‣ Install alongside other operating systems
‣ Upgrade Ubuntu … to 14.04

installation 13
‣ Erase … and install Ubuntu
‣ Something else
Install alongside other operating systems.
For more complicated dual-booting setups, you will need to configure the parti-
tions manually.
Figure 1.4: Choose where you would like to
install Ubuntu.
Upgrade Ubuntu … to 14.04
This option will keep all of your Documents, music, pictures, and other
personal files. Installed software will be kept when possible (not all your
currently installed software may be supported on the new version). System-
wide settings will be cleared.
Erase disk and install Ubuntu
Use this option if you want to erase your entire disk. This will delete any
existing operating systems that are installed on that disk, such as Microsoft
Windows, and install Ubuntu in its place. This option is also useful if you
have an empty hard drive, as Ubuntu will automatically create the neces-
sary partitions for you.
Formatting a partition will destroy any data currently on the partition.
Be sure to back up any data you want to save before formatting. More
information and detailed instructions on partitioning are available at:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowtoPartition.
After you have chosen the installation type, click Continue, or Install
Now.
Confirm Partition choices and start install
If you chose Something else, configure the partitions as you need. Once
you are happy with the way the partitions are going to be set up, click the
Install Now button at the bottom right to move on.
To reduce the time required for installation, Ubuntu will continue the
installation process in the background while you configure important user

details—like your username, password, keyboard settings and default time-
zone.
Where are you?
Figure 1.5: Tell Ubuntu your location.
The next screen will display a world map. Using your mouse, click your
geographic location on the map to tell Ubuntu where you are. Alternatively,
you can type your location in the field below the map. This allows Ubuntu
to configure your system clock and other location-based features. Click
Continue when you are ready to move on.
Keyboard layout
Figure 1.6: Verify that your keyboard layout is
correct.
Next, you need to tell Ubuntu what kind of keyboard you are using.
In most cases, you will find the suggested option satisfactory. If you are
unsure which keyboard option to select, you can click the Detect Keyboard
Layout button to have Ubuntu determine the correct choice by asking you
to press a series of keys. You can also manually choose your keyboard
layout from the list of options. If you like, enter text into the box at the
bottom of the window to ensure you are happy with your selection, then
click Continue.

installation 15
Who are you?
Ubuntu needs to know some information about you so it can set up the
primary user account on your computer. When configured, your name will
appear on the login screen as well as the user menu, which we discuss in
Chapter 2: The Ubuntu Desktop.
On this screen you will need to tell Ubuntu:
‣ your name
‣ what you want to call your computer
‣ your desired username
‣ your desired password
‣ how you want Ubuntu to log you in
Figure 1.7: Setup your user account.
Enter your full name under Your name. The next text field is the name
your computer uses, for terminals and networks. You can change this to
what you want, or keep the predetermined name. Next is your username,
the name that is used for the user menu, your home folder, and behind the
scenes. You will see this is automatically filled in for you with your first
name. Most people find it easiest to stick with this. However, it can be
changed if you prefer.
Next, choose a password and enter it into both password fields. When
both passwords match, a strength rating will appear to the right that will
show you whether your password is “too short,” “weak,” “fair,” or “strong.”
You will be able to continue the installation process regardless of your
password strength, but for security reasons it is best to choose a strong
one. This is best achieved by having a password that is at least six char-
acters long, and is a mixture of letters, numbers, symbols, and upper-
case/lowercase. Avoid obvious passwords that include your birth date,
spouse’s name, or the name of your pet.
Login Options
Finally, at the bottom of this screen you have two options regarding how
you wish to log in to Ubuntu. You may also choose to have Ubuntu encrypt
your home folder.
‣ Log in automatically
‣ Require my password to log in
– Encrypt my home folder

Log in automatically
Ubuntu will log in to your primary account automatically when you start
up the computer so you won’t have to enter your username and password.
This makes your login experience quicker and more convenient, but if
privacy or security are important to you, we don’t recommend this option.
Anyone who can physically access your computer will be able to turn it on
and also access your files.
Require my password to login
This option is selected by default, as it will prevent unauthorized people
from accessing your computer without knowing the password you cre-
ated earlier. This is a good option for those who, for example, share their
computer with other family members. Once the installation process has
been completed, an additional login account can be created for each family
member. Each person will then have their own login name and password,
account preferences, Internet bookmarks, and personal storage space.
Encrypt my home folder
This option provides you with an added layer of security. Your home folder
is where your personal files are stored. By selecting this option, Ubuntu
will automatically enable encryption on your home folder, meaning that
files and folders must be decrypted using your password before they can
be accessed. Therefore if someone had physical access to your hard drive
(for example, if your computer was stolen and the hard drive removed), they
would not be able to see your files without knowing your password.
If you choose this option, be careful not to enable automatic login at a later date.
It will cause complications with your encrypted home folder, and will potentially
lock you out of important files.
Finishing Installation
Ubuntu will now finish installing on your hard drive. As the installation
progresses, a slideshow will give you an introduction to some of the default
applications included with Ubuntu. These applications are covered in more
detail in Chapter 3: Working with Ubuntu. The slideshow will also highlight
the Ubuntu support options.
After approximately twenty minutes, the installation will complete and
you will be able to click Restart Now to restart your computer and start
Ubuntu. The dvd will be ejected, so remove it from your dvd drive and
press Enter to continue.
Wait while your computer restarts, and you will then see the login win-
dow (unless you selected automatic login).
Login Screen
After the installation has finished and your computer is restarted, you will
be greeted by the login screen of Ubuntu. The login screen will present you
with your username and you will have to enter the password to get past it.
Click your username and enter your password. Once done, you may click
the arrow or press Enter to get into the Ubuntu desktop. Ubuntu’s login

installation 17
Figure 1.8: Ubuntu community support options.
Where to get help for Ubuntu.
Figure 1.9: You are now ready to restart your
computer.
screen supports multiple users and also supports custom backgrounds for
each user. In fact, Ubuntu automatically will pick up your current desktop
wallpaper and set it as your login background.
The login screen allows you to update your keyboard language, volume
intensity and enable/disable accessibility settings before you log in to your
desktop. It also displays date/time and battery power for laptops. You can
also shut down or restart your system from the login screen.
Figure 1.10: Login Screen.

2 The Ubuntu Desktop
Understanding the Ubuntu desktop
Initially, you may notice many similarities between Ubuntu and other op-
erating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or Apple os x. This is because
they are all based on the concept of a graphical user interface (gui)—i.e.,
you use your mouse to navigate the desktop, open applications, move files,
and perform most other tasks. In short, things are visually-oriented. This
chapter is designed to help you become familiar with various applications
and menus in Ubuntu so that you become confident in using the Ubuntu
gui.
Figure 2.1: The Ubuntu 14.04 default desktop.
Unity
All gui-based operating systems use a desktop environment. Desktop envi-
ronments contain many features, including (but not limited to):
‣ The look and feel of the system
‣ The organization of the desktop
‣ How the user navigates the desktop
In Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu), a number of desktop environ- To read more about other variants of Ubuntu,
refer to Chapter 8: Learning More.ments are available. Ubuntu uses Unity as the default desktop environment.
After installing and logging into Ubuntu, you will see the Unity desktop.
The Unity desktop is comprised of the desktop background and two bars—a
horizontal one located at the top of your desktop called the menu bar and a
vertically-oriented bar at the far left called the Launcher.

The Desktop Background
Below the menu bar at the top of the screen is an image covering the entire
desktop. This is the default desktop background, or wallpaper, belonging to
the default Ubuntu 14.04 theme known as Ambiance. To learn more about
customizing your desktop (including changing your desktop background),
see the section on Customizing your desktop below.
The Menu Bar
The menu bar incorporates common functions used in Ubuntu. The icons on
the far-right of the menu bar are located in an area of the menu bar called
the indicator area, or notification area. Each installation of Ubuntu may
contain slightly different types and quantities of icons based on a number of
factors, including the type of hardware and available on-board peripherals
upon which the Ubuntu installation is based. Some programs add an icon
to the indicator area automatically during installation. The most common
indicators are: For more about:
‣ the Messaging indicator see Using instant
messaging on page 58;
‣ the Network indicator see Getting online on
page 37;
‣ the Session indicator see Session options on
page 32.
Text entry settings ( ) allows you to select a keyboard layout, if more than
one keyboard layout is chosen. The keyboard indicator menu contains
the following menu items: Character Map, Keyboard Layout Chart, and
Text Entry Settings.
Network indicator ( ) manages network connections, allowing you to
connect quickly and easily to a wired or wireless network.
Messaging indicator ( ) incorporates your social applications. From here,
among others, you can access instant messenger and email clients.
Sound indicator ( ) provides an easy way to adjust the sound volume as
well as access your music player and sound settings.
Clock displays the current time and provides a link to your calendar and
time and date settings.
Session indicator ( ) is a link to the system settings, Ubuntu Help, and
session options (like locking your computer, user/guest session, logging
out of a session, restarting the computer, or shutting down completely).
Figure 2.2: The indicators of the menu bar.Every application has a menuing system where different actions can be
executed in an application (like File, Edit, View, etc.); the menuing system
for an application is appropriately called the application menu. By default
in Unity, the application menu isn’t on the title bar of the application as
is commonly the case in other gui environments. Instead, it is located to Note that some older applications may still
display their menu within the application
window.
the left area of the menu bar. To show an application’s menu, just move
your mouse to the desktop’s menu bar (at the top of the screen). While your
mouse is positioned here, the active application’s menu options will appear
in the desktop’s menu bar, allowing you to use the application’s menuing
options. When clicking on the desktop, the desktop’s menu bar reappears.
This capability in Unity to display the application’s menu only when needed
is especially beneficial for netbook and laptop users with limited viewable
screen space. Apple uses a similar approach in os x where all application
menus appear on a bar at the top of the screen. It differs, however, in that
the menus in Ubuntu appear only when the mouse is over the desktop’s
menu bar.
Note that Unity now has locally integrated menus. Locally integrated
menus are displayed in the title bar of unmaximized windows, instead of
the top panel. As the default Unity menu, locally integrated menus are
displayed on mouse over and there’s no option to make the menus per-
manently visible. Locally integrated menus can be enabled via Session

the ubuntu desktop 21
Indicator ‣ System Settings ‣ Appearance ‣ Behavior ‣ Show the menus for
a window ‣ in the window’s title bar.
The Launcher
The vertical bar of icons on the left side of the desktop is called the Launcher.
The Launcher provides easy access to applications, mounted devices, and
the Trash. All running applications on your system will place an icon in the
Launcher while the application is running.
Figure 2.3: The Ubuntu Launcher on the left
with a sample of applications on it.
To change the Launcher icon size, go to Session Indicator ‣ System
Settings ‣ Appearance, tab Look.
The first icon at the top of the Launcher is the Dash, a component of
Unity. We will explore the Dash in a later section of this chapter. By default,
other applications appear in the Launcher, including the Files file manager,
LibreOffice, Firefox, any mounted devices, and the Trash, which contains
deleted folders and files, at the bottom of the Launcher.
Holding the Super key, also known as the Windows key (Win key),
located between the left Ctrl key and Alt key, will cause Ubuntu to super-
impose a number onto the first ten applications in the Launcher and also
display a screen full of useful shortcuts. You can launch an application with
a number n on it by typing Super+n.
If you open more applications than can be shown in the Launcher, the
Launcher will “fold” the application icons at the bottom of the Launcher.
Simply move your mouse to the bottom of the Launcher, and you’ll see
the Launcher icons “slide” and the folded application icons unfold for easy
access.
Running applications
To run an application from the Launcher (or cause an already-running
application to appear), just click on the application’s icon.
Applications that are currently running will have one or more triangles
on the left side of the icon indicating the number of application windows
open for this application. Running applications also have a back-lit icon on
the Launcher. Some also refer to an application in the
foreground as being in focus.
Figure 2.4: The triangles on each side of the
Firefox icon indicate Firefox is in the foreground
and only one window is associated with Firefox
at this time.
The application in the foreground (i.e., the application that is on top of all
other open application windows) is indicated by a single white triangle on
the right side of its icon.
You can also run an application through the Dash which will be explored
in the upcoming The Dash section.
Adding and removing applications from the Launcher
There are two ways to add an application to the Launcher:
‣ Open the Dash, find the application you wish to add to the Launcher, and
drag its icon to the Launcher.
‣ Run the application you want to add to the Launcher, right-click on the
application’s icon on the Launcher, and select Lock to Launcher.
To remove an application from the Launcher, right-click on the applica-
tion’s icon, then select Unlock from Launcher.

The Dash
The Dash helps you quickly find applications and files on your computer. For more information about the Dash and its
lenses, see: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Unity.If you’ve used Windows in the past, you’ll find the Dash to be similar to
the Windows Start menu or the Start Screen in Windows 8. Apple os x
users will find the Dash similar to Launchpad in the dock. If you’ve used a
previous version of Ubuntu or another gnome Linux distribution, the Dash
serves as a replacement for the various gnome 2 menus. The Dash allows
you to search for information, both locally (installed applications, recent
files, bookmarks, etc.) as well as remotely (Twitter, Google Docs, etc.).
Figure 2.5: The Dash
To explore the Dash, click on the top-most icon on the Launcher; the
icon contains the Ubuntu logo on it. After clicking the Dash icon, the desk-
top will be overlaid by a translucent window with a search bar on top as
well as a grouping of recently accessed applications, files, and downloads.
Ubuntu also includes results from popular web services. The search bar
provides dynamic results as you enter your search terms.
Lenses
Searching is accomplished by utilizing one or more lenses, also known as
scopes; each lens is responsible for providing a category of search results
for the Dash. The seven lenses installed by default at the bottom are links
to your Home lens ( ), Applications lens ( ), Files and Folders lens ( ),
Music lens ( ), Photo lens ( ), Videos lens ( ), and Social network
messages lens ( ).
Lenses act as specialized search categories in the Dash. From the user’s
perspective, lenses are simply icons. To the Ubuntu purist, the pictures that
appear horizontally at the bottom of the Dash are lenses; to the rest, these
are icons.
Many sites exist on the Internet dedicated to creating and releasing
lenses for the Ubuntu Unity desktop. Some sites even teach you how to
make your own lenses in order to maximize the operational efficiencies of
the Ubuntu Unity interface.

Search for files and applications with the Dash
The Dash is an extremely powerful tool allowing you to search your com-
puter for applications and files.
Find files/folders
The Dash can help you find names of files or folders. Simply type a portion
of the file or folder name. As you type, results will appear in the Dash. The
Files and Folders lens will also assist in finding files or folders—showing
you the most recently accessed files as well as the most recent downloads.
You can use the filter results button in the top-right corner of the Dash to
filter results by attributes such as file or folder modification times, file type
(.odt, .pdf, .doc, .txt, etc.), or size.
Find applications
A standard Ubuntu installation comes with many applications. Users can
also download thousands more applications from the Ubuntu Software
Center. As you collect an arsenal of awesome applications (and get a bonus Ubuntu Software Center and software manage-
ment will be discussed in detail at Chapter 5:
Software Management.
point for alliteration!), it may become difficult to remember the name of a
particular application; the Applications lens on the Dash can assist with
this search. This lens will automatically categorize installed applications
under “Recently Used,” “Installed,” or “More Suggestions.” You can also If you are new to the world of Ubuntu, be sure
to read the Chapter 3: Working with Ubuntu.
It will provide you assistance in choosing
application(s) to suit your needs.
enter the name of an application (or a part of it) into the search bar in the
Dash, and the names of applications matching your search criteria will
appear. Even if you don’t remember the name of the application at all, type
a keyword that is relevant to that application, and the Dash will find it. For
example, type music, and the Dash will show you the default music player
and any music player you’ve used.
Figure 2.6: You can see the default results when
you press the Applications lens.

External search results
In addition to searching your local computer for applications and files, the
Dash will also search various online resources (e.g., Amazon.com). Results
pertinent to your search criteria are returned to you in the Dash. If you are
concerned about local search terms being sent over the Internet, you can
disable this feature in the Privacy section of the System Settings.
The online search results within the Dash are turned on by default during in-
stallation. If you do not want external search results, go to System Settings ‣
Privacy ‣ Search Results and set the “Include online search results” switch to
the Off position. As an added layer of privacy, you can also prevent any search
activity from being recorded.
Workspaces
Workspaces are also known as virtual desktops. These separate views of
your desktop allow you to group applications together, and by doing so,
help to reduce clutter and improve desktop navigation. For example, you
can open all of your media applications in one workspace, your office suite
in another, and your web browser in a third workspace. Ubuntu has four
workspaces by default.
The workspaces feature is not activated by default in Ubuntu. To activate
workspaces, click on Session Indicator ‣ System Settings… ‣ Appearance
then click on the Behavior tab and click on the Enable workspaces box.
When this box is checked, you’ll notice another icon is added to the bottom
of the Launcher that looks like a window pane. This is the workspaces
switcher.
Switching between workspaces
If you’ve activated the workspace switcher as described above, you can
switch between workspaces by clicking on the workspace switcher icon
located on the Launcher. This utility allows you to toggle through the
workspaces (whether they contain open applications or not) and choose the
one you want to use.
Figure 2.7: The workspace switcher on the
Launcher.
Managing windows
When opening a program in Ubuntu (such as a web browser or a text editor
—see Chapter 3: Working with Ubuntu for more information on using
applications)—a window will appear on your desktop. The windows seen
in Ubuntu are very similar to those in Microsoft Windows or Apple os x.
Simply stated, a window is the box that appears on your screen when you
start a program. In Ubuntu, the top part of a window (the title bar) will
have the name of the application to the left (most often, the title will be the
same as the application’s name). A window will also have three buttons in
the top-left corner. From left to right, these buttons represent close window,
minimize window, and maximize window. Other window management
options are available by right-clicking anywhere on the title bar.

Closing, maximizing, restoring, and minimizing windows
To close a window, click on the close button ( ) in the upper-left corner of
the window—the first button on the left-hand side.
The button immediately to the right of the close button is the minimize
button ( ) which removes the window from the visible screen and places it
in the Launcher. Figure 2.8: This is the top bar of a window,
named title bar. The close, minimize, and
maximize buttons are in the top-left corner of
the window.
This button doesn’t close the application; it just hides the application
from view. When an application is minimized to the Launcher, the left-
side of the icon in the Launcher will display a triangle showing you the
application is still running. Clicking the icon of the minimized application
will restore the window to its original position.
Finally, the right-most button is the maximize button ( ) which causes
the application to completely fill the unused displayable space on the desk-
top. Clicking the maximize button again will return the window to its
original size. If a window is maximized, its top-left buttons and menu are
automatically hidden from view. To make them appear, just move your
mouse to the menu bar.
Moving and resizing windows
To move a window around the workspace, place the mouse pointer over the
window’s title bar, then click and drag the window while continuing to hold
down the left mouse button. You can also move a window by holding the
Alt key and then clicking and holding the left mouse button while pointing
anywhere in the window and dragging the window to a new location. To
resize a window, place the pointer on an edge or corner of the window so
that the pointer turns into a larger, two-sided arrow (known as the resize
icon). You can then click and drag to resize the window.
Switching between open windows
In Ubuntu, there are many ways to switch between open windows.
1. If the window is visible on your screen, click any portion of it to raise it
above all other windows.
2. Use Alt+Tab to select the window you wish to work with. Hold down
the Alt key, and keep pressing Tab until the window you’re looking for
appears highlighted in the popup window. Then, release the Alt key, and
the application highlighted in the popup will move to the foreground of
your desktop.
3. Click on the corresponding icon on the Launcher by moving your mouse
to the left side of the screen and right-clicking on the application’s icon.
If the application has multiple windows open, double-click on the icon in
order to select the desired window.
4. Press Ctrl+Super+D to hide all windows and display the desktop; the
same works to restore all windows.
Moving a window to different workspace
To move a window to a different workspace, verify that the window isn’t
maximized. If it is maximized, click on the right-most button on the left
side of the title bar to restore it to its original size. Then right-click on the
window’s title bar and select:
‣ Move to Workspace Left, to move the window to the left workspace

‣ Move to Workspace Right, to move the window to the right workspace
‣ Move to Workspace Down, to move the window to the bottom workspace
‣ Move to Another Workspace, and then choose the workspace to where
you wish to move the window.
Note that the options available when moving windows to different
workspaces depends on which workspace contains the window you are
moving. If the window exists in the lower-right workspace, you will not see
a Move to Workspace Down because there is no workspace available below
the lower-right quadrant of a four quadrant workspace.
Window always on the top or on visible workspace
At times, you may want to force a window to always be in the foreground
so that it can be seen or monitored while you work with other applications.
For example, you may want to browse the web and, at the same time, view
and answer incoming instant message. To keep a window always in the
foreground, right-click on the window’s title bar, then select Always On
Top. This window will now be on the top of all windows opened in the
current workspace. If you want to have a window always on the top re-
gardless of the workspace, right-click on the window’s title bar, then select
Always on Visible Workspace. This window will now be on top of all other
windows across all workspaces.
Browsing files on your computer
There are two ways to locate files on your computer—search for them or ac-
cess them directly from their folder. You can search for a file using the Dash
or the Files file manager. You can also use the Dash or Files file manager to
access commonly used folders (such as Documents, Music, Downloads) as
well as the most recently accessed files.
Your Home Folder
The Home folder is used to store personal files. Your Home folder matches
your login name and is created when your user account is created. When
opening your personal folder, you will see a collection of several folders,
including Desktop (which contains any files that are visible on the desktop),
Documents, Downloads, Music, Pictures, Public, Templates, and Videos.
These folders are created automatically during the installation process. You
can add more files and folders as needed.
Files file manager
Just as Microsoft Windows has Windows Explorer and Apple os x has
Finder to browse files and folders, Ubuntu uses the Files file manager by
default.
The Files file manager window
When you select the Files shortcut in the Launcher, click on a folder in the Folders are also called directories.
Dash, or double-click a folder on the desktop, Ubuntu should open the Files
file manager. The default window contains the following features:

menu bar The menu bar is located at the top of the screen. The Files menu
allows you to modify the layout of the browser, show, browse and re-
move bookmarks, open a Help document, open a new window, connect
to a server, or quit. Choosing Enter Location will open the Locations
text field where you can enter any location directly.
title bar The title bar shows the name of the currently selected folder. It
also contains the Close, Minimize, and Maximize buttons.
toolbar On the right side of the toolbar, there are five buttons: Search
(represented by a magnifying glass), View items as a grid, View items
as a list, View options (represented by a down arrow), and Location
options (represented by a cog); clicking on the Search icon opens a field
so you can search for a file or folder by name. Clicking on the options
buttons Location options or View options opens a menu with options.
On the left side of the toolbar, you will see a representation of your
current browsing. This is similar to the history function in most web
browsers; it keeps track of where you are and allows you to backtrack if
necessary. You can click on any of the locations to navigate back through
the file browser. The buttons Previous location and Next location allow
you to navigate through previously visited locations.
left pane The left pane of the file browser—titled Places—has shortcuts to
commonly used folders. You can also bookmark a folder through the
toolbar by choosing Location options (gear) ‣ Bookmark this Location.
Once you have bookmarked the folder, it should appear in the left pane.
Regardless of the folder you are currently browsing, the left pane will
always contain the same folders.
right pane The largest pane shows the files and folders within the folder
you are currently browsing.
Figure 2.9: Files file manager displaying your
home folder.
To navigate to a folder in Files, double-click on its icon; this may be in
the right pane, the left pane, or the toolbar.
Opening files
A file, in its simplest form, is data. Data can represent a text document,
database information, or other media such as music or videos. To open a
file, you can double-click on its icon. Ubuntu will try to find an appropriate
application with which to open the selected file. In some cases, you may

wish to open the file with a different application than the one Ubuntu se-
lected. To select an application, right-click the icon and select one of the
Open With options.
Creating new folders
To create a new folder from within the Files file manager, right-click in the
blank area of the right pane and select New Folder from the popup menu
(this action will also work on the desktop). Replace the default “Untitled
Folder” title with your desired label (e.g., “Personal Finances”). You can also
create a new folder by pressing Ctrl+Shift+N.
Hidden Files and Folders
If you wish to hide certain folders or files, place a dot (.) in front of the
name (e.g., “.Personal Finances”). In some cases, it is impossible to hide files
and folders without prefixing them with a dot.
You can easily view hidden files by clicking View options ‣ Show Hidden
Files or by pressing Ctrl+H. Hiding files with a dot (.) is not a security
measure—it is simply a way to help you organize your files.
Copying and moving files and folders
You can cut, copy, and paste files or folders in the Files file manager by
right-clicking on the item and selecting the corresponding button from the
popup menu. You can also use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C, and
Ctrl+V to cut, copy, and paste files and folders, respectively.
Multiple files can be selected by left-clicking in an empty space (i.e.,
not on a file or folder), holding the mouse button down, and dragging the
cursor across the desired files or folders. This “click-drag” action is useful
when you are selecting items that are grouped closely together. To select
multiple files or folders that are not positioned next to each other, hold
down the Ctrl key while clicking on each item individually. Once the
desired files and/or folders are selected, right-click on any of the selected
items to perform an action just like you would for a single item.
When one or more items have been “copied,” navigate to the desired
location, then right-click in an empty area of the window and select Paste
to copy them to the new location. While the copy command can be used
to make a duplicate of a file or folder in a new location, the cut command
can be used to move files and folders. That is, a copy will be placed in a new
location, and the original will be removed from its current location.
Note that when you “cut” or “copy” a file or folder, nothing will hap-
pen until you “paste” it somewhere. Paste will only affect the most recent
item(s) cut or copied.
To move a file or folder, select the item to move, then click Edit ‣ Cut.
Navigate to the desired location, then click Edit ‣ Paste. If you click on
a file or folder, drag it, then hold down the Alt key and drop it to your
destination folder, a menu will appear asking whether you want to copy,
move, or link the item.
As with the copy command above, you can also perform this action using
the right-click menu, and it will work for multiple files or folders at once.
An alternative way to move a file or folder is to click on the item, and then
drag it to the new location.

