Gis for healthcare introduction
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This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS) and how they can be used in healthcare. It discusses key concepts in GIS including geography, spatial data and GIS software. It also covers global and regional satellite navigation systems, coordinate systems, map projections, geodetic systems and how mapping has historically been used in public health to study disease transmission and outbreaks. The document promotes the use of open-source GIS software like QGIS for health applications.
Gis for healthcare introduction
- 1. GIS for Healthcare Introduction Dr. M H B Ariyaratne Mrs. Nadeeka Darshani 2016 March - Health Information Unit, PDHS-SP goo.gl/nsHwD6
- 2. Geography ● A field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. ● The study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. ● Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it.
- 3. GIS ● Geographical Information System ● 1968 > "A Geographic Information System for Regional Planning" ● System of input, storage, processing, retrieval, and presentation of spatial data ● Spatial data - data on location and shape of geographical feature
- 4. Global Navigation Satellite Systems ● Global navigation satellite systems ○ Operational ■ GPS (US) ■ GLONASS (Russia) ■ Galileo (EU) ○ In Development ■ BeiDou-2 (China) ● Regional navigation satellite systems ○ BeiDou-1 (China) ○ NAVIC (India) ○ QZSS (Japan)
- 5. GPS ● Global Positioning System ● A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ● Owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. ● A global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites ● Does not require the user to transmit any data ● Operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception
- 6. Mapping in Public Health ● Olden days - Certain diseases more common in different locations ● 1854 - Cholera outbreak - John Snow ● 1934-35 - Malaria Epidemic ● Extensively used in Public Health
- 7. Geographic Coordinate Systems ● A coordinate system used in geography ● Enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. ● Often one of the numbers represents a vertical position, and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position. ● Common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation ● Longitudes and Latitudes can be in Degrees + Minutes + Seconds or Degrees + Minutes or
- 8. Projection Systems ● A systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane ● Maps cannot be created without map projections ● All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion ● Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not ● Different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
- 9. Geodetic System ● A coordinate system and a set of reference points ● Used to locate places on the Earth or similar objects ● Translate positions indicated on maps (paper or digital) to their real position on Earth ● The difference in coordinates between datums is commonly referred to as datum shift. ● Conversion among different geographic coordinate systems is possible (Ex. in QGIS)
- 10. World Geodetic System ● A standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. ● It comprises a standard coordinate system for the Earth ● Latest revision is WGS84 ○ Established in 1984 ○ Also known as WGS 1984, EPSG:4326 ○ Default CRS in Q-GIS
- 11. Localised Datums ● Defined for a selected area on Earth ● Because the Earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, localised datums can give a more accurate representation of the area of coverage than WGS 84 ● Example ○ Kandawala / Sri Lanka Grid ■ EPSG:5234 ■ Projected coordinate system ■ Based on Kandawala Datum ○ Kandawala ■ Geodetic coordinate system ■ EPSG:4244
- 12. ArcGIS ● Most popular GIS software ● Different Editions - ArcReader, ArcGID Desktop Basic, etc ● Proprietary commercial software ● Developed and maintains shape file format ● Desktop version runs only in Windows Platforms
- 13. Q-GIS ● Desktop geographic information system (GIS) application ● Supports viewing, editing, and analysis of geospatial data ● Cross-platform ● Free and open-source
- 14. Thank you