graphing experimental result
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The document discusses different types of graphical representations used for experimental data. It describes that William Playfair invented the first statistical graphs in the late 18th century, including line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts. The document then provides details on different graph types, such as defining line graphs as showing changes over time, bar graphs as comparing categories, and pie charts as dividing a whole into parts. It also discusses other graphs like histograms, polygraphs, and compound bar graphs.
graphing experimental result
- 1. Graphical Representation of Experimental Data Helal Uddin Mullah Research Scholar (ECE) mullahz251@gmail.com Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Tezpur University, Napaam Sonitpur- 784028 September 22, 2015 Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 1 / 15
- 2. Contents Introduction Inventor of Graphs Types of Graphs Line Graph Polygraph Bar graphs Pie graphs Conclusion references Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 2 / 15
- 3. Introduction A Graphical representation is a visual display of data and statistical results. It is more often and eective than presenting data in tabular form. There are dierent types of graphical representation and which are used depending on the nature of the data and the nature of the statistical results. Graphical representation helps to quantify, sort and present data in a method that is understandable to a large variety of audience. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 3 / 15
- 4. Inventor of Graphs William Playfair (1759-1823), Scottish engineer and political economist, is the principal inventor of statistical graphs. In 1786, he published Commercial and Political Atlas that contained 44 charts. He invented the three basic forms of graph: The statistical line graph, The bar graph, The pie graph. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 4 / 15
- 5. Types of Graphs Line graphs Bar graphs Pie graphs Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 5 / 15
- 6. Line Graphs A graph showing the dierences in frequencies or percentages among categories of an interval-ratio variable Points representing the frequencies of each category are placed above the midpoint of the category and are joined by a straight line. Line graph are usually drawn to represent the time series data. E.g. Temparature, Rain fall, Population growth, Birthrates etc. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 6 / 15
- 7. Polygraph Polygraph is a line graph in which two or more than two variables are shown on a same diagram by dierent lines. It helps in comparing the data. Examples which can be shown as polygraph are: The growth rate of dierent crops like rice, wheat in one diagram. The birth rates, death rates and life expectancy in one diagram. Sex ratio in dierent states or countries in one diagram. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 7 / 15
- 8. Bar Graphs A Bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with length proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. Bar graphs are used to show a comparison of multiple objects. One axis of the chart shows the specic categories being compared, and the other axis represents discrete values. Following rules were obeyed while constructing a bar diagram: The width of all the bars or columns is similar. All the bars should be placed on equal intervals/distance. Bars are shaded with colours or patterns to make them distinct and attractive. Three Types of Bar graphs are used to represent dierent data sets: The simple bar diagram Compound bar diagram Polybar diagram Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 8 / 15
- 9. The simple bar diagram A simple bar diagram is constructed for an immediate comparison. It is advisable to arrange the given data set in an ascending or descending order and plot the data variables accordingly. However, time series data are represented according to the sequencing of the time period. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 9 / 15
- 10. Compound bar diagram When dierent components are grouped in one set of variable or dierent variables of one component are put together, their representation is made by a compound bar diagram. In this method, dierent variables are shown in a single bar with dierent rectangles. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 10 / 15
- 11. Polybar diagram The line and bar graphs as drawn separately may also be combined to depict the data related to some of the closely associated characteristics such as the climatic data of mean monthly temperatures and rainfall. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 11 / 15
- 12. Histogram Histograms are diagrams of frequency distribution for continous data. Width of bars represent class intervels and height represents corresponding freequency. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 12 / 15
- 13. Pie Graphs Pie diagram is another graphical method of the representation of data. It is drawn to depict the total value of the given attribute using a circle. Dividing the circle into corresponding degrees of angle then represent the sub-sets of the data. Hence, it is also called as Divided Circle Diagram. Compares sub classes or categories to the whole class or categories using dierently coloured or patterned segments Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 13 / 15
- 14. Conclusion If the information is presented in tabular form or in a descriptive record, it becomes dicult to draw results. Graphs help us in visualizing numerical data. The graphic method of the representation of data enhances our understanding. It makes the comparisons easy. Besides, such methods create an imprint on mind for a longer time. Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 14 / 15
- 15. The End Thank You ! Helal Uddin Mullah (Ph.D, ECE) (Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringTezpur UniversGraphing Experimental Data September 22, 2015 15 / 15