Using multiple tabs and multiple Files windows
Opening multiple Files file manager windows can be useful for dragging
files and folders between locations. You can also have multiple tabs to
browse multiple locations at once.
To open a second window when browsing a folder in Files, select File ‣
New Window or press Ctrl+N. This will open a new window, allowing you
to drag files and/or folders between two locations. To open a new tab, click
Location options (cog) ‣ New Tab or press Ctrl+T. A new row will appear
above the space used for browsing your files containing two tabs—both will
display the folder you were originally browsing. You can click these tabs
to switch between them to click and drag files or folders between tabs the
same as you would between windows.
When dragging items between Files windows or tabs a small symbol
will appear over the mouse cursor to let you know which action will be
performed when you release the mouse button. A plus sign (+) indicates
you are about to copy the item, whereas a small arrow means the item will
be moved. The default action will depend on the folders you are using.
Searching for files and folders on your computer
You can search for files and folders using the Dash or the Files file manager. Search for files and folders quickly by pressing
Ctrl+F in Files and then typing what you want
to find.
Search using the Dash
In the Dash, simply type your search terms in the search bar at the top of
the Dash.
Alternatively, you may use the Applications or Files & Folders lenses;
here you can use a filter to narrow down your search. Open the drop-down
menu on the right side of the search bar. If you’ve selected Applications,
you will be able to filter by application type. If you’ve chosen Files & Fold-
ers, you can filter by a host of options, including Last modified, Type (e.g.,
Documents), or Size. It is sufficient to type the first few letters of the file or
folder for which you are searching.
Search using Files file manager
In Files file manager, click on the magnifying glass button or press Ctrl+F.
This opens the search field where you can type the name of the file or folder
you want to find.
Customizing your desktop
One of the advantages to a windowed environment through Unity is the
ability to change the look and feel of your desktop. Don’t like the default
Ubuntu theme? Do you have a picture of your third cousin’s aunt’s uncle’s
nephew’s pet chihuahua that you’d love to see on your desktop as wallpa-
per? All of this (and more) is possible through desktop customizations in
Unity. Most customizations can be reached via the Session Indicator and
then selecting System Settings to open the System Settings application win-
dow. The Dash, desktop appearance, themes, wallpapers, accessibility, and
other configuration settings are available here. For more information see
Session options.

Figure 2.10: You can change most of your
system’s settings here.
Appearance
Figure 2.11: You can change the theme in the
Look tab of the “Appearance” window.
The Look tab
Through the Look tab you can change the background, fonts, and window
theme to further modify the look and feel of your desktop. To begin, open
Appearance by either right-clicking on your background and selecting
Change Desktop Background or selecting Session Indicator ‣ System
Settings ‣ Appearance. Select the Look tab.
Theme The “Appearance” window will display the current selected back-
ground wallpaper and theme. Themes control the appearance of your win-
dows, buttons, scroll bars, panels, icons, and other parts of the desktop. The
Ambiance theme is used by default, but there are other themes from which
you can choose. Just click once on any of the listed themes to give a new
theme a try. The theme will change your desktop appearance immediately.
Desktop background To change the Background, either select Wallpapers,
Pictures Folder, or Colors and Gradients from the drop-down list. When

Wallpapers is selected, you will see Ubuntu’s default selection of back-
grounds. To change the background, simply click the picture you would like
to use. You’re not limited to this selection. To use one of your own pictures,
click the + button and navigate to the image you would like to use. Then
double-click the image, and the change will take effect immediately. This
image will then be added to your list of available backgrounds. Selecting
Pictures Folder opens your Pictures folder where you can choose a picture
for the background. The Colors and Gradients button allows you to set
the background to a solid or gradient color. Click on the Solid Color but-
ton, then the Pick a Color to choose a solid color. The Vertical Gradient
and Horizontal Gradient buttons bring up two Pick a Color buttons. Just
choose any two colors you like and see if you have achieved the desired
result.
Launcher icon size At the bottom of the Look tab you find a slider to
change the size of icons on the Launcher. You may choose from a range
between 32 and 64 pixels.
The Behavior tab
Through the behavior tab there are several options to change the behavior
of your desktop.
Auto-hide the Launcher Switch the Auto-hide the Launcher to either show
the Launcher or reveal it when moving the pointer to the defined hot spot.
When turned on, you can choose the reveal location—Left side or Top left
corner—and the reveal sensitivity.
Enable workspaces By default, workspaces are not enabled. You can enable
workspaces by checking this option.
Add show desktop icon to the launcher Check this option if you want to
show the desktop icon on the Launcher.
Accessibility
Ubuntu has built-in tools that make using the computer easier for people
with certain physical limitations. You can find these tools by opening the
Dash and searching for “Universal Access” or by selecting Session Indica-
tor ‣ System Settings ‣ Universal Access. Use the Seeing tab to manage the
text size, the contrast of the interfaces, enable a zoom tool, or even a screen
reader. Selecting high-contrast themes and larger on-screen fonts can assist
those with vision difficulties. You can activate “Visual Alerts” through the
Hearing tab if you have hearing impairment. You can also adjust keyboard
and mouse settings to suit your needs through the Typing and Pointing and
Clicking tabs, respectively.
Orca screen reader
Orca is a useful tool for people with visual impairments. Orca comes pre-
installed in Ubuntu. To run Orca, click on the Dash, type Orca, and click
on the displayed result. Orca is the “Screen Reader” part of Universal Ac-
cess and can be launched once the “Screen Reader” is activated. Orca’s

Figure 2.12: Universal Access allows you to
enable extra features to make it easier to use
your computer.
voice synthesizer will activate and assist you through the various options
such as voice type, voice language, Braille, and screen magnification. Once
you have finished selecting your settings, you will need to log out of the
computer (Orca will offer to do this for you). When you log back in, the
Orca settings you selected will automatically run every time you use your
computer.
Session options
When you have finished working on your computer, you can choose to log
out, suspend, restart, or shut down through the Session Indicator on the far
right side of the top panel.
Logging out
Logging out will leave the computer running but return the desktop to
the login screen. This is useful for switching between users, such as when
a different person wishes to log in to their account or if you are ever in-
structed to “log out and back in again.” You can also log out by pressing
Ctrl+Alt+Del. Before logging out, always verify that you have saved your
work in any open application.
Suspend
To save energy, you can put your computer into suspend mode which will
save the current opened applications to internal memory, power off all
internal devices and hardware, and allow you to start back up more quickly.
While in a suspended state, the computer will use just a trickle of energy;
this is required because the session is saved to internal memory, and if no
power goes to internal memory, the data will be lost. To put your computer
in suspend mode, select suspend from the “Session Indicator”.
Rebooting
To reboot your computer, select Shut Down from the “Session Indicator”
and click the Restart icon.

Shut down
To totally power down your computer, select Power Off from the “Session
Indicator” and click Power Off.
Other options
From the “Session Indicator”, select Lock/Switch Account to either lock the
screen of the current user or switch user accounts. You can lock your screen
quickly by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+L. Locking your screen is
recommended if you are away from your computer for any amount of time.
Getting help
General Help
Like with any other operating system, Ubuntu has a built-in help reference
called the Ubuntu Desktop Guide. To access it, click on the Dash and type
Figure 2.13: The built-in system help provides
topic-based help for Ubuntu.
Help. Alternatively, you can press F1 while on the desktop, or select Ubuntu
Help from the Help menu in the menu bar. Many applications have their
own help section which can be accessed by clicking the Help menu within
the application window.
Online Help
If you can’t find an answer to your question in this manual or in the Ubuntu
Desktop Guide, you can contact the Ubuntu community through the
Ubuntu Forums (http://ubuntuforums.org). To best assist you in solving
the issue, it is best to provide as much information as possible when submit-
ting your query, such as ’What were you doing at the time?’ and ’What are
you trying to achieve?’.
Many Ubuntu users open an account on the forums to receive help and
in turn provide support to others as they gain more knowledge. Another
useful resource is the Ubuntu Wiki (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/community), a

website maintained by the Ubuntu community. On https://help.ubuntu.com
you find the Official Ubuntu Documentation. On this web page you can
choose between different versions of Ubuntu.
Heads-Up Display help
Figure 2.14: The HUD (heads-up display) shows
application-specific help information based on
your general input.
The hud (heads-up display) is a keyboard-friendly utility to help you find
commands, features, and preferences embedded deep within the stacked
menu structure of an application.
Activate the hud by tapping the left Alt key on the keyboard. If you
want to know how to load Rhythmbox, the default music player in Ubuntu,
then just type rhythmbox in the hud and the options related to Rhythmbox
will come up in the list of matching results. You can press the Enter key
to active the command. The hud also works for some applications running
under WINE. hud comes in handy in applications with deep menus such as
LibreOffice and Gimp.

3 Working with Ubuntu
All the applications you need
If you are migrating from a Windows or Mac platform, you may wonder
if the programs you once used are available for Ubuntu. Some of the pro-
grams you already use have native Linux versions. For those that don’t,
there are free and open source applications that will cover your needs. This
section will recommend some alternatives that will work well on Ubuntu.
Most of the applications listed in this section are available via the Soft-
ware Center. Those followed by an asterisk (*) can be downloaded directly
from their official websites.
Office Suites
‣ Windows: Microsoft Office, LibreOffice
‣ Apple os x: iWork, Microsoft Office, LibreOffice
‣ Linux: LibreOffice, KOffice, gnome Office, Kexi (database application)
In Ubuntu you may choose among many office suites. The most popular
suite is the LibreOffice (formerly OpenOffice). Included in the suite:
‣ Writer—word processor
‣ Calc—spreadsheet
‣ Impress—presentation manager
‣ Draw—drawing program
‣ Base—database
‣ Math—equation editor
LibreOffice Suite is installed by default. Note that Base is not installed by
default and it can be installed through Ubuntu Software Center.
Email Applications
‣ Windows: Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird
‣ Apple os x: Mail.app, Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird
‣ Linux: Mozilla Thunderbird, Evolution, KMail
As with office suites, there are multiple options for email applications.
One very popular email application is Mozilla Thunderbird, which is also
available for Windows. Thunderbird is the default email application in
Ubuntu. Another option is Evolution—similar to Microsoft Outlook, it also
provides a calendar.
Web Browsers
‣ Windows: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Chromium,
Google Chrome
‣ Apple os x: Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Chromium, Google Chrome
‣ Linux: Mozilla Firefox, Opera*, Chromium, Google Chrome*, Epiphany
The most popular web browsers can be installed directly from the
Ubuntu Software Center. Opera is available for download from http://www.
opera.com/browser/download/. Google Chrome is available for download
from https://www.google.com/chrome/.

PDF Readers
‣ Windows: Adobe Acrobat Reader, Foxit Firefox and Google Chrome are also able to
view PDF files.‣ Apple os x: Adobe Acrobat Reader
‣ Linux: Evince, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Okular
Evince is a user-friendly and minimalistic reader, and it is the default
pdf reader. If Evince doesn’t cover your needs, Adobe Acrobat Reader is
available for Ubuntu, too.
Multimedia Players
‣ Windows: Windows Media Player, vlc
‣ Apple os x: Quicktime, vlc
‣ Linux: Totem, vlc, MPlayer, Kaffeine
For multimedia, Ubuntu users have a wide variety of options for high
quality players. VLC is a perennial favorite among videophiles. The classic
and user-friendly Totem is the default media player in Ubuntu.
Music Players and Podcatchers
‣ Windows: Windows Media Player, iTunes, Winamp
‣ Apple os x: iTunes
‣ Linux: Rhythmbox, Banshee, Amarok, Audacity, Miro
There are several options for listening to music with Ubuntu: Rhythmbox
(installed by default) and Amarok among many others. These applications
allow you to listen to music and to your favorite podcasts. Amarok is sim-
ilar to Winamp. There is Miro for those who watch video podcasts and tv
shows from the Internet.
CD/DVD Burning
‣ Windows: Nero Burning rom, InfraRecorder
‣ Apple os x: Burn, Toast Titanium
‣ Linux: Brasero, K3b, Gnome-baker
There are several popular disk burning applications such as Gnome-
baker, Brasero (Ubuntu’s default burner application), cd burner, and K3b.
These burners are powerful tools, offering user-friendly interfaces and
many features. They are all open source and free of charge!
Photo Management
‣ Windows: Microsoft Office Picture Manager, Picasa
‣ Apple os x: Aperture, Picasa
‣ Linux: Shotwell, gThumb, Gwenview, F-Spot
You can view and manage your favorite photos with Shotwell, Ubuntu’s
default photo manager, or with gThumb, Gwenview, and F-Spot.
Graphics Editors
‣ Windows: Adobe Photoshop, gimp
‣ Apple os x: Adobe Photoshop, gimp

working with ubuntu 37
‣ Linux: gimp, Inkscape
gimp is a very powerful graphics editor. You can create your own graph-
ics, taper your photographs, and modify your pictures. gimp, a powerful
alternative to Photoshop, covers the needs of novice users, professional
photographers, and designers alike. gimp is not installed by default, but the
application can be installed through the Ubuntu Software Center.
Instant Messaging
‣ Windows: Windows Live Messenger, aim, Yahoo! Messenger, Google
Talk
‣ Apple os x: Windows Live Messenger, aim, Yahoo! Messenger, Adium,
iChat
‣ Linux: Empathy, Pidgin, Kopete
None of the other platform im clients have Linux versions. However,
you can use Pidgin, Empathy, or Kopete to communicate over most pro-
tocols including: aim, msn, Google Talk (Jabber/xmpp), Facebook, Yahoo!,
and icq. This means you need only one client to communicate with all of
your friends. The drawback is that some of these clients have limited video
support.
VoIP Applications
‣ Windows: Skype, Google Video Chat
‣ Apple os x: Skype, Google Video Chat
‣ Linux: Ekiga, Skype, Google Video Chat
VoIP technologies allow you to talk to people over the Internet. The
most popular application is Skype, which is available for Linux. An open-
source alternative called Ekiga supports voice communication using the sip
protocol. Note that Ekiga isn’t compatible with Skype.
BitTorrent Clients
‣ Windows: µTorrent, Vuze
‣ Apple os x: Transmission, Vuze
‣ Linux: Transmission, Deluge, KTorrent, Flush, Vuze, BitStorm Lite
There are a number of BitTorrent clients for Ubuntu: Transmission,
Ubuntu’s default client, is simple and light-weight. Deluge, Vuze, and KTor-
rent offer many features and can satisfy the most demanding of users.
Getting online
This section of the manual will help you to check your connection to the
Internet and help you configure it where needed. Ubuntu can connect to the
Internet using a wired, wireless, or dialup connection. Ubuntu also supports
more advanced connection methods, which will be briefly discussed at the
end of this section.
A wired connection is when your computer connects to the Internet
using an Ethernet cable. This is usually connected to a wall socket or a
networking device—like a switch or a router.
A wireless connection is when your computer connects to the Internet
using a wireless radio network—usually known as Wi-Fi. Most routers now

come with wireless capability, as do most laptops and netbooks. Because of
this, Wi-Fi is the most common connection type for these types of devices.
Wireless connectivity makes laptops and netbooks more portable when
moving to different rooms of a house and while travelling.
A dialup connection is when your computer uses a modem to connect to
the Internet through a telephone line.
NetworkManager
In order to connect to the Internet using Ubuntu, you need to use the Net-
workManager utility. NetworkManager allows you to turn network con-
nections on or off, manage wired and wireless networks, and make other
network connections, such as dialup, mobile broadband, and vpns. (a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.1: The network connection states: (a)
disconnected, (b) wired, and (c) wireless.You can access NetworkManager by using its icon found in the top panel.
This icon may look different depending on your current connection state.
Clicking this icon will reveal a list of available network connections. The
current connection (if any) will have the word “disconnect” underneath it.
You can click on “disconnect” to manually disconnect from that network.
This menu also allows you to view technical details about your current
connection or edit all connection settings.
Figure 3.2: Here you can see the currently active
connection is “Wired connection 1.”
In the image to the right, you will see a check mark next to “Enable Net-
working.” Deselect “Enable Networking” to disable all network connections.
Select “Enable Networking” to enable networking again. This can be very
useful when you are required to turn off all wireless communications, like
in an airplane.
Establishing a wired connection
If you are already online at this point as indicated by the NetworkManager
icon in the top panel showing a connection, then you may have successfully
connected during the Ubuntu setup process. You can also simply open a
browser and see if you have access to the Internet. If so, you do not need to
do anything for the rest of this section. If not, then continue reading.
If you have an Ethernet cable running from a wall socket or networking
device, such as a switch or router, then you will want to setup a wired
connection in Ubuntu.
In order to connect to the Internet with a wired connection, you need to
know whether your network supports dhcp (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol). dhcp is a way for your computer to automatically be configured
to access your network and/or Internet connection. dhcp is usually auto-
matically configured on your router. This is usually the quickest and easiest
way of establishing a connection to the Internet. If you are unsure whether
your router is setup to use dhcp, you may wish to contact your isp’s (In-
ternet Service Provider) customer service line to check. If your router isn’t
configured to use dhcp then they will also be able to tell you what configu-
ration settings you need in order to get online.
Automatic connections with DHCP
If your network supports dhcp, then you may already be set up for online
access. To check this, click on the NetworkManager icon. There should
be an “Ethernet Network” heading in the menu. If “Wired connection 1”
appears directly underneath, then your machine is currently connected and
probably setup for dhcp. If “Disconnected” appears in gray underneath
the wired network section, look below to see if an option labeled “Wired

Figure 3.3: This window displays your IP address
and other connection information.
connection 1” appears in the list. If so, click on it to attempt to establish a
wired connection.
To check if you are online, click on the NetworkManager icon in the An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique
number assigned to your machine so that your
router can identify you on the network. Think
of it like a phone number for your computer.
Having this unique address allows the router
to speak to your computer, and therefore
send/receive data.
If you are still not online after following these
steps, you may need to try setting up your
network connection manually using a static IP
address.
top panel and select the Connection Information option. You should see a
window showing details of your connection. If your ip address is displayed
as 0.0.0.0 or starts with 169.254, then your computer was not successfully
assigned connection information through dhcp. If it shows another address
(e.g., 192.168.219.133), then it is likely that your dhcp connection to the
router was successful. To test your Internet connection, you may want to
open the Firefox web browser to try loading a web page. More information
on using Firefox can be found later in this chapter.
Manual configuration with static address
If your network does not support dhcp, then you need to know a few items
of information before you can get online. If you do not know any of this
information, then you call your isp.
‣ An ip address—This is a unique address used for identifying your com-
puter on the network. An ip address is always given in four numbered
groups, separated by dots, for example, 192.168.100.10. When connect-
ing using dhcp, this address will periodically change (hence, the name
“dynamic”). However, if you have configured a static ip address, your ip
address will never change.
‣ A network mask—This tells your computer the size of the network to
which it is being connected. It is formatted the same way as the ip ad-
dress, but usually looks something like 255.255.255.0.
‣ A gateway—This is the ip address of the device that your machine looks
to for access to the Internet. Usually, this will be the router’s ip address.
‣ dns server—This is the ip address of the dns (Domain Name Service)
server. dns is what your computer uses to resolve ip addresses to domain
names. For example http://www.ubuntu.com resolves to 91.189.94.156.
This is the ip address of the Ubuntu website on the Internet. dns is
used so you don’t have to remember ip addresses. Domain names (like
ubuntu.com) are much easier to remember. You will need at least one
dns server address but you can enter up to three addresses in case one
server is unavailable. If you do not know your isp’s dns server addresses,
Google has dns servers that anyone in the world can use for free. The
addresses of these servers are: Primary—8.8.8.8 Secondary—8.8.4.4.

To manually configure a wired connection, click on the NetworkManager
icon and select Edit Connections. Make sure you are looking at the Wired
tab inside the “Network Connections” window. The list may already have
an entry, such as “Wired connection 1” or a similar name. If a connection is
listed, select it and click the Edit button. If no connection is listed, click the
Add button.
If you are adding a connection, you need to provide a name for the
connection. This will distinguish the connection being added from any
other connections added in future. In the “Connection Name” field, choose a
name such as “Wired Home.”
Figure 3.4: In this window you can manually edit
a connection.
To setup the connection:
1. Make sure that the Connect automatically option is selected under the
connection name.
2. Switch to the ipv4 Settings tab.
3. Change the Method to “Manual.”
4. Click on the Add button next to the empty list of addresses.
5. Enter your ip address in the field below the Address header.
6. Click to the right of the ip address, directly below the Netmask header
and enter your network mask. If you are unsure, “255.255.255.0” is the
most common.
7. Click on the right of the network mask directly below the Gateway
header and enter the address of your gateway.
8. In the dns Servers field below, enter the address of your dns server(s).
If you are entering more than one, separate them with commas—for
example, “8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4”.
9. Click Save to save your changes.
A mac address is a hardware address for your computer’s network card. Entering
this information is sometimes important when using a cable modem connection.
If you know the mac address of your network card, this can be entered in the
appropriate text field in the Wired tab of the editing window. To find the mac
addresses for all installed networking devices, open a terminal window, and at
the command line prompt, type ifconfig. This will display a lot of information
about each of the network devices installed on the computer. The wired devices
will be labeled as LAN0, LAN1, etc. The wireless devices will appear as WLAN0,
WLAN1, etc.
When you have returned to the Network Connections screen, your
newly added connection should now be listed. Click Close to return to the

desktop. If your connection was configured correctly, the NetworkManager
icon should have changed to show an active wired connection. To test if
your connection is properly set up, simply open a web browser. If you can
access the Internet, then you are connected!
Wireless
If your computer is equipped with a wireless (Wi-Fi) card and you have a
wireless network nearby, you should be able to set up a wireless connection
in Ubuntu.
Connecting to a wireless network for the first time
If your computer has a wireless network card, you can connect to a wireless
network. Most laptops and netbooks have a built-in wireless networking
card.
Ubuntu is usually able to detect any wireless network in range of your
computer. To see a list of wireless networks, click on the NetworkMan-
ager icon. Under the “Wireless Networks” heading you should see a list of
available wireless networks. Each network will be shown by its name and a
signal meter to the left showing its relative signal strength. The signal meter
looks like a set of bars similar to what is seen when viewing signal strength
of a cell phone. Simply put, the more bars, the stronger the signal. To im-
prove speed and reliability of your wireless connection, try moving closer to
your router or wireless access point.
A wireless network can be open to anyone, or it can be protected with
a password. A small padlock will be displayed alongside the signal bar if
any wireless networks within range are password-protected. You will need
to know the correct password in order to connect to these secured wireless
networks.
To connect to a wireless network, select the desired network by clicking
on its name within the list. This will be the name that was used during the
installation of the wireless router or access point. Most isps provide pre-
configured routers with a sticker on them detailing the current wireless
network name and password. Most publicly accessible wireless networks
will be easily identifiable by the name used for the wireless network—for
example “Starbucks-Wireless.”
If the network is unprotected (i.e., the signal meter does not show a pad-
lock), a connection should be established within a few seconds—and with-
out a password required. The NetworkManager icon in the top panel will
animate as Ubuntu attempts to connect to the network. If the connection
is successful, the icon will change to display a signal meter. An on-screen
notification message will also appear informing you that the connection
was successful.
If the network is password-protected, Ubuntu will display a window
called “Wireless Network Authentication Required” as it tries to make a
connection. This means that a valid password is required to make a connec-
tion. This is what the screen should look like:
If you know the password, enter it in the Password field and then click
on the Connect button. As you type the password, it will be obscured from
view to prevent others from reading the password as you type it. To verify
the characters you are entering for the password, you can view the pass-
word by selecting the Show Password check box. Then, you can make the
password obscure again by deselecting the Show password check box.

Figure 3.5: Enter your wireless network
password.
Once the password is entered, click on the Connect button. The Network-
Manager icon in the top panel will animate as Ubuntu attempts to connect
to the network. If the connection is successful, the icon will change to dis-
play a signal meter. An on-screen notification message will also appear
informing you that the connection was successful.
If you entered the password incorrectly, or if it doesn’t match the cor-
rect password (for example if it has recently been changed and you have
forgotten), NetworkManager will make another attempt to connect to the
network, and the “Wireless Network Authentication Required” window will
re-appear so that you can re-type the password. You can hit the Cancel but-
ton to abort the connection. If you do not know the correct password, you
may need to call your isp’s customer support line or contact your network
administrator.
Once you have successfully established a wireless connection, Ubuntu
will store these settings (including the password) to make it easier to con-
nect to this same wireless network in the future. You may also be prompted
to select a keyring password here. The keyring stores passwords in one
place so you can access them all in the future by remembering just the
keyring password.
Connecting to a saved wireless network
Ubuntu will automatically try to connect to a wireless network in range
if it has the settings saved. This works on both open and secure wireless
networks.
If you have numerous wireless networks in range that are saved on
your computer, Ubuntu may choose to connect to one network while you
may want to connect to another network. To remedy this action, click on
the NetworkManager icon. A list of wireless networks will appear along
with their signal meters. Simply click on the network to which you wish to
connect, and Ubuntu will disconnect from the current network and attempt
to connect to the one you have selected.
If the network is secure and Ubuntu has the details for this network
saved, Ubuntu will automatically connect. If the details for this network
connection are not saved, are incorrect, or have changed, then you will be
prompted to enter the network password again. If the network is open (no
password required), all of this will happen automatically and the connection
will be established.
Connecting to a hidden wireless network
In some environments, you may need to connect to a hidden wireless net-
work. These hidden networks do not broadcast their names, and, therefore,
their names will not appear in the list of available wireless networks even
if they are in range. In order to connect to a hidden wireless network, you

will need to get its name and security details from your network adminis-
trator or isp.
To connect to a hidden wireless network:
1. Click on NetworkManager in the top panel.
2. Select Connect to a hidden wireless network. Ubuntu will then open
the “Connect to Hidden Wireless Network” window.
3. In the Network name field, enter the name of the network. This is also
known as the ssid (Service Set Identifier). You must enter the name ex-
actly how it was given to you. For example, if the name is “Ubuntu-
Wireless,” entering “ubuntu-wireless” will not work as the “U” and “W”
are both uppercase in the correct name.
4. In the Wireless security field, select one of the options. If the network
is an open network, leave the field set to “None.” If you do not know the
correct setting for the field, you will not be able to connect to the hidden
network.
5. Click the Connect button. If the network is secure, you will be prompted
for the password. Provided you have entered all of the details correctly,
the network should then connect, and you will receive an on-screen
notification informing you that the connection was a success.
As is the case with visible wireless networks, hidden wireless network
settings will be saved once a connection is made, and the wireless network
will then appear in the list of saved connections.
Disabling and enabling your wireless card
By default, wireless access is enabled if you have a wireless card installed in
your computer. In certain environments (like on airplanes), you may need
to temporarily disable your wireless card.
To disable your wireless card, click on the NetworkManager icon and
deselect the Enable Wireless option. Your wireless radio will now be turned
off, and your computer will no longer search for wireless networks.
To reactivate your wireless card, simply select the Enable Wireless op-
tion. Ubuntu will then begin to search for wireless networks automatically.
If you are in range of a saved network, you will automatically be connected.
Many modern laptops also have a physical switch/button built into the
chassis that provides a way to quickly enable/disable the wireless card.
Changing an existing wireless network
At times you may want to change the settings of a saved wireless network
—for example, when the wireless password gets changed.
To edit a saved wireless network connection:
1. Click on the NetworkManager icon and select Edit Connections…
2. A “Network Connections” window will open. Click on the Wireless tab.
3. By default, saved networks are in chronological order with the most
recently connected at the top. Find the network you want to edit, select
it, and click on the Edit button.
4. Ubuntu will now open a window called “Editing 〈connection name〉”,
where 〈connection name〉 is the name of the connection you are editing.
This window will display a number of tabs.
5. Above the tabs, there is a field called Connection name where you can
change the name of the connection to give it a more recognizable name.

6. If the Connect automatically option is not selected, Ubuntu will detect
the wireless network but will not attempt a connection until it is se-
lected from the NetworkManager menu. Select or deselect this option as
needed.
7. On the Wireless tab, you may need to edit the ssid field. A ssid is the
wireless connection’s network name. If this field isn’t set correctly,
Ubuntu will not be able to connect to the wireless network in question.
8. Below the ssid is a Mode field. The “Infrastructure” mode means that
you would be connecting to a wireless router or Access Point. The “ad-
hoc” mode is for a computer-to-computer connection (where one com-
puter shares another’s connection) and is often only used in advanced
cases.
9. On the Wireless Security tab, you can change the Security field. A
selection of “None” means that you are using an open network that
doesn’t require a password. Other selections in this tab may require
additional information:
wep 40/128-bit Key is an older security setting still in use by some older
wireless devices. If your network uses this method of security, you
will need to enter a key in the Key field that will appear when this
mode is selected.
wep 128-bit Passphrase is the same older security as above. However,
instead of having a key, your network administrator should have
provided you with a passphrase to connect to the network.
wpa & wpa2 Personal is the most common security mode for wireless
networking. Once you select this mode, you will need to enter a
password in the Password field.
If your network administrator requires leap, Dynamic wep or wpa &
wpa2 Enterprise then you will need to have the administrator help
you with those modes.
10. In the ipv4 Settings tab, you can change the Method field from “Auto-
matic (dhcp)” to “Manual” or one of the other methods. For setting up
manual settings (also known as a static address), please see the section
above on manual setup for wired network connections.
11. When you finish making changes to the connection, click Apply to save
your changes and close the window. You can click Cancel at any time to
close the window without saving any changes.
12. Finally, click Close on the “Network Connections” window to return to
the desktop.
After clicking Apply, any changes made to the network connection will
take effect immediately.
Other connection methods
There are other ways to get connected with Ubuntu:
‣ With NetworkManager, you can configure mobile broadband connec-
tions to connect to the Internet through your cellular data carrier.
‣ You can connect to digital subscriber line (dsl) networks, a method of
connecting to the Internet through your phone line via a modem.
‣ It is also possible for NetworkManager to establish a virtual private
network (vpn) connection. These are most commonly used to create a
secure connection to a workplace network.

The instructions for making connections using mobile broadband, dsl, or
vpn are beyond the scope of this guide.
Browsing the web
Once you have connected to the Internet, you should be able to browse the
web. Mozilla Firefox is the default application for this in Ubuntu.
Figure 3.6: The default Ubuntu home page for
the Firefox web browser.
Starting Firefox
There are several ways to start Firefox. By default Ubuntu has the Firefox
icon within the Launcher (the vertical bar down the left side of the screen).
Select this icon to open Firefox. Or, open the Dash (the top-most icon in the
Launcher) and search for firefox using the search box. If your keyboard
has a “www” button, you can press that button to start Firefox.
Navigating web pages
Viewing your homepage
When you start Firefox, you will see your home page. By default, this is the
Ubuntu Start Page.
To quickly go to your home page, press Alt+Home on your keyboard or
press on the home icon in Firefox.
Navigating to another page
To navigate to a new web page, you need to enter its Internet address (also URL stands for uniform resource locator, which
tells the computer how to find something on
the Internet—such as a document, web page or
an email address. WWW stands for World Wide
Web, which means the web pages by which
most people interact with the Internet.
known as a url) into the Location Bar. urls normally begin with “http://”
followed by one or more names that identify the address. One example
is “http://www.ubuntu.com/.” (Normally, you can omit the “http://” part.
Firefox will fill it in for you.)
To navigate:

Figure 3.7: You can enter a web address or
search the Internet by typing in the location bar.
1. Double-click in the Location Bar, or press Ctrl+L, to highlight the url
that is already there.
2. Enter the url of the page you want to visit. The url you type replaces
any text already in the Location Bar.
3. Press Enter.
If you don’t know the url that you need, type a search term into the
Search Bar to the right of the Location bar. Your preferred search engine
—Google by default—will return a list of websites for you to choose from.
(You can also enter your query directly into the Location Bar).
Selecting a link
Most web pages contain links that you can select. These are known as
“hyperlinks.” A hyperlink can let you move to another page, download a
document, change the content of the page, and more.
To select a link:
1. Move the mouse pointer until it changes to a pointing finger. This hap-
pens whenever the pointer is over a link. Most links are underlined text,
but buttons and pictures on a web page can also be links.
2. Click the link once. While Firefox locates the link’s page, status mes-
sages will appear at the bottom of the window.
Retracing your steps
If you want to visit a page you have viewed before, there are several ways To go backwards and forwards you can also use
Alt+Left and Alt+Right respectively.to do so.
‣ To go back or forward one page, press the Back or Forward button by
the left side of the Location Bar.
‣ To go back or forward more than one page, click-and-hold on the re-
spective button. You will see a list of pages you have recently visited. To
return to a page, select it from the list.
‣ To see a list of any urls you have entered into the Location Bar, press
the down arrow at the right end of the Location Bar. Choose a page from
the list.
‣ To choose from pages you have visited during the current session, open
the History menu and choose from the list in the lower section of the
menu.
‣ To choose from pages you have visited over the past few months, open
the History ‣ Show All History (or press Ctrl+Shift+H). Firefox opens a
“Library” window showing a list of folders, the first of which is “History.”
Select a suitable sub-folder, or enter a search term in the search bar (at
the top right), to find pages you have viewed before. Double-click a
result to open the page.
Stopping and reloading
If a page is loading too slowly or you no longer wish to view a page, press The Reload button is at the right end of the
Location Bar.Esc to cancel it. To reload the current page if it might have changed since
you loaded it, press on the Reload button or press Ctrl+R.

Opening new windows
At times, you may want to have more than one browser window open. This
may help you to organize your browsing session better, or to separate web
pages that you are viewing for different reasons.
There are four ways to create a new window:
‣ On the top bar, select File ‣ New Window.
‣ Press Ctrl+N.
‣ Right-click on Firefox’s icon on the Launcher and select Open New
Window.
‣ Click on Firefox’s icon on the Launcher using your middle mouse button.
Once a new window has opened, you can use it exactly the same as
the first window—including navigation and opening tabs. You can open
multiple windows.
Opening a link in a new window
Sometimes, you may want to click a link to navigate to another web page,
but do not want the original to close. To do this, you can open the link in its
own independent window.
There are two ways to open a link in its own window:
‣ Right-click a link and select Open Link in New Window.
‣ Press-and-hold the Shift key while clicking a link.
Tabbed browsing
An alternative to opening new windows is to use Tabbed Browsing instead.
Tabbed browsing lets you open several web pages within a single Firefox A new tab is independent of other tabs in the
same way that new windows are independent
of other windows. You can even mix-and-match
—for example, one window may contain tabs
for your emails, while another window has tabs
for your work.
window, each independent of the other. This frees space on your desktop
as you do not have to open a separate window for each new web page. You
can open, close, and reload web pages in one place without having to switch
to another window.
You can alternate quickly between different tabs by using the keyboard
shortcut Ctrl+Tab.
Opening a new blank tab
There are three ways to create a new blank tab:
‣ Click on the Open new tab button (a green plus-sign) on the right side of
the last tab.
‣ On the top bar, open File ‣ New Tab.
‣ Press Ctrl+T.
When you create a new tab, it contains a blank page with the Location
Bar focused. Type a web address (url) or other search term to open a web-
site in the new tab.
Opening a link in its own tab
Sometimes, you may want to click a link to navigate to another web page,
but do not want the original to close. To do this, you can open the link in its
own tab.
There are several ways to open a link in its own tab.
A tab always opens “in the background”—in
other words, the focus remains on the original
tab. The last method (Ctrl+Shift) is an
exception; it focuses the new tab immediately.

‣ Right-click a link and select Open Link in New Tab.
‣ Press-and-hold the Ctrl key while clicking a link.
‣ Click the link using either the middle mouse button or both left and right
mouse buttons simultaneously.
‣ Drag the link to a blank space on the tab bar or onto the Open new tab
button.
‣ Press-and-hold Ctrl+Shift while clicking a link.
Closing a tab
Once you have finished viewing a web page in a tab, you have various ways
to close it:
‣ Click on the Close button on the right side of the tab.
‣ Click the tab with the middle mouse button or the mouse wheel.
‣ Press Ctrl+W.
‣ Right-click the tab and select Close Tab.
Restoring a closed tab
Sometimes, you may close the wrong tab by accident, or want to bring back
a tab that you have recently closed. Bring back a tab in one of the following
two ways:
‣ Press Ctrl+Shift+T to re-open the most recently closed tab.
‣ Select History ‣ Recently Closed Tabs, and choose the name of the tab to
restore.
Changing the tab order
Move a tab to a different location on the tab bar by dragging it to a new
location using your mouse. While you are dragging the tab, Firefox displays
a small indicator to show the tab’s new location.
Moving a tab between windows
You can move a tab into a new Firefox window or, if one is already open,
into a different Firefox window.
Drag a tab away from the tab bar, and it will open into a new window.
Drag it from the tab bar into the tab bar of another open Firefox window,
and it will move there instead.
Searching
You can search the web from within Firefox without first visiting the home
page of the search engine. By default, Firefox will search the web using the
Google search engine.
Searching the web
To search the web in Firefox, type a few words into the Firefox search Bar.
For example, if you want to find information about Ubuntu:
1. Move your cursor to the Search Bar using your mouse or press Ctrl+K.
2. Type the phrase Ubuntu. Your typing replaces any text currently in the
Search Bar.

3. Press the magnifying glass or Enter to search.
Search results from Google for “Ubuntu” will appear in the Firefox win-
dow.
Selecting search engines
Figure 3.8: These are the other search engines
you can use—by default—from the Firefox
search bar.
If you do not want to use Google as your search engine in the Search Bar,
you can change the search engine that Firefox uses.
To change your preferred search engine, press the search logo (at the
left of your Search Bar—Google by default) and choose the search engine of
your choice. Some search engines, such as Bing, Google and Yahoo, search
the whole web; others, such as Amazon and Wikipedia, search only specific
sites.
Searching the web for words selected in a web page
Sometimes, you may want to search for a phrase that you see on a web
page. You can copy and paste the phrase into the Search Bar, but there is a
quicker way.
1. Highlight the word or phrase in a web page using your left mouse but-
ton.
2. Right-click the highlighted text and select Search [Search Engine] for
[your selected words].
Firefox passes the highlighted text to the search engine, and opens a new
tab with the results.
Searching within a page
Figure 3.9: You can search within web pages
using the Find Toolbar.
You may want to look for specific text within the web page you are
viewing. To find text within the current page in Firefox:
1. Choose Edit ‣ Find or press Ctrl+F to open the Find Toolbar at the
bottom of Firefox.
2. Enter your search query into the Find field in the Find Toolbar. The
search automatically begins as soon as you type something into the field.
3. Once some text has been matched on the web page, you can:
‣ Click on Next to find text in the page that is below the current cursor
position.
‣ Click on Previous to find text that is above the current cursor posi-
tion.
‣ Click on Highlight all to highlight all occurrences of your search
words in the current page.
‣ Select the Match case option to limit the search to text that has the
same capitalization as your search words.
To quickly find the same word or phrase again, press F3.
You can skip opening the Find Toolbar altogether.
1. Turn on the relevant Accessibility option with Edit ‣ Preferences ‣
Advanced ‣ General ‣ Accessibility ‣ Search for text when I start typ-
ing ‣ Close.

2. Now, provided your cursor is not within a text field, when you start
typing, it will automatically start searching for text.
Viewing web pages full screen
To display more web content on the screen, you can use Full Screen mode.
Full Screen mode hides everything but the main content. To enable Full
Screen mode, choose View ‣ Full Screen or press F11. While in full-screen
mode, move your mouse to the top of the screen to reveal the url and
search bars.
Press F11 to return to normal mode.
Copying and saving pages
With Firefox, you can copy part of a page so that you can paste it elsewhere,
or save the page or part of a page as a file on your computer.
Copying part of a page
To copy text, links or images from a page:
1. Highlight the text and images with your mouse.
2. Right-click the highlighted text and select Copy, or press Ctrl+C.
To copy just a single image, it is not necessary to highlight it. Just right-
click the image and select Copy.
You can paste the results into another application, such as LibreOffice.
Copying a link
To copy a text or image link (url) from a page:
1. Position the pointer over the text, link or image. Your mouse pointer
changes to a pointing finger.
2. Right-click the link or image to open a pop-up menu.
3. Select Copy Link Location.
You can paste the link into other applications or into Firefox’s Location
Bar.
Saving all or part of a page
To save an entire page in Firefox:
1. Choose File ‣ Save Page As from the top bar, or press Ctrl+S. Firefox
opens the “Save As” window.
2. Choose a location for the saved page.
3. Type a file name for the page.
4. Press Save.
To save an image from a page:
1. Position the mouse pointer over the image.
2. Right-click the image and select Save Image As. Firefox opens the “Save
Image” window.
3. Choose a location for the saved image.
4. Enter a file name for the image.
5. Press Save.

Changing your home page
Firefox shows the home page when it opens. By default, this is the Ubuntu
Start Page. You can change your default home page to a new one, or even to
several new ones.
Figure 3.10: Change Firefox settings in this
window.
To change your home page:
1. Navigate to the page that you would like to become your new home
page. If you want Firefox to open more than one tab when it starts, open
a new tab and navigate to the extra page as many times as you would
like. The home page can also be set by entering the
addresses that should be open in the Home
Page, with a pipe (“|”) separating pages to be
opened in separate tabs.
2. Choose Edit ‣ Preferences ‣ General ‣ Startup ‣ Use Current Pages ‣
Close.
Download settings
In Edit ‣ Preferences ‣ General ‣ Downloads, you can hide or show the The Downloads window shows the progress
of currently downloading files, and lists files
downloaded in the past. It can be used to open
or re-download files.
Downloads window, tell Firefox where to place downloaded files, and
whether or not to ask where each time.
Bookmarks
When browsing the web you may want to come back to certain web pages
again without having to remember the url. To do this, you bookmark each
page. These bookmarks are saved in the web browser, and you can use them
to re-open to those web pages.
Bookmarking a page
After navigating to a web page you can save its location by bookmarking it.
There are two ways to bookmark a page:
‣ From the top bar, choose Bookmarks ‣ Bookmark This Page, or press
Ctrl+D. A window opens, allowing you to provide a descriptive name for
the bookmark and a location (within the browser’s bookmarks) to save it.
Press Done to save.
‣ Press the star on the right-hand side in the Location Bar. It turns yellow.
This saves the page in the Unsorted Bookmarks folder.

Navigating to a bookmarked page
To navigate to a bookmarked page, open the Bookmarks menu from the top
bar, and choose your bookmark. Firefox opens the bookmark in the current
tab.
You can reveal the bookmarks, including the Unsorted Bookmarks, in a sidebar
on the left of the browser window. Select View ‣ Sidebar ‣ Bookmarks, or press
Ctrl+B. Repeat, or press the close button at its top, to hide the sidebar.
Deleting or editing a bookmark
To delete or edit a bookmark, do one of the following:
‣ If you are viewing the page already, the star in the Location Bar will be
yellow. Press it. Firefox opens a small pop-up window, where you can
either Remove Bookmark or edit the bookmark.
‣ Select Bookmarks ‣ Show All Bookmarks or press Shift+Ctrl+O. In
the window that opens, you can navigate to bookmarks. Select the one
you would like to change. To delete, right-click and choose Delete or
press Delete on your keyboard. To edit, change the details shown at the
bottom of the window.
History
Whenever you are browsing the web, Firefox saves your browsing history.
This allows you to come back to a web page that you have recently visited
without needing to remember or bookmark the page’s url.
To see your most recent history, open the History menu from the top
bar. The menu displays several of the most recent web pages that you have
viewed. Choose one of the pages to return to it.
To view the complete history, either:
‣ Select View ‣ Sidebar ‣ History or press Ctrl+H to view the history in
a sidebar; this replaces the bookmarks sidebar if it is open. (Repeat, or
press the close button at its top, to hide the sidebar.)
‣ Select History ‣ Show All History or press Shift+Ctrl+H to view the
history in a pop-up window.
Your browsing history is categorized as “Today,” “Yesterday,” “Last 7
days,” “This month,” the previous five months by name, and finally “Older
than 6 months.” If the history for a category does not exist, that category
will not be listed. Select one of the date categories in the sidebar to expand
it and reveal the pages that you visited during that time. Once you find the
page you want, select it to re-display it.
You can also search for a page by its title or url. Enter a few letters
from one or more words or, optionally, the url in the Search field at the
top of the history sidebar. The sidebar displays a list of web pages matching
your search words. Select the page you want. (You can even do this in the
Location Bar, saving you from having to open the History sidebar or pop-up
window.)
Clearing private data
Firefox stores all its data only on your computer. Nevertheless, if you share
your computer, you may at times want to delete all private data.

Select History ‣ Clear Recent History… or press Shift+Ctrl+Delete.
Choose your Time range to clear, and under Details which items to clear,
and press Clear Now.
Preventing Firefox from recording private data
You can start a “private browsing” session during which Firefox will not
record anything permanently. This lasts until you disable private browsing
or restart Firefox.
Choose File ‣ New Private Window or press Shift+Ctrl+P. As long
as you remain in this mode, Firefox will not record browsing, download,
form or search history, or cookies, nor will it cache files. However, if you
bookmark anything or download files, these will be retained.
To end private browsing, just close the private browsing window by
clicking on its close button or pressing Shift+Ctrl+W, or restart Firefox.
Using a different web browser
Figure 3.11: The Default Applications where you
can change your preferred browser.
If you choose to install a different web browser on your computer,
you may want to use it as the default browser when you click links from
emails, instant messages, and other places. Canonical supports Firefox and
Chromium (Google’s open-source version of Chrome), but there are several
others that you can install.
To change your preferred web browser, open Session Indicator from the
top panel on the far right-hand side, and open System Settings ‣ Details ‣
Default Applications. Choose your preferred web browser from the drop-
down menu Web.
Reading and composing email
Introduction to Thunderbird
Thunderbird is an email client developed by Mozilla and is easy to setup and
use. It is free, fast, and comes packed full of useful features. Even if you are
new to Ubuntu and Thunderbird, you will be up and running in no time,
checking your email and staying in touch with friends and family.

Setting up Thunderbird
In the top right corner of the Ubuntu desktop you will see an envelope
icon in the notification area. This is the messaging menu. From here, you
can launch Thunderbird by clicking Set up Mail. Alternatively, you can
click the Ubuntu button in the top left corner of the screen at the top of the
Launcher to bring up the Dash and type thunderbird into the search box.
Once Thunderbird opens, you will be greeted by a pop-up box prompting
you to setup your email account.
Figure 3.12: Setting up Thunderbird
Before a valid email account is set up in Thunderbird, the first screen to
appear will be an introductory message from Mozilla inviting you to set
up an email account through a local service provider in your area. For the
purposes of these instructions, we will assume you already have an email
address, so you can click on the button in the lower right corner of the
screen that says Skip this and use my existing email.
On the next screen titled Mail Account Setup, enter your name in the
first text box, your email address in the second text box (for example, user-
name@domain.com), and your email password in the third text box.
Once completed, click the Continue button. Thunderbird will auto- If Thunderbird fails to create the account,
you may need to configure it manually, using
the parameters that were sent to you by your
email address provider and your ISP. If you
are still unable to set up your account, you
can get help from community members at
http://ubuntuforums.org.
matically set up your email account for you. When Thunderbird finishes
detecting your email settings, click Create Account and Thunderbird will do
the rest. You can also set Thunderbird as your default news and rss reader
by checking the boxes in the pop-up box that appear after you click Create
Account. If you don’t want to see this message box every time you start
Thunderbird, simply deselect Always perform this check when starting
Thunderbird. You are now ready to start using Thunderbird.
Around the Thunderbird workspace
Now that you have your email account set up, let’s get to know the Thun-
derbird workspace. Thunderbird is designed to be very user-friendly and
easy to navigate. When you open the application, you will see the main
workspace with your email folders (all folders window) on the left. On the
right of the screen, you will see two windows. The top-right window dis-
plays a list of your received email, and the bottom-right window displays
the current email you are viewing. The size of these windows can be easily
resized to suit your viewing environment. To resize the windows, simply
left-click and hold the dividing bar that separates two windows and drag it
to the desired position. The All Folders window is where you can see your
mail folders. This window can also include:
Inbox Where your email is stored and accessed

Email address folder You will see one of these folders for each of the ac-
counts you have setup
Drafts Where your draft emails are stored
Sent mail Where the emails you have sent are stored
Spam This is where suspected spam email is stored so you can check them
to make sure you haven’t lost any important emails
Trash This is where messages you’ve deleted are stored so you can double
check to make sure you haven’t accidentally deleted an important email
(also one of the local folders)
Important This is where emails you have marked as important are stored
Starred This is where emails you have marked with a star are stored
Personal This is where emails you have marked as personal are stored
Receipts You can move important receipts to this folder.
Travel You can use this folder to store travel emails such as flight times and
bookings
Work You can store work emails in this folder to keep them separate from
your personal email
Outbox Where the emails you are in the process of sending are stored (also
one of the local folders)
Across the top of the Thunderbird workspace, you will see at least four
control buttons, Get Mail, Write, Address Book, and Tag. These are used to
get your mail, write your mail, access your address book, and tag your email
messages.
At the top-right of the All Folders window, you will see a set of quick
filter buttons, Unread, Starred, Contact, Tags, and Attachment. You can use
these buttons to filter your email messages so that you only see your unread
mail, your favorite mail (starred), mail from people in your address book,
mail you have tagged, and mail that includes attachments.
If you are accustomed to a more traditional desktop and you have Thun-
derbird maximized to full screen, you might be wondering where the menus
are located. They are still there, and if you want to access them, move your
mouse to the top of the screen and you will see the familiar menus: File,
Edit, View, Go, Message, Tools, and Help.
At the top of the window that displays your email, you can see six action
buttons, Reply, Reply All, Forward, Archive, Junk, and Delete. You will
find these very useful for quickly replying to email, forwarding your email
to another person, archiving (backing up) your email, marking an email as
junk mail, and quickly deleting an email. To the left of these quick action
buttons, you will see information about the email you are viewing that
includes the sender’s name, the subject of the email, the reply address, and
the recipient of the email.
Using your address book
At the top of the main workspace, you will see the Address Book button.
Click this button to access your address book. The address book opens in a
new window. From here, you can easily organize your contacts. At the top
of the address book window, you will see five buttons, New Contact, New
List, Properties, Write, and Delete. They function in the following ways:
New Contact This button allows you to add a new contact and add as much
detail as you wish to save, including name, nickname, address, email,
additional email, screen name, work number, home number, fax, pager
and mobile/cell number.

New List This button allows you to add lists for your contacts such as
family, friends, acquaintances, etc.
Properties This button allows you to rename your address book name. The
default name is personal address book, but you can change the name as
you see fit.
Write This button allows you to quickly send an email to a selected contact
without needing to go back to the main Thunderbird workspace. Simply
select a contact from your contacts list and click the Write button to
send them an email.
Delete This button allows you to quickly delete a contact from your address
book. Just select the contact you want to delete and press Delete to
remove the contact from your address book.
Checking and reading messages
Thunderbird will automatically check your email account for new mes-
sages every ten minutes, but if you need to manually check for new mes-
sages at any time, left-click the Get Mail button in the top left corner of
the workspace. Thunderbird will then check your email account for new
messages and download them.
As they are downloaded, you will see the new email appear in the mes-
sage window on the right side of the workspace. When you click on one of
your emails, it will appear in the window below your email list. If you want
to view your email in a full window, double-left-click your chosen email,
and Thunderbird will display the email in a full window in its own tab.
At the top of the open email, you will see information about the email Remote content represent parts of an email
that may be hosted elsewhere. Remote content
might consist of video or audio, but most
often is graphics or HTML content. For security
purposes, Thunderbird will ask you if you wish
to view this remote content.
and the five quick action buttons, Reply, Forward, Archive, Junk and
Delete as previously discussed. If an email has remote content, you will
see a message asking if you want to display the email or not.
You may want to sort out your emails from time to time; this is easily
done with Thunderbird. When you have an email selected and you want
to tag the email, simply click the Tag button and a drop-down list will be
displayed. In this drop-down list, you have the options to Remove All Tags
or Mark as…, Important, Work, Personal, To Do, Later. You can also create
a New Tag more suited to your own personal requirements.
Composing Messages
To compose a new email message, click the Write button in the top left of
the workspace. This will bring up a new window where you can compose
your new email. In the To: field, enter the email address of the destination
—the contact to whom you are sending this email. If there is more than one
contact to whom you are writing, separate multiple recipients with commas.
If a contact that you are addressing is in your address book, you can
address them by name. Start typing the name of the contact; Thunderbird
will display the list of mailing contacts below your text. Once you see the
contact you intend to address, click on their email address or use the down
arrow key and then press Enter to select the address.
If you would like to carbon-copy (Cc) some contacts, click the To: field
and select Cc:. Contacts who are listed on the To: and Cc: lines will receive
the email, and will see the rest of the contacts to whom an email was sent.
If you would like to send an email to some contacts without disclosing to
whom your email was sent, you can send a blind carbon-copy, or Bcc. To
enable Bcc, select Bcc: by clicking the To: field and selecting Bcc:. Any

contacts entered in the Bcc: field will receive the message, but none of the
recipients will see the names or emails of contacts on the Bcc: line.
Instead of typing the email addresses or names of the contacts you are
addressing in the message, you can select the contacts from your address
book. Start typing a few letters from your contact’s first or last name in the
To: field to filter the list to only show mailing contacts. Once you identify
the contact you would like to address, click on their name in the list. If
you’ve added the contact in error, delete their address and enter the correct
address.
You may enter a subject for your email in the Subject field. Messages
should have a subject to help the recipient identify the general contents of
the email while glancing at their message list. Enter the contents of your If you do not include a subject in your email,
Thunderbird will warn you about this omission.message in the big text field below the subject. There is no practical limit on
the amount of text you can include in your message.
By default, Thunderbird will auto-detect the correct format for your
email but you can change this by clicking Options then mouse over Format
and select your preferred option from the list. You have a choice of Auto-
Detect, Plain Text Only, Rich Text (HTML) Only, and Plain and Rich (HTML)
Text.
When you have finished composing your email, click on the Send button
on the window’s toolbar. Your message will be placed in the Outbox, and
will be sent to your desired recipient.
Attaching files
At times, you may want to send files to your contacts. To send files, you
will need to attach them to your email message. To attach a file to an email You can attach quite a few different file types
to emails, but be careful about the size of the
attachments! If they are too big, some email
systems will reject the email you are sending,
and your recipient will never receive it!
you are composing, click on the Attach button. When the new window
opens, select the file you want to send and click Open. The file you selected
will then be attached to the email when you click send.
Replying to Messages
In addition to composing new messages, you may want to reply to messages
that you receive. There are three types of email replies:
Reply or Reply to Sender sends your reply only to the sender of the message
to whom you are replying.
Reply to All sends your reply to the sender of the message as well as any
address in To: or Cc: lines.
Forward allows you to send the message, with any additional comments
you may add, to some other contacts.
To use any of these methods, click on the message to which you want
to reply and then click the Reply, Reply to All, or Forward button on the
message toolbar. Thunderbird will open the reply window. This window
should look much like the window for composing new messages, but the
To:, Cc:, Subject:, and main message content fields should be filled in from
the message to which you are replying. Edit the To:, Cc:, Bcc:, Subject: or
main body as you see fit. When your reply is finished, click on the Send
button on the toolbar. Your message will be placed in the Outbox and will
be sent.

Using instant messaging
Figure 3.13: This is the icon that Empathy
displays in the launcher.
Instant messaging allows you to communicate with people in real time
online. Ubuntu includes the Empathy application that lets you use instant
messaging features to keep in touch with your contacts. Empathy lets
you connect to many instant messaging networks. You can connect to:
Facebook, Google Talk, Windows Live, Salut, Jabber, Yahoo!, and aim. To
start Empathy, open the Messaging Menu (the envelope icon on the menu
bar), then select Empathy. Note that you will only find it there after you
have run Empathy for the first time (see below).
Figure 3.14: Access Empathy from the Messag-
ing Menu in the menu bar.
Running Empathy for the first time
To run Empathy for the first time you need to start it from the Dash (see
The Dash). You should see a screen similar to that in figure 3.15. At this
time, Empathy does not know about any of your instant messaging ac-
counts.
Figure 3.15: You should see a window like this
the first time you open Empathy.
Adding accounts
You must have existing chat accounts to that are compatible with Empathy. If
you do not have an existing account, you will need to create one before continu-
ing.
Be aware that when you Add or Remove
accounts using the Online Accounts manager
you will be adding or removing those accounts
to or from all the applications that they
integrate with, not just Empathy.
You can add accounts to be used with empathy by clicking the Account
Settings button, as shown in figure 3.15, or you can use the menu bar to
navigate to Empathy ‣ Accounts. You should see a dialog similar to that in
figure 3.16. This is the Online Accounts manager.
Click Add account… on the left-hand side of the window if it is not
already selected. At the top of the window, where it says Show accounts that

Figure 3.16: Add your existing chat accounts
for use in Empathy using the Online Accounts
manager.
integrate with:, select Empathy from the drop-down menu. Now click on
the name of the chat service with which you have an account. Shown in
figure 3.17, we have selected a Google account. You must now enter your
login credentials and authorize Ubuntu to access your account.
Figure 3.17: You must enter your account
credentials and authorize Ubuntu to use your
account.
When you have authorized Ubuntu to access your account, you are
shown all the applications that integrate with the account, including Em-
pathy. All the applications have an ON/OFF button to control their inte-
gration with the account. Make sure the ON/OFF button is set to ON for
Empathy. There is also an Options button for you to edit details used by
Empathy. The details shown are specific to each application. After adding
your accounts, you can now use Empathy to chat with all of your friends,
right from your Ubuntu desktop!
Communicating with contacts
Text
To communicate with a contact, select the contact in Empathy’s main win-
dow and double-click their name. Empathy should open a new window

where you can type messages to your contact and see a record of previously
exchanged messages.
Figure 3.18: Chatting with friends in Empathy.
To send a message to the contact, enter your message in the text field
below the conversation history. When you have typed your message press
the Enter key to send the message to your contact. When the person you
are chatting with is typing to you, a small keyboard icon will appear next to
their name in the chat window.
If you are communicating with more than one person, then all of the
conversations will be shown either in tabs in your Empathy window or in
separate windows, depending on the option you have chosen in the menu
item Empathy ‣ Preferences.
Audio and Video Calling
You can use Empathy to chat with your friends using audio and video,
too. To start an audio or video call, right click on the Contact name, then
select Audio Call or Video Call, as shown in figure 3.19. This will notify the
person you are trying to call, and they will be asked if they would like to
answer the call.
Figure 3.19: Right-clicking a contact exposes
many ways to communicate.
If the person you are calling accepts your call request, you will be con-
nected, and you can begin talking. If the person you are calling cannot see
or hear you, your webcam or microphone may not be properly configured;
see the sections on Sound and Using a webcam, respectively. You can end
the call by clicking on the red telephone button in the chat window.
Sending and receiving files
Sending a file
When you are in a conversation with a contact and you would like to send
them a file, right-click the contact in the contact list—as in figure 3.19—
and select Send File. Empathy should open the “Select file” window. Find
the file you wish to send, and click on the Send button. A “File Transfers”
window will open showing the file and its transfer progress. When the file
transfer is complete, you can close the “File Transfers” window.

Changing your status
You can use your status to show your contacts how busy you are or what
you are doing. Your contacts see your status next to your name when they
chat with you. You can use the standard statuses, which are:
‣ Available
‣ Busy
‣ Away
‣ Invisible
‣ Offline
Two of these statuses have additional functionality. The Invisible status
lets you see which of your contacts are online, but does not allow them to
see that you are online. The Offline status logs you out entirely; you will
not be able to see which of your contacts are online, nor can they see you or
chat with you.
You can change your status in one of two ways. The first method is
in the main Empathy window from the drop-down list at the top of the
window.
The same drop-down list lets you set a custom status by choosing “Cus-
tom Message…” next to the icon that matches your status. Enter what you
would like your status to say, and click on the green check mark.
The second method is to click the Messaging Icon on the menu bar, as
shown in figure 3.14. From this menu, you will see all of the same options
that Empathy presents, but accessible without having to open Empathy.
Desktop Sharing
Desktop sharing is a very nice feature available with Ubuntu. It can be used
for a lot of purposes, like troubleshooting, online meetings, or just showing
off your cool desktop to your friend. It is very easy to get remote desktop
sharing working between two Ubuntu machines.
To share your screen, you will first have to set up Desktop Sharing. Open
the Desktop Sharing application from the Dash (see The Dash). Next, select
Allow other users to view your desktop; you may want to deselect Allow
other users to control your desktop.
After you have Desktop Sharing configured, open Empathy. To begin
sharing your desktop, right-click on the contact you wish to share your
desktop with, and select Share my desktop.
It should be noted that the other user will obviously be able to see the
information displayed on your screen. Please be sure to keep this in mind
if you have documents or files that are of a private nature open on your
desktop.
Changing account settings
If you need to add more accounts after the initial launch of Empathy, open
the Empathy menu on the menu bar, then select Accounts. Empathy will
then display the Online Accounts manager window.
Editing an account
You might need to edit the details of an account. Select the account you
want to change on the left side of the Online Accounts window then click
the Options button for Empathy. The Online Accounts manager should

show the current information for the account. Once you have made your
changes, click Done.
Removing an account from Empathy
To stop an account from showing in Empathy, select the account on the
left hand side of the Online Accounts manager window. Then click on the
ON/OFF button for Empathy and set it to OFF.
Editing contacts
Adding a contact
To add a contact open Empathy ‣ Contacts ‣ Add contacts.. from the menu
bar. Empathy opens the “New Contact” window.
In the Account drop-down list, choose the account you want to add
contacts for. When creating a contact you must select the service that
matches the service your contact is using.
After choosing the account you wish to add the contact to, enter their
login id, their username, their screen name, or their email address in the
Identifier text field. Next, in the Alias text field, enter the name you want to
see in your contact list. Click Add to add the contact to your list of contacts.
Removing a contact
Right click on the contact that you want to remove, then select Remove.
This will open the “Removing contact” window. Click on the Delete button
to confirm that you want to remove this contact, or click Cancel to keep the
contact.
Viewing and editing photos
Shotwell Photo Manager is the default photo application in Ubuntu. This
application allows you to view, tag, edit, and share photos. To start Shotwell
Photo Manager, click on the Dash near the top-left of the screen, then select
the Shotwell Photo Manager icon labeled View Photos. If you do not see
Shotwell Photo Manager, simply type Shotwell in the search bar at the top
of the Dash; the Shotwell Photo Manager application will soon appear.
Importing Photos
When you launch Shotwell Photo Manager for the first time, you will be
greeted with the “Welcome!” window which provides instructions on how
to import photos. Click OK. You can now import photos by dragging photos
into the Shotwell Photo Manager window or by connecting your camera or
external storage device to the computer.
From a digital camera Connect your camera to the computer using the
data cable, and power on your camera. If your camera is properly detected,
you will see a new window prompting you to launch an application. Select
Shotwell Photo Manager in the drop-down menu, then click OK. Your
camera will be listed in the Shotwell Photo Manager sidebar. Select your
camera in the sidebar. You will see a preview of the contents stored in the
camera’s memory. Select individual photos by pressing and holding Ctrl
and clicking on each photo you want to import, and then click Import

Figure 3.20: Manage your photo collection,
enhance your photos while keeping the original,
and share your memories online using Shotwell
Photo Manager.
Selected on the bottom bar of the window. Or, you can choose to import all
photos by clicking Import All.
From your computer You can import photos into Shotwell Photo Manager
by dragging photos from the file browser into the Shotwell Photo Manager
window. Alternatively, you can click File ‣ Import From Folder, then select
the folder containing the photos you want to import.
From external hard drive, usb flash drive, or cd/dvd Importing photos
from external storage is similar to importing from your computer. Your
external storage device may also appear under the Camera label on the
Shotwell Photo Manager sidebar. Follow the instructions for importing from
a camera or computer.
Choosing where Shotwell Photo Manager saves photos
The default location for the Shotwell Photo Manager Library is your Pic-
tures folder in your home directory. When importing pictures using the
“Import” window, you will be given the option to copy the files to your
Library or keep the files in place.
If you have your photos stored on your computer, the option Import in
Place will be suitable. This will prevent photos from being duplicated. If
you are importing photos from an external source, such as a portable hard
drive, usb flash drive, or cd/dvd, you should select Copy into Library so
the photos are copied to your computer—otherwise the photos won’t appear
when you remove the external source.
Viewing photos
Choose Library or any collection in the sidebar to display photos from
your selection. Use the slider on the bottom bar to adjust the size of the
thumbnails. To view a full-window image, double-click an individual photo.
In the full-window view, you can navigate through the collection using

the backward and forward arrows, zoom in on the image using the slider,
pan by clicking and dragging the image, and exit the full-window view by
double-clicking the image.
To view the collection in full-screen mode, press F11 or go to View ‣
Fullscreen. You can navigate through the collection using the toolbar by
moving your mouse to the bottom of the screen. To view a slideshow pre-
sentation of the collection, press F5 or go to View ‣ Slideshow. Press the Esc
key to exit the Fullscreen or Slideshow views.
Organizing photos
Shotwell Photo Manager makes finding photos of the same type easier by
using tags. You can apply as many tags to a photo as you like. To apply tags
to photos, first select the photos. Then right-click on the photos and select
Add Tags. Enter the tags you want into the text field, separated by commas.
If you are adding new tags, these will appear in the side bar on the right
under the Tags label.
Editing images
You may want to edit some of the photos you import into Shotwell Photo
Manager. For example, you may want to remove something at the edge,
adjust the color, reduce the red-eye effect, or straighten the image. To edit a
photo, double-click on the photo you want to edit, and then click on one of
the following buttons:
Rotate
Click Rotate to rotate the image 90° clockwise. You can click the button
more than once and it will rotate the image clockwise in 90° intervals.
Crop
Click Crop to change the framing of the photo. The image will darken and a
selection will appear. Adjust the selection to your desired crop by dragging
a corner or side. If you want to choose a specific aspect ratio, use the drop-
down menu to select one of the preset ratios or enter your own custom
ratio. A pivot button is provided to change your selection from landscape to
portrait and vice versa. Once you are happy with the selection, click OK to
apply the crop or Cancel to discard it.
Red-eye reduction
If you have taken a photo and the flash has caused the subject to have red
eyes, you can fix this problem in Shotwell Photo Manager.
Click the Red-eye button. A circle will appear.
Drag this circle over one of the subjects eyes and then use the slider to
adjust the circle size.
When the circle is over the eye, click Apply to fix the red eye. You will
need to repeat this for each individual eye. Use caution when adjusting
the size of the circle. A circle too large that covers the skin may cause
discoloration when applying the red-eye reduction.

Adjust
Clicking Adjust will bring up a window that lets you edit a few things:
Level Similar to contrast
Exposure How bright the image is
Saturation How colorful the image is
Tint The overall color
Temperature Whether the image is warm (more yellow) or cool (more blue)
Shadows How dark the shadows are
To change these values, drag the sliders until you are satisfied with the
image. Click OK to apply the changes, Reset to undo the changes and start
over, or Cancel to discard the changes.
Auto-adjustment with Enhance
Click Enhance to let Shotwell Photo Manager automatically adjust the
color, levels, exposure, contrast, and temperature to create a more pleasing
image.
Reverting an edited photo to the original
When you edit a photo in Shotwell Photo Manager, your original image re-
mains untouched. You can undo all of the changes and revert to the original
version by right-clicking on the photo, then selecting Revert to Original.
This option is only available for edited photos.
Sharing your photos
You can easily share your photos on the web using Shotwell Photo Man-
agers’s Publish feature. Select the photos you want to share, then go to the
top menu and click File ‣ Publish. A new window will appear asking where
the photos are to be published. Choose Facebook, Flickr, or Picasa Web Al-
bums in the upper right-hand drop-down menu. Some services may require
you to authorize Shotwell Photo Manager before allowing the application to
publish photos. Follow the instructions in the window, select your desired
options, and click Publish to upload your images to the web.
Further information
We’ve only just touched on the features of Shotwell Photo Manager. To
get more help, select Help ‣ Contents. This will load the online manual,
where you can get more detailed instructions on how to use Shotwell Photo
Manager effectively.
Watching videos and movies
To watch videos or dvds in Ubuntu, you can use the Videos application. To
start Videos, click on the Dash, then search for “Videos” and select it. This
will open the “Videos” window.
Codecs
Watching dvds may require Ubuntu to install a coder-decoder (also known
as a “codec”), a piece of software allowing your computer to understand the
contents of the dvd and display the video.

Figure 3.21: Videos (Totem) plays music and
videos.
Legal Notice: Patent and copyright laws differ depending on which country you
are in. Please obtain legal advice if you are unsure whether a particular patent or
restriction applies to a media format you wish to use in your country.
So that you can play all videos and dvds, you will need to install codecs.
To install the codecs, open the Ubuntu Software Center either through the
Dash or the Launcher. When the “Ubuntu Software Center” window opens,
use the search box in the top right and search for the following:
‣ ubuntu-restricted-extras
‣ libdvdread4
‣ libdvdnav4
Double-click each item above and then click the Install button. This
may open an “Authenticate” window. If so, enter your password, then click
Authenticate to start the installation process.
Playing videos from file
Open the Movie menu, then select Open…. This will open the “Select
Movies or Playlists” window. Find the file or files that you want to play
and click on the Add button. The video or videos will start playing.
Playing a DVD
When you insert a dvd in the computer, Ubuntu should open the “You have
just inserted a Video dvd. Choose what application to launch” window.
Make sure that Open Movie Player is chosen in the drop-down list and
then click OK. The “Movie Player” window will open and the movie will
begin.
If the “Movie Player” window is already open, open the Movie menu,
then select Play Disc… and the movie will begin.
Listening to audio and music
Ubuntu comes with the Rhythmbox Music Player for listening to your
music, streaming Internet radio and managing playlists and podcasts.
Rhythmbox can also help you find and purchase music, along with man-
aging subscriptions to your favorite rss feeds.

Figure 3.22: Rhythmbox Music Player
Starting Rhythmbox
There are several ways to start Rhythmbox.
‣ Open the Dash, type Rhythmbox or Music and click on the Rhythmbox
Music Player icon.
‣ Ubuntu comes with an indicator menu in the top bar for sound-related
applications and devices. This indicator looks like a speaker. After you’ve
opened Rhythmbox the first time, a link to start Rhythmbox and basic
controls will be placed here.
If you close Rhythmbox by pressing Alt+F4 or clicking the red close button
( ), it will disappear from view but continue to play in the background.
You can still control your music or reopen from the sound indicator. To quit
Rhythmbox completely, press Ctrl+Q or choose Music ‣ Quit from the menu
bar.
Playing music
To play music, you must first import music into your library. Choose Mu-
sic ‣ Add Music… or press Ctrl+O on your keyboard to import a folder con-
taining audio files. You can use the dropdown box to select the folder where
your music resides or click the Other option to find an alternate folder.
The Rhythmbox toolbar contains most of the controls that you will use
for browsing and playing your music. If you want to play a song, double-
click a track; or click it and press the Play button on the toolbar, choose
Control ‣ Play from the menu bar, or press Ctrl+Space. When a song is
playing, the Play button will become a Pause button. Use this button, Con-
trol ‣ Play, or Ctrl+Space to toggle between playing and pausing the track.
Next and Previous buttons are next to the Play/Pause button. Click on
these buttons to play the next and previous songs in your library or playlist.
Rhythmbox also has options to toggle repeat mode (Repeat, Control ‣
Repeat or Ctrl+R) and shuffle mode (Shuffle, Control ‣ Shuffle or Ctrl+U).

Playing Audio CDs
To play your cd, insert it into your cd drive. It will automatically appear
within Rhythmbox in the Side Pane beneath your Music Library. You can
click the cd (named Audio cd, or the name of the album) and double-click a
track in it to play the tracks on the cd.
Importing (Ripping) Audio CDs
Begin by inserting a cd. Rhythmbox will automatically detect it and add it
to the side menu. If you have an active Internet connection, Rhythmbox will
try to find the album details via the web. Click the cd. Uncheck any tracks
you don’t want imported. Press the Extract button, located at the upper-left
corner of the right panel. Rhythmbox will begin importing the cd. As it
finishes each track, it will appear in your Music Library.
Listening to streaming audio
Rhythmbox is pre-configured to enable you to stream audio from various Streaming audio stations are “radio stations”
that broadcast over the Internet. Some of these
are real radio stations that also stream over the
Internet, and others broadcast only over the
Internet.
sources. These include Internet broadcast stations (Radio from the Side
Pane), Last.fm and Libre.fm. To listen to an Internet radio station, click on
the Radio icon in the Side Pane for a list of pre-configured stations. You can
filter by genre in the middle pane. To add a new radio station, select Add
and enter the radio station url. You can browse a selected list of radio stations
at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_
Internet_stations or you can use your browser
to search for “Internet radio stations.”Connect digital audio players
Rhythmbox can connect with many popular digital media players. Con-
nected players will appear in the Devices list. Features will vary depending
on the player (and often the player’s popularity), but common tasks like
transferring songs and playlists should be supported. If your device isn’t
show on the Devices list, try searching for it by clicking on the Music ‣
Check for New Devices.
Figure 3.23: Rhythmbox connected to an
Android device

Listen to shared music
If you are on the same network as other Rhythmbox users (or most other DAAP stands for “Digital Audio Access Proto-
col,” and is a method designed by Apple to let
software share media across a network.
music player software), you can share your music and listen to their shared
music. To do this, click Music ‣ Connect to DAAP Share… Then enter the
ip address and the port number. Click OK. Clicking a shared library will
enable you to browse and play songs from other computers.
Manage podcasts
Rhythmbox can manage all of your favorite podcasts. Select Podcasts from
the Side Pane to view all added podcasts. The toolbar will display additional
options to Browse, Show All, Add and Update. Choose Add on the toolbar
and enter the url of the podcasts to save it to Rhythmbox. Podcasts will be
automatically downloaded at regular intervals or you can manually update
feeds. Select an episode and click Play. You can also delete episodes.
Party mode
Rhythmbox comes with the option of a “party mode.” To enter party mode
press F11 on your keyboard or use the global menu bar (View ‣ Party
Mode); to exit from party mode press F11 again. Rhythmbox also has a
browser bar that is enabled by default (this area is the top-right half of the
program window). It gives you the option to search your music by artist or
album.
Rhythmbox preferences
The default configuration of Rhythmbox may not be exactly what you want.
Choose Edit ‣ Preferences to alter the application settings. The Preferences
tool is broken into four main areas: general, playback, music, and Podcasts.
General includes how you want Rhythmbox to display artist and track
information. You can adjust the columns visible in your library and how
the toolbar icons are displayed.
Playback options allow you to enable crossfading and the duration of the
fade between tracks.
Music includes where you would like to place your music files and the
library structure for new tracks added to Rhythmbox. You can also set
your preferred audio format.
Podcasts designates where podcasts are stored on your computer along
with the ability to change how often podcast information is updated.
Plugins
Rhythmbox supports a wide array of plugins, which add functionality to
Rhythmbox. Many of the plugins provide basic audio playback, and you
may check a few more boxes, for example, to access the Magnatune Store.
To view or change the activated plugins, use the global menu bar (Edit ‣
Plugins).
Managing your music
Rhythmbox supports creating playlists. Playlists either are static lists of
songs to be played in order, or can be smart playlists based on filter criteria.
Playlists contain references to songs in your library. They do not contain

the actual songs, but only reference them. So, if you remove a song from
a playlist (right-click on the song ‣ Remove from Playlist), the song will
remain in your library and on your hard drive.
To create a playlist, choose Music ‣ Playlist ‣ New Playlist, press Ctrl+N,
or right-click in the lower blank area of the side bar and select New Playlist.
It appears in the sidebar as “New Playlist.” Right-click and select Rename
to give the new playlist a name of your choosing. Drag songs from your
library to the new playlist in the side pane or right-click on songs and select
Add to Playlist and pick the playlist.
Smart Playlists are created in a similar way. Choose Music ‣ Playlist ‣
New Automatic Playlist or right-click in the lower blank area of the side
bar and select New Automatic Playlist. Define the filter criteria. You
can add multiple filter rules and select a name. Save. You can update any
playlist (including the predefined ones) by right-clicking on the name and
choosing Edit.
Rhythmbox supports song ratings. Right-click a song in your library ‣
Properties ‣ Details and click on the number of stars. To remove a rating,
select zero stars. Other song information such as Title, Artist and Album
can be changed. Right-click a song in your library ‣ Properties ‣ Basic.
To remove a song, right-click ‣ Remove. To delete a song from your hard
drive entirely, right-click ‣ Move to the Rubbish Bin. If you ever want to
move a song, highlight the song (or group of songs) from your library and
drag it to a folder or to your desktop. This will make a copy of the audio file
in the new location.
Audio codecs
Different audio files (mp3, wav, aac, ogg, etc.) require unique tools to de-
code them and play the contents. These tools are called codecs. Rhythmbox
attempts to detect any missing codecs on your system so you can play all of
your audio files. If a codec is missing, it automatically tries to find the codec
online and guides you through its installation.
Rhythmbox support
Rhythmbox is used by many users throughout the world. There are a vari-
ety of support resources available in many languages.
‣ Help ‣ Contents or F1 for the main help.
‣ Help ‣ Get Help Online to ask questions and report bugs.
‣ The Rhythmbox website at http://www.rhythmbox.org/.
‣ The Multimedia & Video category of Ubuntu Forums at http://ubuntuforums.
org/forumdisplay.php?f=334.
Burning CDs and DVDs
To create a cd or dvd, open the Dash and search for Brasero Disc Burner.
Once you find Brasero, double-click it. This opens the Brasero application.
The burning options appearing within Brasero are explained below.
Getting Started
Before you can use Brasero, you need to Create a new project. There are
three types of media projects available: Audio Project, Data Project, and

Figure 3.24: Brasero burns music, video, data
DVDs and CDs.
Video Project. There are also two utility projects available: Disc Copy and
Burn Image. Make your selection based on your requirements. At this current time, Brasero does not support
Blu-Ray.The following options apply for all projects except Disc Copy and Burn
Image.
Adding files to a project
To add files to the list, click the + button. This button will open the “Select
Files” window. Navigate to the file you want to add, click the desired file,
then click the Add button. Repeat this process for each file until all desired
files have been added.
Removing files
If you want to remove a file from the project, click the file in the list and
click on the - button. To remove all the files in the list click on the Broom
shaped button.
Saving a project
To save an unfinished project, choose Project ‣ Save. The “Save Current
Project” window will be opened. Choose where you would like to save the
project. In the Name: text field, enter a name for the project. Click the Save
button, and your unfinished project will be saved. When saving a project,
you are only saving the parameters of the project; you’ve burned nothing to
the disc at this time.
Burning the disc
When you click the Burn… button, you will see the “Properties of …” win-
dow.
You can specify the burning speed in the Burning speed drop-down. It is
best to choose the highest speed.
To burn your project directly to the disc, select the Burn the image
directly without saving it to disc option. With this option selected, no
image file is created, and no files are saved to the hard disk. All data is
saved to the blank cd or dvd. Note that Brasero only burns information

onto standard CDs and DVDs; Brasero does not burn data onto Blu-Ray
DVDs at this time.
The Simulate before burning option is useful if you encounter problems
burning discs. Selecting this option allows you to simulate the disc burning
process without actually writing data to a disc—a wasteful process if your
computer isn’t writing data correctly. If the simulation is successful, Brasero
will burn the disc after a ten second pause. During those ten seconds, you
have the option to cancel the burning process.
Blanking a disk
Some CDs and DVDs have an rw marking on them. rw simply indicates
the disc is Re-Writable, meaning the current data on the disc can be com-
pletely erased and new data can be written to it. To erase a disc, open the
Tools menu, then select Blank. The “Disc Blanking” window will be open.
In the Select a disc drop-down choose the disc that you would like to erase.
You can enable the Fast blank option if you would like to shorten the
amount of time to perform the blanking process. However, selecting this
option will not fully remove the files; if you have any sensitive data on your
disc, it would be best not to enable the Fast blank option.
Once the disc is erased (blank), you will see The disc was successfully
blanked. Click the Close button to finish.
Audio project
If you record your own music, then you may want to transfer this music
onto an audio cd so your friends and family can listen. You can start an
audio project by clicking Project ‣ New Project ‣ New Audio Project.
When burning a music cd, it is important to remember that commercial
music cds usually contains a two-second gap between the songs. To ensure
your music has this same gap between songs, click the file and then click
the pause button.
You can slice files into parts by clicking the Knife button. This opens a
“Split Track” window. The Method drop-down gives you four options; each
option lets you split the track in a different way. Once you have split the
track, click OK.
In the drop-down list at the bottom of the main “Brasero” window, make
sure that you have selected the disc where you want to burn the files. Then
click the Burn button.
Data project
If you want to make a back up of your documents or photos, it would
be best to make a data project. You can start a data project by clicking
Project ‣ New Project ‣ New Data Project.
If you want to add a folder, click the Folder picture, then enter the name
of the folder.
In the drop-down list at the bottom of the main “Brasero” window, be
sure to select the disc where you want to burn the files. Then click the Burn
button.
Video project
If you want to make a dvd of your family videos, it would be best to make a
video project.

You can start a video project by clicking Project ‣ New Project ‣ New
Video Project.
In the drop-down list at the bottom of the main “Brasero” window, be
sure to select the disc where you want to burn the files. Then click the Burn
button.
Disc copy
You can copy a disc by clicking Project ‣ New Project ‣ Disc copy. This
opens the “Copy cd/dvd” window.
If you have two cd/dvd drives, you can copy a disc from one to the
other, assuming the source disc is in one drive and the destination disc (with
blank media) is in the other drive. If you have only one drive you will need
to make an image and then burn it to a disc. In the Select disc to copy drop-
down choose the disc to copy. In the Select a disc to write to drop-down
either choose image file or the disc that you want to copy to.
Image file
You can make an image file of your data as well. An image is a single-file
representation of the contents of the disk. The file usually has an .iso or
.img extension. An image file is similar to a set of zipped files. Change
where the image file is saved by clicking Burn…. This shows the “Location
for Image File”. You can edit the name of the file in the Name: text field.
The default location to save the image file is your home folder, but you
can change the location by clicking the + button next to Browse for other
folders. Once you have chosen where you want to save the photo or image,
click Close.
Returning to the “Copy cd/dvd” window, click Create Image. Brasero
will open the “Creating Image” window and will display the job progress.
When the process is complete, click Close.
Burn image
To burn an image, open the Project ‣ New Project ‣ Burn Image. Brasero
will open the “Image Burning Setup” window. Click on the Click here to
select a disc image drop-down and the “Select Disc Image” window will
appear. Navigate your way to the image you wish to burn, click on it, and
then click Open.
In the Select a disc to write to drop-down menu, click on the disc to
which you’d like to write, then click Create Image.
Working with documents, spreadsheets, and presentations
LibreOffice Suite is the default office suite when working with documents,
spreadsheets, and slide presentations.
Working with documents
If you need to work with documents, you can use the LibreOffice Word Pro- The LibreOffice Word Processor is known as
LibreOffice Writer. LibreOffice Spreadsheet is
known as Calc, and LibreOffice Presentation is
known as Impress.
cessor. Writer has all the features you need from a modern, full-featured
word processing and desktop publishing tool including an in-built PDF
creator as well as the feature of saving documents under current formats
from .doc to .txt files. It’s simple enough for a quick memo, and yet pow-
erful enough to create complete books with contents, diagrams, indexes,

and more. You’re free to concentrate on your message, while Writer will
make it look great. To start the word processor, open the Dash and search
for LibreOffice Writer. Then select LibreOffice Writer.
Working with spreadsheets
If you need to work with spreadsheets, you can use LibreOffice Spreadsheet
(Calc). Calc is the spreadsheet program you’ve always needed. Newcomers
find it intuitive and easy to learn. Professional data miners and number
crunchers will appreciate the comprehensive range of advanced functions.
To start the spreadsheet application, open the Dash and search for LibreOf-
fice Calc. Then select LibreOffice Calc.
Working with presentations
If you need to work with slides for a presentation, you can use LibreOffice
Impress. Impress is a truly outstanding tool for creating effective multi-
media presentations. Your presentations can be enhanced with 2D and 3D
clip art, special effects and transition styles, animations, and high-impact
drawings. To start the presentation application, open the Dash and search
for LibreOffice Impress. Then select LibreOffice Impress.
Getting more help
Each of these applications come with a comprehensive set of help screens.
If you are looking for more assistance with these applications, press the F1
key after starting the application.

4 Hardware
Using your devices
Ubuntu supports a wide range of hardware, and support for new hardware
improves with every release.
Hardware identification
There are various ways to identify your hardware in Ubuntu. The easiest
would be to install an application from the Ubuntu Software Center, called
Sysinfo.
Firstly, open the “Ubuntu Software Center”, then use the search box in
the top right corner to search for sysinfo. Select the Application, click
Install. Enter your password when prompted, to install the application.
To run the application, search for Sysinfo at the Dash search bar. Click
on the program once you find it. The Sysinfo program will open a window
that displays information about the hardware in your system.
Displays
Hardware drivers
A driver is a piece of software which tells your computer how to communi-
cate with a piece of hardware. Every component in a computer requires a
driver to function, whether it’s the printer, dvd player, hard disk, or graph-
ics card.
The majority of graphics cards are manufactured by three well-known Your graphics card is the component in your
computer which outputs to the display.
Whether you are watching videos on YouTube,
viewing DVDs, or simply enjoying the smooth
transition effects when you maximize/minimize
your windows, your graphics device is doing the
hard work behind the scenes.
companies: Intel, amd/ati, and nvidia Corp. You can find your video card
manufacturer by referring to your computer’s manual, by looking for the
specifications of your computer’s model on the Internet, or by using the
command lspci in a terminal. The Ubuntu Software Center houses a num-
ber of applications that can tell you detailed system information. SysInfo is
one such program that you can use to find relevant information about your
System devices. Ubuntu comes with support for graphics devices manufac-
tured by the above companies, and many others, out of the box. That means
you don’t have to find and install any drivers yourself, Ubuntu takes care of
it all.
Keeping in line with Ubuntu’s philosophy, the drivers that are used by
default for powering graphics devices are open source. This means that the
drivers can be modified by the Ubuntu developers and problems with them
can be fixed. However, in some cases a proprietary driver (restricted driver)
provided by the company may provide better performance or features that
are not present in the open source driver. In other cases, your particular
device may not be supported by any open source drivers yet. In those
scenarios, you may want to install the restricted driver provided by the
manufacturer.
For both philosophical and practical reasons, Ubuntu does not install
restricted drivers by default but allows the user to make an informed choice.
Remember that restricted drivers, unlike the open source drivers for your
device, are not maintained by Ubuntu. Problems caused by those drivers

will be resolved only when the manufacturer wishes to address them. To
see if restricted drivers are available for your system, go to System Settings,
then open Software and Updates and go to the Additional Drivers tab. If
a driver is provided by the company for your particular device, it will be
listed there. You can simply click Activate to enable the driver. This process
requires an active Internet connection and it will ask for your password.
Once installation is complete you may have to reboot your computer to
finish activating the driver.
The Ubuntu developers prefer open source drivers because they allow Another useful resource is the official online
documentation (http://help.ubuntu.com), which
contains detailed information about various
graphics drivers and known problems. This
same documentation can be found by searching
for Help in the Dash search bar or by pressing
F1 on your keyboard.
any problem to be identified and fixed by anyone with knowledge within
the community. Ubuntu development is extremely fast and it is likely that
your device will be supported by open source drivers. You can use the
Ubuntu Live dvd to check your device’s compatibility with Ubuntu before
installing, or go online to the Ubuntu forums or to http://www.askubuntu.
com to ask about your particular device.
Setting up your screen resolution
One of the most common display related tasks is setting the correct screen
resolution for your desktop monitor or laptop.
Ubuntu correctly identifies your native screen resolution by itself and Displays are made up of thousands of tiny
pixels. Each pixel displays a different color,
and when combined they all display the image
that you see. The native screen resolution is a
measure of the amount of actual pixels on your
display.
sets it for you. However, due to a wide variety of devices available, some-
times it can’t properly identify your resolution.
To set or check your screen resolution, go to System Settings ‣ Displays.
The “Displays” window detects automatically the type of display and shows
your display’s name, size. The screen resolution and refresh rate is set to
the recommended value by Ubuntu. If the recommended settings are not to
your liking, you can change the same from the Resolution drop-down to
the resolution of your choice. Ubuntu 14.04 now includes HiDPI settings in
the System Settings Display module. You can now scale menu and title bars
according to your viewing needs.
Adding an extra display
Sometimes, you may want to add more than one display device to your
desktop, or may want to add an external monitor to your laptop. Doing
this is quite simple. Whether it’s an extra monitor, lcd tv, or a projector,
Ubuntu can handle it all. Ubuntu supports the addition of multiple displays
by default, which is as easy as plug and play.
Ubuntu recognizes almost all the latest monitors, tvs and projectors
by default. Sometimes it may happen that your additional display is not
detected when you connect it to the machine. To resolve this, go to Sys-
tem Settings ‣ Displays and click on Detect Displays. This will detect the
monitors connected to the machine. This menu can also be found from the
Power Off menu on the top panel. You can also search for Displays at the
Dash search bar.
Now, there are two modes which you can enable for your displays. One
option is to spread your desktop across two or more monitors. This is par-
ticularly useful if you are working on multiple projects and need to keep
an eye on each of them at the same time. You can configure the screen to
be on any side of your primary screen i.e. to your right, your left or on the
top(particularly nice if you are working on a large screen i.e. a big monitor
or a TV connected to your 12-13 inch laptop); just move the screen on the
Displays settings to the side of your choice.

hardware 77
The second option is to mirror the desktop onto each of the displays.
This is useful when you are using a laptop to display something on a larger
screen e.g. projector. To enable this option just check the box beside Mir-
ror displays and click Apply to save the settings. You will get a pop-up
notification asking if you want to keep the current setting or revert to the
previous setting. Click to keep the current setting. Starting from Ubuntu
12.04, you can also select whether you want the Unity Launcher in both the
displays or only in the primary display. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS inherited better
multi-monitor support for higher resolutions introduced in Ubuntu 13.04.
Connecting and using your printer
Ubuntu supports most new printers. You can add, remove, and change
printer properties by navigating to System Settings ‣ Printing. You can also
search for Printing from the Dash search bar. Opening Printing will display
the “Printing-localhost” window.
When you want to add a printer, you will need to make sure that it is
switched on, and plugged into your computer with a usb cable or connected
to your network.
Adding a local printer
If you have a printer that is connected to your computer with a usb cable
then this is termed a local printer. You can add a printer by clicking on the
Add Printer button.
In the left hand pane of the “New Printer” window any printers that you
can install will be listed. Select the printer that you would like to install and
click Forward.
You can now specify the printer name, description and location. Each of If your printer can automatically do double
sided printing, it will probably have a duplexer.
Please refer to the instructions that came with
the printer if you are unsure. If you do have a
duplexer, make sure the Duplexer Installed
option is checked and then click the Forward
button.
these should remind you of that particular printer so that you can choose
the right one to use when printing. Finally, click Apply.
Adding a network printer
Make sure that your printer is connected to your network either with an
Ethernet cable or via wireless and is turned on. You can add a printer by
clicking Add Printer. The “New Printer” window will open. Click the “+”
sign next to Network Printer.
If your printer is found automatically it will appear under Network
Printer. Click the printer name and then click Forward. In the text fields
you can now specify the printer name, description and location. Each of
these should remind you of that particular printer so that you can choose
the right one to use when printing. Finally click Apply.
You can also add your network printer by entering the ip address of the The default printer is the one that is automat-
ically selected when you print a file. To set a
printer as default, right-click the printer that
you want to set as default and then click Set As
Default.
printer. Select “Find Network Printer,” enter the ip address of the printer
in the box that reads Host: and press the Find button. Ubuntu will find the
printer and add it. Most printers are detected by Ubuntu automatically. If
Ubuntu cannot detect the printer automatically, it will ask you to enter the
make and model number of the printer.
Changing printer options
Printer options allow you to change the printing quality, paper size and
media type. They can be changed by right-clicking a printer and choosing

Properties. The “Printer Properties” window will show; in the left pane,
select Printer Options.
You can now specify settings by changing the drop-down entries. Some
of the options that you might see are explained.
Media size
This is the size of the paper that you put into your printer tray.
Media source
This is the tray that the paper comes from.
Color Model
This is very useful if you want to print in Grayscale to save on ink, or to
print in Color, or Inverted Grayscale.
Media type
Depending on the printer you can change between:
‣ Plain Paper
‣ Automatic
‣ Photo Paper
‣ Transparency Film
‣ cd or dvd Media
Print quality
This specifies how much ink is used when printing, Fast Draft using the
least ink and High-Resolution Photo using the most ink.
Sound
Ubuntu usually detects the audio hardware automatically during installa-
tion. Audio in Ubuntu is provided by a sound server named PulseAudio.
The audio preferences are easily configurable with the help of a very easy to
use gui which comes preinstalled with Ubuntu.
Volume indicator and sound preferences
A volume icon is present on the top panel which provides quick access to a
number of audio related functions. When you click on the volume icon you
are greeted with four options: A mute option at the very top, a slider button
which you can move horizontally to increase/decrease volume, a shortcut to
the default music player, Rhythmbox, and an option for accessing the Sound
Settings. Selecting Sound Settings opens up another window, which provides
access to options for changing input and output hardware preferences for
speakers, microphones and headphones. It also provides options for setting
the volume level for each application. Sound Settings can also be found
from System Settings. It is known as Sound.

hardware 79
Output The Output tab will have a list of all the sound cards available A microphone is used for making audio/video
calls which are supported by applications like
Skype or Empathy. It can also be used for sound
recording.
in your system. Usually there is only one listed; however, if you have a
graphics card which supports hdmi audio, it will also show up in the list.
The Output tab is used for configuring the output of audio. You can in- If you change your sound output device, it will
remain as default.crease/decrease and mute/unmute output volume and select your preferred
output device. If you have more than one output device, it will be listed in
the section which reads “Choose a device for sound output.” The default
output hardware, which is automatically detected by Ubuntu during instal-
lation will be selected. This section also allows you to change the balance
of sound on the left and right speakers of your desktop/laptop. A new op-
tion introduced in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS will allow you to increase the output
volume past 100. You need to check the box ”Allow louder than 100
Input The second tab is for configuring audio Input. You will be able to You should note that by default in any Ubuntu
installation, the input sound for mic is either
very low or muted. You will have to manually
increase the volume or unmute the input to
enable your microphone to record sound or use
it during audio/video calls.
use this section when you have an in-built microphone in your system or
if you’ve plugged in an external microphone. You can also add a Bluetooth
headset to your input devices which can serve as a microphone. You can
increase/decrease and mute/unmute input volume from this tab. If there is
more than one input device, you will see them listed in the white box which
reads Choose a device for sound input. If you run VoIP applications such as
Skype, you will find the microphone slider just below the volume slider in
the top panel sound menu during a voice or video call. By default, the volume in Ubuntu is set to
maximum during installation.
Sound Effects The third tab is Sound Effects. You can enable, disable, or You can add new sound themes by installing
them from Software Center (e.g., Ubuntu
Studio’s GNOME audio theme.) You will get the
installed sound themes from the drop-down
menu. You can also enable window and button
sounds.
change the existing sound theme from this section. You can also change the
alert sounds for different events.
Applications The Applications tab is for changing the volume for running
applications. This comes in handy if you have multiple audio applications
running, for example, if you have Rhythmbox, Totem Movie Player and a
web-based video playing at the same time. In this situation, you will be able
to increase/decrease, mute/unmute volume for each application from this
tab.
More functionality
The icon can control various aspects of the system, application volume
and music players like Rhythmbox, Banshee, Clementine and Spotify. The
volume indicator icon can now be easily referred to as the sound menu,
given the diverse functionality of the icon. Media controls available include You can start and control the default music
player, Rhythmbox, by simply left clicking on
the sound menu and selecting Rhythmbox from
the list. Clicking the play button also starts the
player.
play/pause, previous track, and next track. You can also switch between
different playlists from the Choose Playlist option. If the current playing
song has album art, it will show up beside the name of the current track,
otherwise you will see only the details of the song. It displays the track
name, the artist name and the album name of the current track.
Using a webcam
Webcams often come built into laptops and netbooks. Some desktops, such
as Apple iMacs, have webcams built into their displays. If you purchase a
webcam because your computer doesn’t have its own, it will most likely
have a usb connection. To use a usb webcam, plug it into any empty usb
port of your desktop.

Almost all new webcams are detected by Ubuntu automatically. You can There are several applications which are useful
if you have a webcam. Cheese can capture
pictures with your webcam and VLC media
player can capture video from your webcam.
You can install these from the Ubuntu Software
Center.
configure webcams for individual applications such as Skype and Empathy
from the application’s setup menu. For webcams which do not work right
away with Ubuntu, visit https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Webcam for help.
Scanning text and images
Scanning a document or an image is very simple in Ubuntu. Scanning is
handled by the application Simple Scan. Most of the time, Ubuntu will
simply detect your scanner and you should just be able to use it. To scan a
document, follow these steps:
1. Place what you want to scan on the scanner.
2. Click to open the Dash and enter scan.
3. Click on Simple Scan.
4. Click to choose between Text or Photo from Document ‣ Scan ‣ Text.
5. Click Scan.
6. Click the Paper Icon to add another page.
7. Click Save to save.
You can save the scanned documents and pictures in jpeg. You can also
save in pdf format to enable opening in Acrobat Reader. To do that, add the
extension .pdf at the end of the filename.
Troubleshooting your scanner
If your scanner is not detected, Ubuntu may give you a “No devices avail-
able” message when trying to scan. There may be a reason why Ubuntu
cannot find your scanner.
‣ Simply unplug the scanner and plug it back in. If it is a newer usb scan-
ner, it is likely that it will just work.
‣ The driver for your scanner is not being automatically loaded. Restart
your system. It might help!
‣ Your scanner is not supported in Ubuntu. The most common type
of scanner not supported is old parallel port or Lexmark All-in-One
printer/scanner/faxes.
‣ sane project listing of supported scanners. The sane (Scanner Access
Now Easy) project provides most of the back-ends to the scanning soft-
ware on Ubuntu.
‣ Check https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupportComponentsScanners
to find out which scanners work with Ubuntu.
Keyboard and mouse
The keyboard and mouse are essential input devices for a large number
of computer users today. There are many different makes and models of
keyboards and mice, including lots of keyboards with support for different
languages.
In this section we will look at the different settings for your keyboard
and mouse. This will be of great use to international users.
Keyboard
The keyboard is likely to be one of the main ways that you interact with
your computer. Unfortunately not all keyboards are uniform in design;

hardware 81
they can differ by country, by language or appearance. In Ubuntu 14.04, the
default language set for the keyboard now appears as an applet menu right
next to the Network Manager icon. Clicking on the keyboard applet menu
will show you what is the default language set for the keyboard and also
enable you to access three options: 1. Character Map 2. Keyboard Layout
3. Text Entry Settings.
Figure 4.1: Keyboard applet menu.
Mouse and Touchpad
A mouse is another mode of input and goes hand in hand with the key-
board. Ubuntu supports all types of plug and play mice, including touch-
pads and trackballs. If you are planning to use a mouse with your laptop,
just plug it in and Ubuntu will recognize it instantly.
There is a settings menu under System Settings ‣ Mouse and Touch-
pad where you can change the mouse settings such as double-click speed,
pointer speed, drag and drop threshold and left handed or right handed
clicks. If you are using touchpad on your laptop/netbook you can also in-
crease the sensitivity of your touchpad. You can also enable horizontal, edge
scrolling and two finger scrolling on your laptop/netbook.
Multitouch and gesture support
Ubuntu has full support for multitouch gestures. This means that anyone
with a touch-enabled device or interface can use the multitouch features.
Once triggered, resizing and moving windows in touch-friendly devices can
be done using three fingered tap on an application window.
Ubuntu also supports two-finger scrolling similar to Apple os x laptops
and desktops. This setting can be enabled from System Setting ‣ Mouse
and Touchpad ‣ Touchpad. Select “Two-finger scrolling” from the Scrolling
options. You can also search for Mouse and Touchpad from the Dash search
bar and enable the option. Please note that enabling two finger scrolling
will disable edge scrolling.
Other devices
USB
usb ports are available as standard on almost all computers available now.
They are used to connect a multitude of devices to your computer. These
could include portable hard drives, flash drives, removable cd/dvd/Blu-ray
drives, printers, scanners and mobile phones.
When connected, flash drives and portable hard drives are automatically
detected—the file manager will open and display the contents of the drive.
You can then use the drives for copying data to and from the computer.
All new cameras, camcorders and mobile phone sd cards are automati-
cally detected by Ubuntu. These sd cards have different types of data, so a
window will appear with a drop-down menu to choose between video, au-
dio import and the file manager—you can choose your desired action from
this menu.
Firewire
Firewire is a connection on some computers that allows you to transfer data Firewire is officially known as IEEE 1394. It
is also known as the Sony i.LINK and Texas
Instruments Lynx.
from devices. This port is generally used by camcorders and digital cameras.

If you want to import video from your camcorder you can do so by
connecting your camcorder to the Firewire port. You will need to install a To find out more about Kino, visit http://www.
kinodv.org/.program called Kino which is available in the Ubuntu Software Center.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that is widely used by different types of
devices to connect to each other. It is common to see a mouse or a keyboard
that supports Bluetooth. You can also find gps devices, mobile phones,
headsets, music players and many other devices that can connect to your
desktops or laptop and let you transfer data, listen to music, or play games
as an example.
If your computer has Bluetooth support then you should be able to see
a Bluetooth icon on the top panel, usually on the left side of the volume
icon. If you click on the Bluetooth icon it will open a drop down menu with
choices to Turn on/off Bluetooth, to Turn on/off visibility of the device,
setup a access to a Bluetooth device and also access Bluetooth settings.
Figure 4.2: The Bluetooth applet menu.
The Bluetooth preferences can also be accessed from System Settings ‣
Bluetooth. If you want to connect(pair) a new device—for example, to have
a mobile phone send pictures or videos to your computer—click on the
Bluetooth icon on the top panel and select Setup new device….
Ubuntu will open a window for new device setup. When you click For-
ward, Ubuntu will show you how many Bluetooth devices are present near
your computer. The list of available devices might take a minute or so to
appear on the screen as your system scans for these devices. Each device
will be displayed as soon as it is found by Ubuntu. Once a device you’d like
to connect with appears in the list, click on it. Then, choose a pin number
by selecting PIN options.
Three predefined pin numbers are available, but you can also create a When you pair two Bluetooth devices, you are
letting each device trust the other one. After
you pair two devices, they will automatically
connect to each other in the future without
requiring a PIN.
custom pin. You will need to enter this pin on the device you will be pairing
with Ubuntu.
Once the device has been paired, Ubuntu will open the “Setup com-
pleted” window. In Ubuntu, your computer is hidden by default for security
reasons. This means that your Ubuntu system can search other Bluetooth
devices, but others cannot find your Ubuntu system when they perform a
search on their own computer. If you would like to let another device find
your computer, you will have to explicitly allow your computer to be found.
To allow your computer to be found by other bluetooth devices, turn ’on’
the “Visibility of yourcomputername” from System Settings ‣ Bluetooth. You
can also click on the Bluetooth icon and click on Visible to turn on visibility
which will make your computer discoverable.
You can also add a fancy name for your Bluetooth-enabled Ubuntu sys-
tem by changing the text under Friendly Name.
Another feature present in the Bluetooth icon menu is “Send files to Android devices need to be paired at all times,
even while transferring files.device.” Use this option to send a file to a mobile phone without pairing
with the computer.

5 Software Management
Software management in Ubuntu
Installing software in Ubuntu extends the functionality and usability of this
operating system. This chapter describes the way Ubuntu manages software
installation and how it keeps all software current.
Package management system
Ubuntu and various other Linux variants use a collection of software tools
called a package management system, or package manager. A package man-
ager is a collection of tools that make installing, deleting, upgrading, and
configuring software easy. A package management system has a database
of software called a repository where individual software is arranged into
a collection called a packages. These packages, apart from the software,
contain important information about the software itself, such as the soft-
ware’s name, description, version, name of the vendor, and a list of various
dependencies upon which the software relies for proper installation.
Most other operating systems require a user to purchase commercial
software (online or through a physical store) or search the Internet for
a free alternative (if one is available). The correct installation file must
then be verified for integrity, downloaded, and located on the computer,
followed by the user proceeding through a number of installation prompts
and options. A package management system removes the user interaction
from these steps and automates most, if not all, of the installation process.
Ubuntu comes with a package management system called Advanced
Packaging Tool or apt.
As discussed in Chapter 3: Working with Ubuntu, Ubuntu offers a wide
range of applications for your daily work. Ubuntu comes with a basic set
of applications for common tasks, like surfing the Internet, checking email,
listening to music, and organizing photos and videos. At times, you may
need an extra level of specialization. For example, you may want to retouch
your photos, run software for your business, or play new games. In each of
these cases, you can search for an application, install it, and use it—usually
with no extra cost.
Figure 5.1: Software Center icon
By default, Ubuntu provides a centralized point with two different ways
to browse the repositories for searching, installing, and removing software.
‣ Ubuntu Software Center
‣ Command line apt-get
Ubuntu Software Center makes searching, installing, and/or removing
applications easy and convenient; it is most often the application manage-
ment system used by both beginning and expert Ubuntu users. We highly
recommend the Ubuntu Software Center for searching, installing, and
removing applications, although you can still use the command-line appli-
cation apt-get or install and use the advanced application Synaptic Package
Manager. Since software in Ubuntu is delivered in the form of packages,
software installation becomes a one-click, one-step process when using the
Ubuntu Software Center.

Using the Ubuntu Software Center
There are numerous ways to install software on an operating system. In
Ubuntu, the quickest and easiest way to find and install new applications
is through the Ubuntu Software Center. The software centre is your very
own store-front and gives you instant access to thousands of great applica-
tions. Some of these applications are free to download whereas others are
available commercially. Each application within the software centre comes
with ratings and reviews making it easier for you to decide which of the
applications you want to install.
To start the application, click on the Dash and search for Ubuntu Soft-
ware Center.
Figure 5.2: You can install and remove applica-
tions from your computer using the Software
Center.
The Ubuntu Software Center can be used to install applications available
in the official Ubuntu repositories. The Ubuntu Software Center window has
four sections—a list of categories on the left, a banner at the top, a “What’s
New” panel below the top banner, then a “Recommended For You” panel,
and finally a “Top Rated” panel at the bottom. Clicking on a category will
take you to a list of related applications. For example, the Internet category
contains the Firefox web browser application.
The featured areas highlight “What’s New” and “Top Rated” software.
Each area shows different application icons. Just click an icon to get more
information on the application or to install it. To see all software contained
in the area, click the More button in the upper-right corner of each panel.
The three sections at the top represent your current view of the Software
Center’s catalog. Click the All Software button to see all installable soft-
ware, click the Installed button to see a list of software already installed on
your computer, and click History to see previous installations and deletions
organized by date.
Find your application
The Ubuntu Software Center displays different sources in the “All Software”
section. Clicking the arrow next to “All Software” will show a list of in-
dividual sections. Selecting “Provided by Ubuntu” will show free, official

software management 85
software. “For Purchase” will show software available to buy, and “Canoni-
cal Partners” will show software from partners of Canonical, such as Adobe.
If you are looking for an application, you may already know its specific
name (for example, vlc Media Player), or you may just have a general
category in mind (for example, the Sound and Video category includes a
number of different software applications, such as video converters, audio
editors, and music players).
To help you find the right application, you can browse the Software Cen-
ter catalog by clicking on the category reflecting the type of software you
seek. When you select a category, you will be shown a list of applications.
Some categories have sub-categories—for example, the Games category has
subcategories for Simulation and Card Games. To move through categories,
use the back and forward buttons at the top of the window.
As you view a category of software, you’ll notice a search box in the
upper-right corner of the window. This search box can be used for specific
names or keyword searches within this category.
Figure 5.3: Searching for an application in the
Installing software
Once you have found an application you would like to try, installing it is
just one click away.
To install software:
1. Click the Install button to the right of the selected package. If you would
like to read more about the software package before installing it, first
click on More Info button just below the selected software. This will take
you to a short description of the application as well as a screenshot and
a web link when available. Related add-ons will be listed below the ap-
plication’s description. You can click Install from this screen as well. You
must be connected to the Internet in order to install software through the
Ubuntu Software Center. To learn how to set up your Internet connec-
tion, see Getting online.
2. After clicking Install, enter your password into the authentication win-
dow. This is the same password you use to log in to your account. You
are required to enter your password whenever installing or removing

software in order to prevent someone without administrator access from
making unauthorized changes to your computer. If you receive an Au-
thentication Failure message after typing in your password, check that
you typed it correctly and try again.
Figure 5.4: Here, clicking on “Install” will
download and install the package “Stellarium.”
3. Wait until the package is finished installing. During the installation
(or removal) of programs, you will see an animated icon of rotating
arrows to the right of the History button at the top of the screen. This
animated icon is labelled Progress. If you like, you can go back to the
main browsing window and choose additional software packages to be
installed by following the steps above. At any time, clicking the Progress
button on the top will take you to a summary of all operations that are
currently processing. You can also click the X to cancel any operation
listed.
Once the Software Center has finished installing an application, it is
ready to be used. You can start the newly installed application by going to
the Dash and typing the name of the application in the search bar.
Removing software
Removing applications is very similar to installing software. First, find the
installed software in the Ubuntu Software Center. You can click on the
Installed button to see all installed software listed by categories. Scroll
down to the application you wish to remove. If you click on the arrow next
to the Installed button, you will find a list of software providers, which can
help you narrow your search. You can also enter keywords into the Search
field to quickly find installed software, or you can search by date in the
History tab (more on History below).
To remove software:
1. Click the Remove button to the right of the selected application.
2. Enter your password into the authentication window. Similar to in-
stalling software, removing software requires your password to help
protect your computer against unauthorized changes. The package will
then be queued for removal and will appear under the progress section at
the top.

Figure 5.5: Here, clicking on “Remove” will
remove the package “SuperTux.”
Removing a package will also update your menus accordingly.
Software history
The Ubuntu Software Center keeps track of past software management in
the History section. This is useful if you wish to reinstall an application
previously removed and do not remember the application’s name.
There are four buttons in the history section—All Changes, Installations,
Updates, and Removals. If you click the arrow next to a day, a list of indi-
vidual packages will be shown, along with what was done with them and at
what time.
Software Recommendations
The Ubuntu Software Center recommends software based on the software
already installed on your systems. When you enable recommendations,
a list of locally installed software will be periodically sent to servers of
Canonical. Recommendations will appear in the same panel. If you want to
disable these recommendations, go to View ‣ Turn Off Recommendations.
Figure 5.6: You can turn on Software Rec-
ommendations via clicking on the Turn On
Recommendations button.
Figure 5.7: The “People Also Installed” section
shows applications installed by users who also
installed the application which you are about to
install.
Managing additional software
Although the Ubuntu Software Center provides a large library of appli-
cations from which to choose, only those packages available within the

official Ubuntu repositories are listed. At times, you may be interested in
a particular application not available in these repositories. It is important
to understand alternative methods for accessing and installing software in
Ubuntu, such as downloading an installation file manually from the Inter-
net, or adding extra repositories. First, we will look at how to manage your
repositories through Software & Updates.
Software Sources
The Ubuntu Software Center lists only those applications that are available
in your enabled repositories. Repositories can be added or removed through
the Software & Updates application. You can open Software & Updates from
the Ubuntu Software Center. Simply go to Edit ‣ Software Sources… or open
the hud (left Alt key) and search for “sources.”
Figure 5.8: The Software & Updates program
enables you to add, remove and manage
package repositories.
Managing the official repositories
When you open Software & Updates, you will see the Ubuntu Software tab
where the first four options are enabled by default.
Canonical-supported free and open-source software (main) This repository
contains all the open-source packages maintained by Canonical.
Community-maintained free and open-source software (universe) This reposi-
tory contains all the open-source packages developed and maintained by
the Ubuntu community.
Proprietary drivers for devices (restricted) This repository contains propri-
etary drivers which may be required to utilize the full capabilities of
some of your devices or hardware.
Software restricted by copyright or legal issues (multiverse) This repository
contains software possibly protected from use in some states or countries
by copyright or licensing laws. By using this repository, you assume
responsibility for the usage of any packages that you install.
Source code This repository contains the source code used to build software
packages from some of the other repositories. Building applications from
source is an advanced process for creating packages, and usually only
concerns developers. The Source code option should not be selected
unless you have experience with building applications from source.

Figure 5.9: Drivers can be installed or removed
via the Additional Drivers application.
Selecting the best software server
To distribute applications and software, Ubuntu grants permission to many
servers all across the world to act as official mirrors to host an exact copy of
all the files contained in the official Ubuntu repositories.
When selecting a server, you may want to consider the following:
Distance to server. This will affect the speed you can achieve with the file
server—the closer the server to your location, the faster the potential
connection.
Internet Service Provider. Some Internet service providers offer low-cost or
unlimited free downloads from their own servers.
Quality of server. Some servers may only offer downloads at a capped
speed, limiting the rate at which you can install and update software on
your computer.
Ubuntu will automatically choose an appropriate server while installing.
It is recommended these settings not be changed unless your physical loca-
tion significantly changes or if you feel a higher speed should be achieved
by your Internet connection. The guide below will help in choosing an
optimal server.
Ubuntu provides a tool for selecting the server that provides the fastest
connection with your computer.
Figure 5.10: You can use automatic selection or
choose a server manually.
1. Click the dropdown box next to “Download from:” in the Software &
Updates window.
2. Select “Other…” from the list.
3. In the “Choose a Download Server” window, click the Select Best Server
button in the upper-right. Your computer will now attempt a connection
with all the available servers, then select the one with the fastest speed.

If you are happy with the automatic selection, click Choose Server to
return to the Software & Updates window.
If you are not happy with the automatic selection or prefer not to use
the tool, the fastest server is often the closest server to you geographically.
In this case, simply choose “Other” then find the nearest location to your
location. When you are happy with the selection, click Choose Server to
return to the Software & Updates window.
If you do not have a working Internet connection, updates and programs
can be installed from the installation media itself by inserting your media
and clicking the box under “Installable from cd-rom/dvd.” Once this box
is checked, the media within the cd-rom/dvd drive will function as an
online repository, and the software on the media will be installable from the
Adding more software repositories
Ubuntu makes it easy to add additional third-party repositories to your list
of software sources. The most common repositories added to Ubuntu are
called ppas. A ppa is a Personal Package Archive. These are online reposito-
ries used to host the latest versions of software packages, digital projects,
and other applications. ppas allow you to install software packages that are
not available in the official repositories. ppas also allow you to automati-
cally be notified whenever updates for these packages are available.
If you know the web address of a ppa’s Launchpad site, adding it to your
list of software sources is relatively simple. To do so, you will need to use
the Other Software tab in the “Software & Updates” window.
On the Launchpad site for a ppa, you will see a heading to the left called
“Adding this PPA to your system.” Underneath will be a short paragraph
containing a unique url in the form of ppa:test-ppa/example. Highlight this
url by selecting it with your mouse, then right-click and select Copy.
Figure 5.11: This is an example of the Launch-
pad page for the Ubuntu Tweak PPA. Ubuntu
Tweak is an application that is not available
in the official Ubuntu repositories. However,
by adding this PPA to your list of software
sources, it will be easy to install and update this
application through the Software Center.
Return to the “Software & Updates” window, and in the Other Software
tab, click Add… at the bottom. A new window will appear, and you will
see the words “Apt line:” followed by a text field. Right-click on the empty

space in this text field and select Paste. You should see appear the url you
copied from the ppa’s Launchpad site earlier. Click Add Source to return
to the “Software & Updates” window. You will see a new entry has been
added to the list of sources in this window with a selected check box in
front (meaning it is enabled).
If you click Close in the bottom right corner of this window, a message
will appear informing you that “The information about available software
is out-of-date.” This is because you have just added a new repository to
Ubuntu, and it now needs to connect to that repository and download a list
of the packages it provides. Click Reload, and wait while Ubuntu refreshes
all of your enabled repositories (including this new one you just added).
When it has finished, the window will close automatically.
Congratulations, you have just added a ppa to your list of software
sources. You can now open the Ubuntu Software Center and install appli-
cations from this ppa in the same way you previously installed applications
from the default Ubuntu repositories.
Manual software installation
Although Ubuntu has extensive software available, you may want to man-
ually install a software package not available in the repositories. If no ppa
exists for the software, you will need to install it manually. Before you
choose to do so, make sure you trust the package and its maintainer.
Packages in Ubuntu have a .deb extension. Double-clicking a package
will open an overview page in the Ubuntu Software Center which will give
you more information about that package.
The overview provides technical information about that package, a
website link (if applicable), and the option to install. Clicking Install will
install the package just like any other installation in the Ubuntu Software
Center.
Figure 5.12: Installing .deb files manually using
software center.

Updates and upgrades
Ubuntu also allows you to decide how to manage package updates through
the Updates tab in the Software & Updates window.
Ubuntu updates
In this section, you are able to specify the kinds of updates you wish to
install on your system. The type of update usually depends upon your
preferences with regards to system stability versus having access to the
latest developments.
Figure 5.13: You can update installed software
by using the Software Updater application in
Ubuntu.
Important security updates (trusty-security) These updates are highly rec-
ommended to ensure your system remains as secure as possible. These
updates are enabled by default.
Recommended updates (trusty-updates) These updates are not as important
in keeping your system secure. Rather, updates listed in this section will
keep your software updated with the most recent bug fixes or minor
updates that have been tested and approved. This option is also enabled
by default.
Pre-released updates (trusty-proposed) This option is for those who would
rather remain up-to-date with the very latest releases of applications
at the risk of installing an update that has unresolved bugs or conflicts.
Note that it is possible you will encounter problems with these updated
applications, therefore, this option is not enabled by default.
Unsupported updates (trusty-backports) These are updates that have not
yet been fully tested and reviewed by Canonical. Some bugs may occur
when using these updates, and so this option is also not enabled by
default.
Automatic updates
The middle section of this window allows you to customize how your sys-
tem manages updates, such as the frequency with which it checks for new
packages, as well as whether it should install important updates right away
(without asking for your permission), download them only, or just notify
you about them.

Release upgrade
At the bottom of the Updates tab in the Software & Updates window, you
will see a dropdown box labeled Notify me of a new Ubuntu version:. This
option allows you to tell Ubuntu how you would like to handle release
updates. This dropdown box contains the following options for notification:
Never Choose this option if you would rather not be notified about any
new Ubuntu releases.
For any new version Choose this option if you always want to have the
latest Ubuntu release, regardless of whether it is a long-term support
release or not. This option is recommended for normal home users.
For long-term support versions Choose this option if you need a release
that will be more stable and have support for a longer time. If you use
Ubuntu for business purposes, you may want to consider selecting this
option.
Canonical will release a new version of the Ubuntu operating system ev-
ery six months. Almost every release is a normal release. However, every
fourth release—or every 2 years—Canonical releases a long-term support
(lts) version of the operating system. Long-term support releases are
intended to be the most stable releases available and are supported for a
longer period of time. Ubuntu 14.04 is an LTS release. Ubuntu 14.10 will
be a normal release.

6 Advanced Topics
Ubuntu for advanced users
To this point, we’ve provided detailed instructions on getting the most from
Ubuntu’s basic features. In this chapter, we’ll detail some of Ubuntu’s more
advanced features—like the terminal, a powerful utility that can help you
accomplish tasks without the need for a graphical user interface (gui). We’ll
also discuss some advanced security measures you can implement to make
your computer even safer.
This chapter has been written with advanced users in mind. If you’re
new to Ubuntu, don’t feel as though you’ll need to master these topics to
get the most out of your new software (you can easily skip to the next chap-
ter without any adverse impact to your experience with Ubuntu). However,
if you’re looking to expand your knowledge of Ubuntu, we encourage you
to keep reading.
Introduction to the terminal
Throughout this manual, we have focused primarily on the GUI. In order
to fully realize the power of Ubuntu, you will need to learn how to use the
terminal.
What is the terminal?
Most operating systems, including Ubuntu, have two types of user inter-
faces. The first is a GUI. This is the desktop, windows, menus, and toolbars
you click to get things done. The second, much older type of interface is the
command-line interface (cli).
The terminal is Ubuntu’s CLI. It is a method of controlling some aspects
of Ubuntu using only commands that you type on the keyboard.
Why would I want to use the terminal?
You can perform most day-to-day activities without ever needing to open
the terminal. However, the terminal is a powerful and invaluable tool that
can be used to perform many useful tasks you might not be able to accom-
plish with a gui. For example:
‣ Troubleshooting any difficulties that may arise when using Ubuntu
sometimes requires you to use the terminal.
‣ A command-line interface is sometimes a faster way to accomplish a
task. For example, it is often easier to perform operations on many files
concurrently using the terminal.
‣ Learning the command-line interface is the first step towards more
advanced troubleshooting, system administration, and software develop-
ment skills. If you are interested in becoming a developer or an advanced
Ubuntu user, knowledge of the command-line is essential.

Opening the terminal
You can open the terminal by clicking Dash then searching for word “term”.
You’ll see an application named terminal. Click on this application to open
a terminal. Alternatively, you can open the terminal by hitting Ctrl+Alt+T
simultaneously.
The terminal gives you access to what is called a shell. When you type
a command in the terminal, the shell interprets this command, resulting in
the desired action. Different types of shells accept slightly different com-
mands. The most popular is called “bash,” and is the default shell in Ubuntu.
When the terminal window opens, it will be largely blank with the excep-
tion of some text at the top left of the screen, followed by a blinking block,
known as a cursor. This text is your prompt—it displays, by default, your
login name and your computer’s name, followed by the current directory.
The tilde (~) means that the current directory is your home directory. Fi-
nally, the blinking block is called the cursor—this marks where text will be
entered as you type.
To test a terminal command, type pwd and press Enter. The terminal
should display /home/yourusername. This text is called the “output.” You
have just used the pwd (print working directory) command, which outputs
(displays) the current directory.
Figure 6.1: The default terminal window allows
you to run hundreds of useful commands.
All commands in the terminal follow the same approach: Type a com-
mand, possibly followed by some parameters, and press Enter to perform
the specified action. Parameters (also called switches) are extra segments
of text, usually added at the end of a command, that change how the com-
mand itself is interpreted. These usually take the form of -h or --help, for
example. In fact, --help can be added to most commands to display a short
description of the command, as well as a list of any other parameters that
can be used with that command.
Often, some type of output will be displayed confirming the action was
completed successfully, although this can depend on the command being
executed. For example, using the cd command to change your current direc-
tory (see above) will change the prompt but will not display any output.
The rest of this chapter covers some very common uses of the termi-
nal. Throughout the second part of this manual, we will continue to refer
to the command line, particularly when discussing steps involved in trou-
bleshooting as well as when describing more advanced management of your
computer.

advanced topics 97
Ubuntu file system structure
Ubuntu uses the Linux file system, which is based on a series of folders
in the root directory. These folders contain important system files that
cannot be modified unless you are running as the root user or use sudo. This
restriction exists for both security and safety reasons; computer viruses will
not be able to change the core system files, and ordinary users should not
be able to accidentally damage anything vital.
Figure 6.2: Some of the most important
directories in the root file system.
We begin our discussion of the Ubuntu file system structure at the top
—also known as the root directory—as denoted by /. The root directory
contains all other directories and files on your system. Below the root
directory are the following essential directories:
/bin and /sbin Many essential system applications (equivalent to C:Windows).
/etc System-wide configuration files.
/home Each user will have a subdirectory to store personal files (for
example, /home/yourusername) which is equivalent to C:Users or
C:Documents and Settings in Microsoft Windows.
/lib Library files, similar to .dll files on Windows.
/media Removable media (cd-roms and usb drives) will be mounted in this
directory.
/root This contains the root user’s files (not to be confused with the root
directory).
/usr Pronounced “user,” it contains most program files (not to be con-
fused with each user’s home directory). This is equivalent to C:Program
Files in Microsoft Windows.
/var/log Contains log files written by many applications.
Every directory has a path. The path is a directory’s full name—it de-
scribes a way to navigate the directory from anywhere in the system.
For example, the directory /home/yourusername/Desktop contains all the
files that are on your Ubuntu desktop. It can be broken down into a handful
of key pieces:
‣ /—indicates that the path starts at the root directory
‣ home/—from the root directory, the path goes into the home directory
‣ yourusername/—from the home directory, the path goes into the you-
rusername directory
‣ Desktop—from the yourusername directory, the path ends up in the
Desktop directory

Every directory in Ubuntu has a complete path that starts with the / (the
root directory) and ends in the directory’s own name.
Directories and files that begin with a period are hidden. These are usu-
ally only visible with a special command or by selecting a specific option.
In the Files file manager, you can show hidden files and directories by
selecting the View Options button located in the upper-right of the win-
dow. This will show a dropdown list of options. Select Show Hidden Files.
Hidden files can also be shown by simply pressing Ctrl+H in the Files file
manager. If you are using the terminal, then you would type ls -a and
press Enter to see the hidden files and directories. There are many hidden
directories in your home folder used to store program preferences. For ex-
ample, /home/yourusername/.thunderbird stores preferences used by the
Thunderbird mail application.
Mounting and unmounting removable devices
Any time you add storage media to your computer—an internal or external
hard drive, a usb flash drive, a cd-rom—it needs to be mounted before it is
accessible. Mounting a device means to associate a directory name with the
device, allowing you to navigate to the directory to access the device’s files.
When a device, such as a usb flash drive or a media player, is mounted in
Ubuntu, a folder is automatically created for it in the media directory, and
you are given the appropriate permissions to be able to read and write to
the device.
Most file managers will automatically add a shortcut to the mounted
device in the side bar of your home folder or as a shortcut directly on the
desktop so that the device is easily accessible. You shouldn’t have to physi-
cally navigate to the media directory in Ubuntu unless you choose to do so
from the command line.
When you’ve finished using a device, you can unmount it. Unmounting a
device disassociates the device from its directory, allowing you to eject it. If
you disconnect or remove a storage device before unmounting it, you may
lose data.
Securing Ubuntu
Now that you know a bit more about using the command line, we can use it
to make your computer more secure. The following sections discuss various
security concepts, along with procedures for keeping your Ubuntu running
smoothly, safely, and securely.
Why Ubuntu is safe
Ubuntu is secure by default for a number of reasons:
‣ Ubuntu clearly distinguishes between normal users and administrative
users.
‣ Software for Ubuntu is kept in a secure online repository containing no
false or malicious software.
‣ Open-source software like Ubuntu allows security flaws to be easily
detected.
‣ Security patches for open-source software like Ubuntu are often released
quickly.

advanced topics 99
‣ Many viruses designed to primarily target Windows-based systems do
not affect Ubuntu systems.
Just because Ubuntu implements strong security model by default doesn’t
mean the user can “throw caution to the wind.” Care should always be
taken when downloading files, opening email, and browsing the Internet.
Using a good antivirus program is warranted as well.
Basic security concepts
The following sections discuss basic security concepts—like file permissions,
passwords, and user accounts. Understanding these concepts will help you
in securing your computer.
Permissions
In Ubuntu, files and folders can be set up so that only specific users can
view, modify, or run them. For instance, you might wish to share an impor-
tant file with other users, but do not want those users to be able to edit the
file. Ubuntu controls access to files on your computer through a system of
“permissions.” Permissions are settings configured to control exactly how
files on your computer are accessed and used.
To learn more about modifying permissions, visit https://help.ubuntu.
com/community/FilePermissions.
Passwords
You should use a strong password to increase the security of your computer.
Your password should not contain names, common words, or common
phrases. By default, the minimum length of a password in Ubuntu is four
characters. We recommend a password with more than the minimum num-
ber of characters. A password with a minimum of eight characters which
includes both upper and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols is consid-
ered strong.
Locking the screen
When you leave your computer unattended, you may want to lock the
screen. Locking your screen prevents another user from using your com-
puter until your password is entered. To lock the screen:
‣ Click the session menu icon in the right corner of the top panel, then
select Lock, or
‣ Press Ctrl+Alt+L to lock the screen. This keyboard shortcut can be
changed by going to Session Indicator ‣ System Settings… ‣ Keyboard ‣
Shortcuts and then selecting System from the list in the left column and
clicking on Lock Screen in the right column.
Users and groups
User accounts
When Ubuntu is installed, it is automatically configured for use by a single
user. If more than one person will use the computer, each person should
have his or her own user account. This way, each user can have separate

settings, documents, and other files. If necessary, you can also protect files
from being viewed or modified by users without administrative privileges.
Like most operating systems, Ubuntu allows you to create separate user
accounts for each person. Ubuntu also supports user groups, which allows
you to administer permissions for multiple users at the same time.
Every user in Ubuntu is a member of at least one group. At a bare min-
imum, the user of the computer has permissions in a group with the same
name as the user. A user can also be a member of additional groups. You
can configure some files and folders to be accessible only by a user and a
group. By default, a user’s files are only accessible by that user, and system
files are only accessible by the root user.
Figure 6.3: Add, remove and change the user
accounts.
Managing users
If the account you are using is an administrator account, you can manage
users and groups using the Users and Groups administration application.
To find this application, click Session Indicator ‣ System Settings… ‣ User
Accounts. Then click the Unlock button and enter your password to unlock
the user settings. Next, select the user that you want to modify from the list.
Then click on the element that you want to change.
Adding a user Click the + button underneath the list of the current user
accounts. A window will appear with three fields. The Account Type field
contains a list of user account types. Take care in determining what type
of account to assign a user. An Administrator has full access to all areas
of Ubuntu, whereas the Standard account type is more limited. The Full
Name field contains a friendly display name. The Username field is for the
actual username. As you enter the user’s full name, the Username field will
automatically fill with a lowercase, no space version of the user’s full name.
If you prefer to use a different username for this user, highlight the existing
username and type in the username of your choice. Once all fields are
filled in, click Add. A new dialog box will appear showing the user account
details. New accounts are disabled by default. To enable an account, click
the Account disabled field next to the Password label. A new window will
appear allowing you to set the password for the new user.
At the top of the new window is a dropdown menu next to the label
Action. By default, the “set a password now” option will be automatically
selected. You may also choose “log in without a password”, however, this
is not advised as the account will be available to anyone. The final option,
“enable this account” is available once a password has been set. Using this

advanced topics 101
option allows an administrator to enable or disable an account without
losing the password.
Ubuntu provides a way to create a secure password by clicking the gears
button located inside of the New password field. A random sequence of
numbers, letters, and symbols will be entered into this field. You can also
simply enter a password of your choosing by entering it into the New
password field. Then, re-enter this same password into the space next to
Confirm password.
Ubuntu enforces the password policies on this screen, so pay attention to the
status information located between the New password and Confirm password
fields for information about the password you’re setting. If there are problems
with the password, Ubuntu will tell you what is wrong with the password and
will prevent you from entering the same password into the Confirm password
field until the new password meets the requirements.
Modifying a user Click on the name of a user in the list of users, then click
on the text entry next to any of the following options:
‣ Account type:
‣ Language:
‣ Password:
‣ Automatic Login:
You may also change the username by clicking on the username at the top
and entering a new name.
Deleting a user Select a user from the list and click -. Ubuntu will deacti-
vate the user’s account, and you can choose whether to remove the user’s
home folder or leave it in place. If a user is removed and the user’s files re-
main, the only user who can access the files are the root user—also known
as the superuser—or anyone associated with the file’s group.
Managing groups
Group management is accomplished through the command line (Terminal)
or by adding third-party applications (the latter is beyond the scope of this
manual). You will find more information in the section below titled “Using
the command line”.
Adding a group To add a group, type sudo addgroup groupname and press
Enter, replacing groupname with the name of the group you wish to add.
For example, sudo addgroup ubuntuusers will add the group ubuntuusers
to the list of groups.
Modifying a group To alter the users in an existing group, type sudo
adduser username groupname to add a user, or sudo deluser username
groupname to remove a user, and press Enter, replacing username and
groupname in these commands with the actual user and group name with
which you’re working.
Deleting a group To delete a group, type sudo delgroup groupname and
press Enter, replacing groupname with the name of the group you wish to
delete.

Applying groups to files and folders
To change the group associated with a file or folder, open the Files file man-
ager and navigate to the appropriate file or folder. Then, either select the
folder and then click the gears button in the upper-right of the window and
choose Properties, or right-click on the file or folder and select Properties.
In the Properties dialog window, click on the Permissions tab and select the
desired group from the Groups drop-down list. Then close the window.
Using the command line
You can also modify user and group settings via the command line, but
we recommend you use the graphical method above unless you have a
good reason to use the command line. For more information on using the
command line to modify users and groups, see the Ubuntu Server Guide at
https://help.ubuntu.com/13.04/serverguide/user-management.html.
System updates
Good security happens with an up-to-date system. Ubuntu provides free
software and security updates. You should apply these updates regularly.
See Updates and upgrades to learn how to update your Ubuntu computer
with the latest security updates and patches.
Trusting third party sources
Normally, you will add applications to your computer via the Ubuntu Soft-
ware Center which downloads software from the Ubuntu repositories as
described in Chapter 5: Software Management. However, it is occasionally
necessary to add software from other sources. For example, you may need
to do this when an application is not available in the Ubuntu repositories or
when you need a version of software newer than what is currently in the
Ubuntu repositories.
Additional repositories are available from sites such as http://www.
getdeb.net and Launchpad ppas which can be added as described in Soft-
ware Sources. You can download the deb packages for some applications
from their respective project sites on the Internet. Alternatively, you can
build applications from their source code.
Using only recognized sources, such as a project’s site, ppa or various
community repositories (such as http://www.getdeb.net), is more secure
than downloading applications from an arbitrary (and perhaps less rep-
utable) source. When using a third party source, consider its trustworthi-
ness, and be sure you know exactly what you’re installing on your com-
puter.
Firewall
A firewall is an application that protects your computer against unautho-
rized access by people on the Internet or your local network. Firewalls
block connections to your computer from unknown sources. This helps
prevent security breaches.
Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw) is the standard firewall configuration pro-
gram in Ubuntu. It runs from the command line, but a program called Gufw
allows you to use it with a graphical user interface gui. See Chapter 5:
Software Management to learn more about installing the Gufw package.

advanced topics 103
Once Gufw is installed, start Gufw by clicking Dash ‣ Applications ‣
Firewall configuration. To enable the firewall, select the Enable option. By
default, all incoming connections are denied. This setting should be suitable
for most users.
If you are running server software on your Ubuntu system (such as a
web server, or an ftp server), then you will need to open the ports these
services use. If you have no need to run any server applications or services,
you will likely not need to open any additional ports.
To open a port click on the Add button. For most purposes, the Precon-
figured tab is sufficient. Select Allow from the first box and then select the
program or service required.
The Simple tab can be used to allow access on a single port, and the
Advanced tab can be used to allow access on a range of ports.
Encryption
You may wish to protect your sensitive personal data—for instance, finan-
cial records—by encrypting it. Encrypting a file or folder essentially “locks”
that file or folder by encoding it with an algorithm that keeps it scrambled
until it is properly decoded with a password. Encrypting your personal data
ensures that no one can open your personal folders or read your private
data without your authorization through the use of a private key.
Ubuntu includes a number of tools to encrypt files and folders. This
chapter will discuss two of them. For further information on using en-
cryption with either single files or email, see Ubuntu Community Help
documents at https://help.ubuntu.com/community.
Home folder
When installing Ubuntu, it is possible to encrypt a user’s home folder. See
Chapter 1: Installation for more on encrypting the home folder.
Private folder
If you have not chosen to encrypt a user’s entire home folder, it is possible
to encrypt a single folder—called Private—in a user’s home folder. To do
this, follow these steps:
1. Install the ecryptfs-utils software package from the Ubuntu Software
Center. (For more information about the Software Center, review Using
the Ubuntu Software Center.)
2. Use the terminal to run ecryptfs-setup-private to set up the private
folder.
3. Enter your account’s password when prompted.
4. Either choose a mount passphrase or generate one.
5. Record both passphrases in a safe location. These are required if you ever
have to recover your data manually.
6. Log out and log back in to mount the encrypted folder.
After the Private folder has been set up, any files or folders in it will
automatically be encrypted.
If you need to recover your encrypted files manually see https://help.
ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedPrivateDirectory.

Running Windows Programs on Ubuntu
As many Windows users will know, some programs that you can use on a
Windows system cease to work on Ubuntu. For example, LibreOffice works
on both Windows and Ubuntu systems, but Microsoft Office works only on a
Windows system. Since many Windows users who use Ubuntu want all of
their Windows programs back, many programmers have worked together to
create Wine. Wine is an acronym for “Wine Is Not an Emulator”.
This section will discuss what Wine is, and how to use it on your Ubuntu
installation. For recent information about Wine, please visit the official
Wine website at http://www.winehq.org.
What is Wine?
Wine is a background application that allows Linux and Apple os x users
to install and run Windows programs on their system. While not every
Windows program is compatible with Wine, many programs seem to be
completely compatible with Wine while running on Linux or Apple os x.
For example, Microsoft Office may not be compatible without installing
additional components (such as Microsoft.NET Framework 4.0). The current
stable version of Wine is 1.6.2, and the most recent development version is
1.7.22.
Installing Wine
To install Wine Version 1.6.2, follow the following steps:
If you have a previous version of Wine installed, uninstall Wine before continuing
using the command, sudo apt-get remove --purge wine1.* winetricks &&
sudo apt-get autoremove
1. Open the terminal and type: sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ubuntu-
wine/ppa. This will install the Official Wine ppa.
2. After the terminal has finished installing the Wine ppa, type: sudo apt-
get update. This will update the ppa list.
3. Once the terminal has finished refreshing the ppa list, type: sudo apt-
get install -y wine1.6 winetricks. This will install Wine 1.6.2 and
Winetricks. Winetricks is a software center for Wine, and is, in most
cases, optional.
Figure 6.4: The Terminal showing the installa-
tion of the Wine PPA.

advanced topics 105
During the installation of Wine and Winetricks, you will have to ac-
cept the Microsoft End User License Agreement and the Microsoft Core
Fonts License Agreement so that the Microsoft fonts and native files can be
installed.
Figure 6.5: The Microsoft Core Fonts EULA
dialog opened in the Terminal.
When accepting the Microsoft Core Fonts License Agreement, the Ok
button is not highlighted. To highlight and accept the Microsoft EULA,
press the Tab key and then the Enter key. The Microsoft End User License
Agreement will be shown after you accept the Microsoft Core Fonts EULA.
By default, the No button is highlighted. To highlight the Yes button and
accept the Microsoft EULA, press the Tab key and then the Enter key.
dialog opened in the Terminal.
Please Note: It is recommended to reboot your system after installing
Wine and Winetricks, although this is not always required.
Installing Wine (Alternative)
For an alternative installation of Wine 1.6.2 (which does not involve the
terminal), follow these steps:
If you have a previous version of Wine installed, uninstall Wine before contin-
uing by opening the Ubuntu Software Center, going to the Installed menu, and
selecting and uninstalling the version of Wine you have installed. (EX. Wine1.5,
Wine1.4)
1. Open the Ubuntu Software Center and go to the Application Menu.
2. Select Edit ‣ Software Sources….

3. When a pop-up appears, enter your password to ensure that any and all
changes have your approval. Then, click OK.
4. Another window should appear after you press OK, assuming you have
typed your password correctly. On the top of the window, there will be
a row of tabs. Click on the second tab, Other Software. Click on this
menu.
5. On the bottom of the window, click the Add… button.
6. On the next window, key: ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa. Then, click the Add
Source button.
7. Search for and install Wine 1.6.2 and Winetricks like you would any
other application in the Ubuntu Software Center.
During the installation of Wine and Winetricks, the Software Center
will probably freeze. While the Software Center is frozen, a new window,
that opened underneath the Software Center’s window is waiting for you to
accept the Microsoft End User License Agreement and the Microsoft Core
Fonts License Agreement so that the Microsoft fonts and native files can be
installed. In this window, titled “Debconf on your-computer” (Replace your-
computer with your computer’s name.), the Microsoft Core Fonts EULA
will be shown. To accept the Microsoft Core Fonts EULA, check the Do you
accept the EULA license terms? checkbox and click the Forward button.
dialog opened in the Software Center.
It is recommended to reboot your system after installing Wine and
Winetricks, although this is not always required.
Configuring Wine
Wine 1.6.2/1.7.22 contains many features that will change the look and feel
of the Windows applications you are trying to run. For example, you can
change the theme of the Windows interface, and what version of Windows
you would like to run (from Windows 2.0 to Windows 8).
To change these settings, open the Dash and search for Configure Wine.
Then, open the application.
Application Tab In the Application tab, you can change the way Wine
runs applications. Some Windows programs work only for specific versions
of Windows. This feature allows you to change the version of Windows
Wine will run as for a specific application, or for all of them to run under
one version.
Libraries Tab In the Libraries tab, you can change core Windows files,
to suit your needs. Many Windows programs install dll files, or Dynamic

advanced topics 107
Figure 6.8: The Wine configuration open to the
Application Tab.
Link Libraries. These files contain all of the information needed for an
application to work on a Windows system. Many dll files are needed for
a Windows system to run, and are different between versions of Windows.
In this feature, you may edit or replace existing dll files. This allows you to
change the Windows System files, to suit you needs.
These files should not be edited. These are core files needed for Wine to run
correctly. Only edit these files if you have to.
Graphics Tab In the Graphics tab, you can change the look and feel of
how Wine runs. You can make Wine emulate a Virtual Desktop (this feature
opens a new window that will contain any Windows application that is
currently running while this option is in effect), how the applications look,
and what resolution to run the application in.
Desktop Integration Tab In the Desktop Integration tab, you can change
the way buttons, menus, and other elements appear in an application. Each
version of Windows has brought its own unique visual style for its ap-
plications. In this feature, you can install and change the applied theme.
In this tab, you can also change major file folders. For example, while
using Ubuntu, your picture folder is located at /home/user/Pictures/
but in Windows, your picture folder is located at C:Documents and Set-
tingsUserMy DocumentsMy Pictures or C:UsersUserMy Pictures.
This feature allows you tell Wine where your folders are, for quick refer-
ence.
Drives Tab In the Drives tab, you can manage the connected drives that
Wine will be able to access. Unlike Ubuntu, Windows applies a Drive Letter
to each drive. This letter identifies the drive. For example, on every Win-
dows system, the C: drive is the core drive. It contains all of the needed files
for the operating system to work. The C: drive is the equivalent to root (File
System, or / ) in Ubuntu. This feature allows you to change the drive letters
for any drive, or add a drive letter for a specific folder in your file system, or
for a cd drive.
Audio Tab In the Audio tab, you can change the audio settings. This fea-
ture allows you to change the audio source that Wine will use for Windows
applications (speakers, microphones, etc.).

About Tab In the About tab, you can see the current Wine version you
have installed, including Wine’s note to all users. This feature also allows
you to add a Name and Company Name to the Windows information. Ap-
plications use this information to identify you by name.
Microsoft .NET Framework and Wine
Microsoft has created many programs that are needed to run commonly
used applications, Microsoft .NET Framework being the most common. .NET
Framework is needed to run most of the newer applications created by
Microsoft, and by other companies as well. Wine is not fully supported by
all versions of .NET, but is compatible with most versions. Here is a list of
.NET versions, and their compatibility with Wine:
‣ .NET Framework 1.0
‣ .NET Framework 4.5* * This framework has known issues running
under Wine and is, in most cases, installable and
stable enough to use for most applications.
‣ .NET Framework 4.5.1**
** This framework has not been tested using a
current version of Wine running on Ubuntu, so it
is unknown if it will be compatible or not. Use at
your own risk.
‣ .NET Framework 4.5.2**
For some of the most recent .NET Frameworks to work properly, you
may have to install Wine 1.7.22. To install Wine 1.7.22, open the Terminal,
and key sudo apt-get install -y wine1.7.
For more compatibility information about installing and running Mi-
crosoft .NET Framework using Wine, go to: http://appdb.winehq.org/
objectManager.php?sClass=application&iId=2586.

7 Troubleshooting
Resolving problems
Sometimes things may not work as they should. Luckily, problems encoun-
tered while working with Ubuntu are often easily fixed. This chapter is
meant as a guide for resolving basic problems users may encounter while
using Ubuntu. If you need any additional help beyond what is provided
in this chapter, take a look at other support options that are discussed in
Finding additional help and support later in this book.
Troubleshooting guide
The key to effective troubleshooting is to work slowly, complete all of the
troubleshooting steps, and to document the changes you made to the utility
or application you are using. This way, you will be able to undo your work,
or give fellow users the information about your previous attempts—the
latter is particularly helpful in cases when you look to the community of
Ubuntu users for support.
Ubuntu fails to start after I’ve installed Windows
Occasionally you may install Ubuntu and then decide to install Microsoft
Windows as a second operating system running side-by-side with Ubuntu.
This is supported in Ubuntu, but you might also find after installing Win-
dows that you will no longer be able to start Ubuntu.
When you first turn on your computer, a “bootloader” is responsible for
initiating the start of an operating system, such as Ubuntu or Windows.
When you installed Ubuntu, you automatically installed an advanced boot- A bootloader is the initial software that loads
the operating system when the computer is
powered up.
loader called grub. grub allows you to choose between the various operat-
ing systems installed on your computer, such as Ubuntu, Windows, Solaris,
or Mac os x. If Windows is installed after Ubuntu, the Windows installation
removed grub and replaced the bootloader with it’s own. As a result, you
can no longer choose an operating system to use. You can restore grub and
regain the ability to choose your operating system by following the steps
below, using the same dvd you used to install Ubuntu.
First, insert your Ubuntu dvd into your computer and then restart the
computer, making sure to instruct your computer to boot from the dvd
drive and not the hard drive (see Chapter 1: Installation). Next, choose your
language (e.g., English) and select Try Ubuntu. Once Ubuntu starts, click
on the top-most icon in the Launcher (the Dash icon). Then, search for
Terminal using the search box. Then, select Terminal in the search results
(or press Ctrl+Alt+T). A window should open with a blinking prompt line.
Enter the following, and press the Enter key:
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1224 64228+ 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 * 1225 2440 9767520 a5 Windows
/dev/sda3 2441 14593 97618972+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda4 14532 14593 498015 82 Linux swap
Partition table entries are not in disk order
This output shows that your system (Linux, on which Ubuntu is based) The device (/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, etc.) we
are looking for is identified by the word “Linux”
in the System column. Modify the instructions
below if necessary, replacing /dev/sda1 with
the name of your Linux device.
is installed on device /dev/sda1, but as indicated by the asterisk in the
Boot column, your computer is booting to /dev/sda2 (where Windows is
located). We need to fix this by telling the computer to boot to the Linux
device instead.
To do this, create a place to connect your existing Ubuntu installation
with your temporary troubleshooting session:
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/root
Next, link your Ubuntu installation and this new folder:
$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root
If you’ve done this correctly, then you should see the following:
$ ls /mnt/root
bin dev home lib mnt root srv usr
boot etc initrd lib64 opt sbin sys var
cdrom initrd.img media proc selinux tmp vmlinuz
Now, you can reinstall grub:
$ sudo grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/root /dev/sda
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script grub-install.
(hd0) /dev/sda
Next you’ll want to unmount the hard drive. This ensures that the drive
won’t become corrupted when you reboot:
$ sudo umount /mnt/root
Finally, remove the Ubuntu disc from your dvd-rom drive, reboot your
computer, and then start enjoying your Ubuntu operating system once
again.
This guide may not work for all Ubuntu users due to differences in the
various system configuration. Still, this is the recommended and most
successful method for restoring the grub bootloader. If you are following
this guide and if it does not restore grub on your computer, then try the
other troubleshooting methods at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/
RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows.
I forgot my password
If you forgot your password in Ubuntu, you will need to reset it using the
“Recovery mode.”
To start the Recovery mode, shut down your computer and then start
again. As the computer starts up, press Shift. Select the Recovery mode
option using the arrow keys on your keyboard. Recovery mode should be
under the heading Advanced Options in the list.
Wait until Ubuntu starts up—this may take a few minutes. Once booted,
you will not be able to see a normal login screen. Instead, you will be pre-
sented with the Recovery Menu. Select root using the arrow keys and press
Enter.
You will now be at a terminal prompt:
root@ubuntu:~#

troubleshooting 111
Figure 7.1: This is the grub screen in which you
can choose recovery mode.
To reset your password, enter:
# passwd username
Replace “username” above with your username, after which Ubuntu will
prompt you for a new password. Enter your desired password, press the
Enter key, and then re-type your password again, pressing Enter again
when done. (Ubuntu asks for your password twice to make sure you did
not make a mistake while typing). Once you have restored your password,
return to the normal system environment by entering:
# init 2
Login as usual and continue enjoying Ubuntu.
I accidentally deleted some files that I need
If you’ve deleted a file by accident, you may be able to recover it from
Ubuntu’s Trash folder. This is a special folder where Ubuntu stores deleted
files before they are permanently removed from your computer.
To access the Trash folder click on the trash icon at the bottom of the
Unity Launcher.
If you want to restore deleted items from the Trash:
1. Open Trash
2. Click on each item you want to restore to select it. Press and hold Ctrl
to select multiple items.
3. Click Restore Selected Items to move the deleted items back to their
original locations.
How do I clean Ubuntu?
Ubuntu’s software packaging system accumulates unused packages and
temporary files through regular updates and use. These temporary files, also
called caches, contain files from all of the installed packages. Over time, this
cache can grow quite large. Cleaning out the cache allows you to reclaim
space on your computer’s hard drive for storing your documents, music,
photographs, or other files.
To clear the cache, you can either use the clean, or the autoclean option
for the command-line program apt-get.
To run clean, open Terminal and enter: The clean command will remove every
single cached item, while the autoclean
command only removes cached items that can
no longer be downloaded (these items are
often unnecessary).
$ sudo apt-get clean
Packages can also become unused over time. If a package was installed
to assist with running another program—and that program was subse-

quently removed—you no longer need the supporting package. You can
remove it with apt-get autoremove.
Load Terminal and enter:
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
I can’t play certain audio or video files
Many of the formats used to deliver rich media content are proprietary,
meaning they are not free to use, modify, or distribute with an open-source
operating system like Ubuntu. Therefore, Ubuntu does not include the ca-
pability to use these formats by default; however, users can easily configure
Ubuntu to use these proprietary formats. For more information about the
differences between open source and proprietary software, see Chapter 8:
Learning More.
If you find yourself in need of a proprietary format, you can install the
required files from the Ubuntu Software Center. Ensure that you have the
Universe and Multiverse repositories enabled before continuing. See the
Software Sources section to learn how to enable these repositories. When
you are ready to continue, install the necessary software as follows:
1. Open the Ubuntu Software Center by searching for it from the Dash (the
top-most button on the Launcher).
2. Search for ubuntu-restricted-extras by typing “Ubuntu restricted
extras” in the search box on the right-hand side of the Ubuntu Software
Center main window. When the Software Center finds the appropriate
software, click the arrow next to its title.
3. Click Install, then wait while Ubuntu installs the software.
One program that can play many of these formats is vlc media player.
It can be installed from the Ubuntu Software Center. Once Ubuntu has
successfully installed this software, your rich media content should work
properly.
How can I change my screen resolution?
The image on every monitor is composed of millions of little colored dots
called pixels. Changing the number of pixels displayed on your monitor is
called “changing the resolution.” Increasing the resolution will make the
displayed images sharper, but will also tend to make them smaller. The
opposite is true when screen resolution is decreased. Most monitors have
a “native resolution,” which is a resolution that most closely matches the
number of pixels in the monitor. Your display will usually be sharpest when
your operating system uses a resolution that matches your display’s native
resolution.
The Ubuntu configuration utility Displays allows users to change the
resolution. Open it by clicking on the session indicator and then on Dis-
plays…. The resolution can be changed using the drop-down list within
the program. Picking options higher up on the list (for example, those with
larger numbers) will increase the resolution.
You can experiment with various resolutions by clicking Apply at the
bottom of the window until you find one that is comfortable. Typically,
the highest resolution will be the native resolution. Selecting a resolution
and clicking Apply will temporarily change the screen resolution to the
selected value, and a dialog box will also be displayed for 30 seconds. This
dialog box allows you to revert to the previous resolution setting or keep

troubleshooting 113
Figure 7.2: You can change your display
settings.
the new resolution setting. If you’ve not accepted the new resolution and/or
30 seconds have passed, the dialog box will disappear and the display’s
resolution will return to its previous setting.
Figure 7.3: You can revert back to your old
settings if you need to.
This feature was implemented to prevent someone from being locked out
of the computer by a resolution that distorts the monitor output and makes
it unusable. When you have finished setting the screen resolution, click
Close.
Ubuntu is not working properly on my Apple MacBook or MacBook Pro
When installed on notebook computers from Apple—such as the MacBook
or MacBook Pro—Ubuntu does not always enable all of the computer’s
built-in components, including the iSight camera and the Airport wireless
Internet adapter. Luckily, the Ubuntu community offers documentation
on fixing these and other problems. If you are having trouble installing or
using Ubuntu on your Apple notebook computer, please follow the instruc-
tions at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBook. You can select the
appropriate guide after identifying your computer’s model number.
Ubuntu is not working properly on my Asus EeePC
When installed on netbook computers from Asus—such as the EeePC—
Ubuntu does not always enable all of the computer’s built-in components,
including the keyboard shortcut keys and the wireless Internet adapter.
The Ubuntu community offers documentation on enabling these com-
ponents and fixing other problems. If you are having trouble installing
or using Ubuntu on your Asus EeePC, please follow the instructions at
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EeePC. This documentation page con-
tains information pertaining specifically to EeePC netbooks.
To enable many of the features and Function Keys, a quick fix is to add
“acpi_osi=Linux” to your grub configuration. From the Terminal

$ gksudo gedit /etc/default/grub
and very carefully change the line
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
to
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_osi=Linux"
Save and close the file. Then, from the terminal:
$ sudo update-grub
After the command finishes, and you restart the computer, you will be able
to use the Fn keys normally.
My hardware is not working properly
Ubuntu occasionally has difficulty running on certain computers, usually
when hardware manufacturers use non-standard or proprietary compo-
nents. The Ubuntu community offers documentation to help you trou-
bleshoot many common issues in this situation, including problems with
wireless cards, scanners, mice, and printers. You can find the complete
hardware troubleshooting guide on Ubuntu’s support wiki, accessible at
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport. If your hardware problems
persist, please see Getting more help for more troubleshooting options or
information on obtaining support or assistance from an Ubuntu user.
Getting more help
This guide does not cover every possible workflow, task, issue, or problem
in Ubuntu. If you require assistance beyond the information in the manual,
you can find a variety of support opportunities online.
More details about many support options available to you can be found
at Finding additional help and support later in this book.

8 Learning More
What else can I do with Ubuntu?
At this point, you should now be able to use Ubuntu for most daily activ-
ities—such as browsing the web, sending email, and creating documents.
Now, you may be interested in learning about other versions of Ubuntu
that may integrate into your digital lifestyle. In this chapter, we’ll introduce
additional versions of Ubuntu designed and specialized for certain tasks.
We’ll also provide resources for answering any remaining questions as well
as direct you to how you can get involved in the worldwide community
of Ubuntu users. First, we’ll discuss the technologies that make Ubuntu a
powerful collection of software and a progressive operating system.
Open source software
Ubuntu is open source software (OSS). OSS differs from proprietary soft-
ware. Proprietary software is defined as software whose source code is
not freely available for modification or distribution by anyone but the
rightsholder. Microsoft Windows and Adobe Photoshop are examples of
proprietary software.
Unlike proprietary software applications, the software included with
Ubuntu is specifically licensed to promote sharing and collaboration. The
legal rules governing Ubuntu’s production and distribution ensure that
anyone can obtain, run, or share it for any purpose. Users can modify open
source software to suit their individual needs, to share it, to improve it, or to
translate it into other languages—provided they release the source code for
these modifications so others can do the same. In fact, the terms of many
open source licensing agreements actually make it illegal not to do so. This
understanding helps explain why Ubuntu is called open source software.
For more information regarding Ubuntu’s software licensing standards, see
http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/licensing.
Because OSS is developed by large communities of programmers located
throughout the world, it benefits from both rapid development cycles and
speedy security releases when bugs are identified in the software. In other
words, OSS is updated, enhanced, and made more secure every day as
programmers all over the world continue to improve it.
In addition to these technical advantages, OSS also has economic bene-
fits. While users must adhere to the terms of an OSS licensing agreement
when installing and using Ubuntu, they needn’t pay to obtain this license.
While not all OSS is free of monetary costs, a vast majority of OSS is avail-
able for free.
To learn more about open source software, see the Open Source Initia-
tive’s open source definition, available at http://www.opensource.org/docs/
definition.php.
Distribution families
Ubuntu is one of several popular operating systems based on Linux. These
Linux-based operating systems—called Linux “distributions”—may look

different from Ubuntu at first glance, but they share similar characteristics
because of their common roots.
Linux distributions can be divided into two broad families: the Debian
family and the Red Hat family. Each family is named for a distribution on
which subsequent distributions are based. For example, “Debian” refers to
both the name of a Linux distribution as well as the family of distributions
derived from Debian. Ubuntu is part of this family. When describing rela-
tionships between various open source projects, software developers often
use the metaphor of tributaries connecting to a common body of water.
For this reason, you may hear someone say that Ubuntu is located “down-
stream” from Debian, because alterations to the Debian family ”flow” into
new versions of Ubuntu. Additionally, improvements to Ubuntu usually
trickle “upstream”—back to Debian and its family members as the Debian
family benefits from the work of the Ubuntu community. Other distribu-
tions in the Debian family include Linux Mint, Xandros, and CrunchBang
Linux. Distributions in the Red Hat family include Fedora and Mandriva.
The most significant difference between Debian-based and Red Hat-
based distributions is the system each uses for installing and updating
software. These systems are called Package management systems. Package
management systems are the means by which users can install, remove,
and organize software installed on computers with open source operating
systems like Ubuntu. Debian software packages are deb files, while Red Hat
software packages are rpm files. The two systems are generally incompati-
ble. For more information about package management, review the chapter
on Chapter 5: Software Management.
You will also find specialized Linux distributions for certain tasks. Next,
we’ll describe these versions of Ubuntu and explain the uses for which each
has been developed.
Choosing amongst Ubuntu and its derivatives
Just as Ubuntu is based on Debian, several distributions are subsequently
based on Ubuntu. Each differs with respect to the software included as part
of the distribution. Some are developed for general use, while others are
designed for accomplishing a more narrow set of tasks.
Alternative interfaces
Ubuntu 13.10 features a new graphical user interface (gui) based on the
open source unity7 desktop. Previous versions of Ubuntu use the gnome
desktop. As we explained in Chapter 2: The Ubuntu Desktop, a “user inter-
face” is a collection of software elements—icons, colors, windows, themes,
and menus—that determine how someone may interact with a computer.
Some people prefer using alternatives to gnome, so they have created
Ubuntu distributions featuring different user interfaces. These include:
‣ Kubuntu, which uses the kde graphical environment
‣ Lubuntu, which uses the lxde graphical environment
‣ Xubuntu, which uses the xfce graphical environment
Additionally, each of these distributions may contain default applications
different from those featured in Ubuntu. For instance, the default music
player in Ubuntu is Rhythmbox. In Lubuntu, the default music player is
Aqualung, and in Kubuntu, the default is Amarok. Be sure to investigate

learning more 117
these differences if you are considering installing an Ubuntu distribution
with an alternative desktop environment.
For more information about these and other derivative distributions, see
http://www.ubuntu.com/project/derivatives.
Task-specific distributions
Other Ubuntu distributions have been created to accomplish specific tasks
or run in specialized environments and settings.
Ubuntu Server Edition
The Ubuntu Server Edition is an operating system optimized to perform
multi-user tasks. Such tasks may include file sharing, website, or email
hosting. If you are planning to use a computer to perform these types of
tasks, you may wish to use this specialized server distribution in conjunc-
tion with server hardware. While it is possible to run a server-type envi-
ronment using only the desktop version of Ubuntu, it is not advised as the
Server Edition is better optimized for the multi-user environment.
This manual does not explain the process of running a secure web server
or performing other tasks with Ubuntu Server Edition. For details on using
Ubuntu Server Edition, refer to the manual at http://www.ubuntu.com/
business/server/overview.
Edubuntu
Edubuntu is an Ubuntu derivative customized for use in schools and other
educational institutions. Edubuntu contains software similar to that offered
in Ubuntu but also features additional applications like a collaborative text
editor and educational games.
For additional information regarding Edubuntu, visit http://www.
edubuntu.org/
Ubuntu Studio
The derivative of Ubuntu called Ubuntu Studio is designed specifically for
people who use computers to create and edit multimedia projects. Ubuntu
Studio features applications to help users manipulate images, compose
music, and edit video. While users can install these applications on comput-
ers running the desktop version of Ubuntu, Ubuntu Studio makes them all
available immediately upon installation.
If you would like to learn more about Ubuntu Studio (or obtain a copy
for yourself), visit http://ubuntustudio.org/.
Mythbuntu
Mythbuntu allows users to turn their computers into entertainment sys-
tems. Mythbuntu helps users organize and view various types of multime-
dia content such as movies, television shows, and video podcasts. Users
with tv tuners in their computers can also use Mythbuntu to record live
video and television shows.
To learn more about Mythbuntu, visit http://www.mythbuntu.org/.

Finding additional help and support
This guide cannot possibly contain everything you’ll ever need to know
about Ubuntu. We encourage you to take advantage of Ubuntu’s vast com-
munity when seeking further information, troubleshooting technical issues,
or asking questions about your computer.
It’s important to note that the Internet is full of third-party resources
as well as individuals who post information on blogs and forums. While
these resources can often seem like great resources, some could be mis-
leading or outdated. It’s always best to verify information from third-party
sources before taking their advice. When possible, rely on official Ubuntu
documentation for assistance with Ubuntu.
Now, let’s discuss a few of the available resources to learn more about
Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.
Live chat
If you are familiar with Internet Relay Chat (irc), you can use chat clients
such as XChat or Pidgin to join the channel #ubuntu on irc.freenode.net. In
this channel, hundreds of volunteer users can answer your questions or of-
fer technical support in real time. To learn more about using Internet Relay
Chat to seek help with Ubuntu, visit https://help.ubuntu.com/community/
InternetRelayChat.
LoCo teams
The Ubuntu community contains dozens of local user groups called “LoCo
teams.” Distributed throughout the world, these teams offer support and
advice, answer questions, and promote Ubuntu in their communities by
hosting regular events. To locate or contact the LoCo team nearest you,
visit http://loco.ubuntu.com/.
Books and Magazines
Many books have been written about Ubuntu, and professional magazines
often feature news and information related to Ubuntu. You will frequently
find these resources at your local bookstore or newsstand. Additionally,
many of these print publications are also available as digital downloads for
purchase in the Ubuntu Software Center. To find these resources, launch the
Software Center, then click on “Books & Magazines” in the left panel.
Official Ubuntu Documentation
The Ubuntu Documentation Team maintains a series of official wiki pages
designed to assist both new and experienced users wishing to learn more
about Ubuntu. The Ubuntu community endorses these documents, which
serve as a reliable first point of reference for users seeking online help. You
can access these resources at http://help.ubuntu.com. To get to the built-in
Ubuntu Desktop Guide, type help in the Dash.
The Ubuntu Forums
The Ubuntu Forums are the official forums of the Ubuntu community. Mil-
lions of Ubuntu users use them daily to seek help and support from one
another. You can create an Ubuntu Forums account in minutes. To create

learning more 119
an account and learn more about Ubuntu from community members, visit
http://ubuntuforums.org.
Launchpad Answers
Launchpad, an open source code repository and user community, provides a
question and answer service that allows anyone to ask questions about any
Ubuntu-related topic. Signing up for a Launchpad account takes just a few
seconds. You can ask a question by visiting Launchpad at https://answers.
launchpad.net/ubuntu.
Ask Ubuntu
Ask Ubuntu is a free, community-driven website for Ubuntu users and
developers. Like the Ubuntu Forums, it allows users to post questions for
other members of the Ubuntu community to answer. But Ask Ubuntu also
allows visitors to “vote” on the answers users provide, so the most useful or
helpful responses get featured more prominently on the site. Ask Ubuntu is
part of the Stack Exchange network of websites and is one of the best free
Ubuntu support resources available. Visit http://www.askubuntu.com to get
started.
Search Engines
Because Ubuntu is a popular open source operating system, many users
have written about it online. Therefore, using search engines to locate
answers to your questions about Ubuntu is often an effective means of
acquiring help. When using search engines to answer questions about
Ubuntu, ensure that your search queries are as specific as possible. In other
words, a search for “Unity interface” will return results that are less useful
than those associated with the query “how to use Ubuntu Unity interface”
or “how to customize Ubuntu Unity interface.”
Community support
If you’ve exhausted all these resources and still can’t find answers to your
questions, visit Community Support at http://www.ubuntu.com/support/
community.
The Ubuntu community
Ubuntu is the flagship product created by a global community of passionate
users who want to help others adopt, use, understand, and even modify or
enhance Ubuntu. By choosing to install and run Ubuntu, you’ve become
part of this community. As you learn more about Ubuntu, you may wish
to collaborate with others as you promote Ubuntu to new users, to share
Ubuntu advice, or to answer other users’ questions. In this section, we’ll
discuss a few community projects that can connect you to other Ubuntu
users.
Full Circle Magazine
Full Circle Magazine is “the independent magazine for the Ubuntu Linux
community.” Released every month, Full Circle Magazine contains reviews
of new software (including games) for Ubuntu, step-by-step tutorials for

projects you can accomplish with Ubuntu, editorials discussing important
issues in the Ubuntu community, and Ubuntu tips from other users. Full
Circle Magazine is released in many different formats and is always free.
You can download current and back issues of Full Circle Magazine at http://
fullcirclemagazine.org/.
The Ubuntu UK Podcast
Produced by members of the UK’s Ubuntu LoCo team, this bi-weekly online
audio broadcast (or “podcast”) features lively discussion about Ubuntu and
often includes interviews with Ubuntu community members who work to
improve Ubuntu. Episodes are available at http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/.
OMG! Ubuntu!
OMG! Ubuntu! is a weblog that aims to inform the Ubuntu community
about Ubuntu news, events, announcements, and updates in a timely fash-
ion. It also allows Ubuntu users to discuss ways they can promote or share
Ubuntu. You can read this blog or subscribe to it at http://www.omgubuntu.
co.uk/.
Contributing
Contributing to Ubuntu
As we mentioned earlier in this chapter, Ubuntu is a community-maintained
operating system. You can help make Ubuntu better in a number of ways.
The community consists of thousands of individuals and teams. If you
would like to contribute to Ubuntu, please visit https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
ContributeToUbuntu.
You can also participate in the Ubuntu community by contributing to
this manual. You might choose to write new content for it, edit its chapters
so they are easier for new Ubuntu users to understand and use, or translate
it in your own language. Or maybe taking screenshots is your passion!
Regardless of your talent or ability, if you have a passion to contribute to
the Ubuntu community in a meaningful way, then the Ubuntu Manual
Project invites you to join! To get involved in the Ubuntu Manual Project,
visit http://ubuntu-manual.org/getinvolved.

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license 125
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Glossary
Access Point A device that allows for a wireless connection to a local net-
work using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.
applet A small program that runs in a panel. Applets provide useful func-
tions such as starting a program, viewing the time, or accessing the main
menu of an application.
Canonical Canonical, the financial backer of Ubuntu, provides support for
the core Ubuntu system. It has over 500 staff members worldwide who
ensure that the foundation of the operating system is stable, as well as
checking all the work submitted by volunteer contributors. To learn
more about Canonical, go to http://www.canonical.com.
cli cli or command-line interface is another name for the terminal.
desktop environment A generic term to describe a gui interface for humans
to interact with computers. There are many desktop environments such
as Unity, gnome, kde, xfce and lxde, to name a few.
dhcp dhcp stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, it is used by a
dhcp server to assign computers on a network an ip address automati-
cally.
dialup connection A dialup connection is when your computer uses a mo-
dem to connect to an isp through your telephone line.
distribution A distribution is a collection of software that is already com-
piled and configured ready to be installed. Ubuntu is an example of a
distribution.
dual-booting Dual-booting is the process of being able to choose one of
two different operating systems currently installed on a computer from
the boot menu. Once selected, your computer will boot into whichever
operating system you chose at the boot menu. The term dual-booting is
often used generically, and may refer to booting among more than two
operating systems.
encryption Encryption is a security measure, it prevents others from access-
ing and viewing the contents of your files and/or hard drives, the files
must first be decrypted with your password.
Ethernet port An Ethernet port is what an Ethernet cable is plugged into
when you are using a wired connection.
gui The gui (which stands for Graphical User Interface) is a type of user in-
terface that allows humans to interact with the computer using graphics
and images rather than just text.
isp isp stands for Internet Service Provider, an isp is a company that provides
you with your Internet connection.
Live dvd A Live dvd allows you to try out an operating system before you
actually install it, this is useful for testing your hardware, diagnosing
problems and recovering your system.
lts lts stands for long-term support and is a type of Ubuntu release that is
officially supported for far longer than the standard releases.

maximize When you maximize an application in Ubuntu it will fill the
whole desktop, excluding the panels.
minimize When you minimize an open application, the window will no
longer be shown. If you click on a minimized application’s icon in the
Launcher, it will be restored to its normal state and allow you to interact
with it.
notification area The notification area is an applet on the panel that pro-
vides you with all sorts of information such as volume control, the cur-
rent song playing in Rhythmbox, your Internet connection status and
email status.
output The output of a command is any text it displays on the next line
after typing a command and pressing enter, e.g., if you type pwd into a
terminal and press Enter, the directory name it displays on the next line
is the output.
package Packages contain software in a ready-to-install format. Most of
the time you can use the Software Center instead of manually installing
packages. Packages have a .deb extension in Ubuntu.
panel A panel is a bar that sits on the edge of your screen. It contains ap-
plets which provide useful functions such as running programs, viewing
the time, or accessing the main menu.
parameter Parameters are special options that you can use with other
commands in the terminal to make that command behave differently, this
can make a lot of commands far more useful.
ppa A personal package archive (ppa) is a custom software repository that
typically contains either packages that aren’t available in the primary
Ubuntu repositories or newer versions of packages that are available in
the primary repositories.
prompt The prompt displays some useful information about your computer.
It can be customized to display in different colors, display the time, date,
and current directory or almost anything else you like.
proprietary Software made by companies that don’t release their source
code under an open source license.
router A router is a specially designed computer that, using its software
and hardware, routes information from the Internet to a network. It is
also sometimes called a gateway.
server A server is a computer that runs a specialized operating system and
provides services to computers that connect to it and make a request.
shell The terminal gives access to the shell, when you type a command into
the terminal and press enter the shell takes that command and performs
the relevant action.
Software Center The Software Center is where you can easily manage soft-
ware installation and removal as well as the ability to manage software
installed via Personal Package Archives.
Synaptic Package Manager Synaptic Package Manager is a tool that, instead
of listing applications (like the Software Center) lists individual packages
that can then be installed, removed and fixed.
terminal The terminal is Ubuntu’s text-based interface. It is a method of

glossary 131
controlling the operating system using only commands entered via the
keyboard as opposed to using a gui like Unity.
usb Universal Serial Bus is a standard interface specification for connecting
peripheral hardware devices to computers. usb devices range from
external hard drives to scanners and printers.
wired connection A wired connection is when your computer is physically
connected to a router or Ethernet port with a cable. This is the most
common method of connecting to the Internet and local network for
desktop computers.
wireless connection A network connection that uses a wireless signal to
communicate with either a router, access point, or computer.

Credits
This manual wouldn’t have been possible without the efforts and contribu-
tions from the following people:
Team leads
Kevin Godby—Lead TEXnician
Hannie Dumoleyn—Editors Coordinator & Translation Maintainer
Sylvie Galet—Screenshots
Authors
Thomas Corwin
Sayantan Das
Patrick Dickey
Mehmet Kani
Sam Klein
Eric Ponvelle
Editors & proofreaders
Mario Burgos
Edmond Condillac
Thomas Corwin
Hannie Dumoleyn
Sylvie Gallet
Kevin Godby
Mehmet Kani
Andrew Montag
David Pires
Scott Stainton
Screenshots
Sylvie Gallet
Designers
Thorsten Wilms
Developers
Adnane Belmadiaf Kevin Godby
Translation editors
Fran Diéguez (Galician)
Hannie Dumoleyn (Dutch)
Sylvie Gallet (French)
Aleksey Kabanov (Russian)
Xuacu Saturio (Asturian)
Daniel Schury (German)
Susah Sebut (Malay)
Jose Luis Tirado (Spanish)
Chris Woollard (British English)
John Xygonakis (Greek)
Andrej Znidarsic (Slovenian)
Past contributors
Bryan Behrenshausen (Author)
Senthil Velan Bhooplan (Author)
John Cave (Author)
Jim Connett (Author/Editor/Coordinator)
Che Dean (Author)
Rick Fosburgh (Editor-in-Chief)
Herat Gandhi Amrish (Author)
Benjamin Humphrey (Project Founder)
Will Kromer (Author)
Paddy Landau (Author/Editor)
Simon Lewis (Author)
Ryan Macnish (Author)

Mez Pahlan (Author)
Vibhav Pant (Editor)
Brian Peredo (Author)
Joel Pickett (Author)
Tony Pursell (Author/Editor)
Kev Quirk (Author)
Kartik Sulakhe (Author)
Tom Swartz (Author)
David Wales (Author)
Chris Woollard (Editor)

Index
32-bit versus 64-bit, 9
accessibility, 31
screen reader, 31
alternative interfaces, 116–117
Apple, see MacBook
applications
adding and removing, 21
presentation, see LibreOffice
running, 21
searching, 23
spreadsheet, see LibreOffice
word processor, see LibreOffice
audio, see sound and music
audio, playing, see Rhythmbox
Bluetooth, 82
booting
troubleshooting, 109
camera, importing photos, 62
Canonical, 6
cds and dvds
blanking, 72
burning, 70–73
codecs, 65
copying, 73
playing, 66, 68
ripping, 68
codecs
audio, 70
video, 65
command line, see terminal
Dash, 22
Debian, 6, see also Linux
derivatives, 116
desktop
background, 20
customization, 29
appearance, 30
background, 30
theme, 30
menu bar, 20
sharing, 61
disk, see cds and dvds
display
adding secondary, 76–77
changing resolution, 76
drivers, 75–76
dual-booting, 13
dvds and cds, see cds and dvds
Edubuntu, 117
EeePC
email, see Thunderbird
Empathy, 58–62
add accounts, 58
chatting, 59–60
desktop sharing, 61
setup, 58
encryption, see security
file system structure, 97–98
Files, 26
multiple tabs, 29
multiple windows, 29
window, 26
files
browsing, 26
opening files, 27
recovering, 111
files and folders
copying, 28
creating, 28
displaying hidden, 28
moving, 28
searching, 29
Firefox, 45–53
firewall
installing, 102
using, 102
FireWire, see ieee 1394
gestures, 81
groups, see also users
adding, 101
deleting, 101
files and folders, 102
managing, 101
modifying, 101
hardware
help
Ask Ubuntu, 119
documentation, 118
forums, 118
Full Circle Magazine, 119
general help, 33
heads-up display (hud), 34
Launchpad Answers, 119
live chat, 118
online, 33
home folder, 26
ieee 1394, 81
instant messaging, see Empathy
Internet
browsing, 45–53
connecting, 38–45
wireless, 41
Internet radio, 68
kernel, 6
keyboard, 80
Launcher, 21
running applications, 21
LibreOffice, 73–74
Linux, 6–7
Linux distributions, 115–116
Live dvd, see Ubuntu Live dvd
locking the screen, 33
logging out, 32
login options, 15–16
Mac os x, see MacBook
MacBook
monitor, see display
mounting devices, 98
mouse, 81
Movie Player, 65
multitouch, 81
music, see Rhythmbox
Mythbuntu, 117
NetworkManager, 38
open-source software, 115
password, see security
photos, see also Shotwell
editing, 64
importing, 62
viewing, 62
podcasts, 69
presentation application, 74
printer, 77
add via usb, 77
adding via network, 77
rebooting, 32
Rhythmbox, 66–70
Internet radio, 68
playing music, 67
podcasts, 69

scanner, 80
troubleshooting, 80
screen, see display
security
encryption, 103
introduction, 98–99
passwords, 99
permissions, 99
resetting passwords, 110
screen locking, 99
system updates, 102
Shotwell, 62–65
shutting down, 33
Shuttleworth, Mark, 6
slide show, see LibreOffice
software
adding repository, 90–91
email, 35
finding applications, 84–85
installation history, 87
installing, 85–86
managing, 87–88
manual installation, 91
movie players, 36
multimedia players, 36
music players, 36
office suites, 35
pdf reader, 36
podcast readers, 36
presentation, 35
recommendations, 87
removing, 86–87
repositories, 88
servers, 89–90
spreadsheet, 35
video players, 36
web browser, 35
word processor, 35
Software Center, 84
sound
input, 79
output, 79
recording, 79
volume, 78
sound effects, 79
spreadsheet, 74
start up, see boot
suspending the computer, 32
system requirements, 9
terminal
about, 95
using, 96
Thunderbird, 54–57
setup, 54
torrent
Ubuntu image, 10
touchpad, 81
Ubuntu
bootable usb drive, 10
definition of, 5
downloading, 9
history of, 6
installing, 11–16
philosophy of, 5–6
Ubuntu Live dvd, 10–11
Ubuntu Promise, 6
Ubuntu Server Edition, 117
Ubuntu Software Center, 84
Ubuntu Studio, 117
Unity, 19
Unix, 6, 7
unmounting devices, 98
updates
about, 92
automatic, 92
release updates, 93
usb, 81
users, see also groups
adding, 100
creating during installation, 15–16
deleting, 101
managing, 100
modifying, 101
video
videos
codecs, 65
playing, 65
volume, see sound
webcam, 79
Wi-Fi, 41
windows, 24
closing, 25
force on top, 26
minimizing, 25
moving, 25
moving between, 25
resizing, 25
restoring, 25
switching, 25
word processor, 73
workspaces, 24

colophon
This book was typeset with XƎLATEX.
The book design is based on the Tufte-LATEX document classes available at http://
code.google.com/p/tufte-latex/.
The text face is Linux Libertine, designed by Philipp H. Poll. It is an open font
available at http://linuxlibertine.sf.net/.
The captions and margin notes are set in Ubuntu, a font commissioned by Canonical
and designed by Dalton Maag. It is freely available for download at http://font.
ubuntu.com/.
The terminal text and keystrokes are set in DejaVu Sans Mono (available at http://
dejavu-fonts.org/), originally developed by Bitstream, Inc. as Bitstream Vera.
The cover and title page pictograms contain shapes taken from the Humanity icon
set, available at https://launchpad.net/humanity.
The title page and cover were designed using Inkscape, available at http://inkscape.
org/.

08.03.2015-Getting started with ubuntu 14.04

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