GTE MP.docx
- 1. Y.B. PATIL POLYTECHNIC SECTOR NO. 29, AKURDI, PUNE -411044, INDIA HRISHIKESH TARANGE – Y-2070-1901340102 ATHARVA PATIL – Y-2075-1901340081 YOGESH YELAVI -Y-2083-1901340103 PRATHAMESH ROKDE – Y-2031-1901340079 AVINASH SAKHARE – Y-2058 -1901340080 DAVENDRA SUTHAR – Y-2077-1901340104 This is to certify ;has satisfactorily carried out and completed the project work entitled Study of types of rocks This work is being submitted for the award of Diploma in civil Engineering partial fulfillment of prescribed syllabus of M.S.B.T.E Mumbai for academic Year 2020 MR.SHEETAL NALBIWAR MR,ABHIJEET PATIL GUIDE HOD CIVIL DEPARTMENT PRINCIPLE PROF.A.S KONDEKAR Micro project proposal
- 2. Topic-Study of types of rocks 1.Aims/benefits of micro project: To get knowledge about total station its objective its component use in civil engineering introduction & knowledge of total station 2 Course outcome addressed. 1 To learn about types of foundation 2. To learn about component & it use 3. To learn about their advantage & disadvantage 3 Action plan Sr. No. Details of activity Planned Start date Planed Finished date Name of responsible team member 1) Collection of information. 20/06/2020 20/06/2020 HRISHIKESH TARANGE – Y2070 ATHARVA PATIL – Y2075 2) Working of Microsoft Word. 20/06/2020 23/06/2020 YOGESH YELAVI – Y2083 PRATHAMESH ROKDE – Y2031 3) Taking Prints of the project made in Microsoft Word & Microsoft word & binding it 22/06/2020 22/06/2020 AVINASH SAKHAREz – Y2058 DAVENDRA SUTAR – Y2077
- 3. 5 Resource Required Sr.no Name of resource /materials specification Qty Remark 1 Internet and reference book Collect information 1 2 laptop Working on Microsoft word 1 Name of team member with roll no HRISHIKESH TARANGE – Y2070 ATHARVA PATIL – Y2075 YOGESH YELAVI – Y2083 PRATHAMESH ROKDE – Y2031 AVINASH SAKHERE – Y2058 DAVENDRA SUTAR – Y2077 Micro project evaluation sheet
- 4. Name of student HRISHIKESH TARANGE – Y2070 ATHARVA PATIL – Y2075 YOGESH YELAVI – Y2083 PRATHAMESH ROKDE – Y2031 AVINASH SAKHERE – Y2058 DAVENDRA SUTAR – Y2077 Name of programme: micro project on the Study of types of rocks Semester:2st Course title: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Title of micro project : Study of types of rocks Course outcome achieved 1 To learn about Study of types of rocks 2. To learn about component & it use 3. To learn about their advantage & disadvantage Sr no Characteristic to be assessed Poor (mark 1-3) Average (mark 4-5) Good (mark 6-8) Excellent (mark 9-10) Sub total (A)PROCESS AND PRODUCT ASSESSMENT CONVERT ABOVE TOTAL MARK OUT OF 6 MARK 1 Relevance to the course 2 Literature review/information 3 Completion of the target as per project proposal 4 Analysis of date and representation 5 Quality of prototype/model 6 Report preparation (B)INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION/VIVA CONVERT ABOVE MARK OUT OF 4 MARKS 7 Presentation 8 viva
- 5. NAME ROLL NO (A) PROCESS AND PRODUCT ASSESSMENT (6MARK) (B) INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATIO N/ VIVA (4 MARK) TOTAL MARK (10 MARK) HRISHIKESH TARANGE Y-2070 ATHARVA PATIL Y-2075 YOGESH YELAVI Y-2083 PRATHAMESH ROKDE Y-2031 AVINASH SAKHERE Y-2058 DAVENDRA SUTAR Y-2077 COMMENTS/SUGGESTION ABOUT TEAMWORK/LEADERSHIP/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ( IF ANY) NAME AND DESIGNATION OF TEACHER ………………………………………………… DATED SIGNATURE………………………………
- 6. Introduction The study of geology is the study of the Earth, and so is ultimately the study of rocks. Geologists define a rock as: A bound aggregate of minerals, mineraloids, or fragments of other rocks. Chert The use of the word 'bound' means that a rock must have structural integrity, e.g. an aggregate of sand does not become a rock until the grains are bound together. Typical binding agents are very fine grained minerals (e.g. calcite, clay) or mineraloids (e.g. chert, glass), though in some rock types the crystals are intergrown and no binder is required. Classification There are three major groups of rocks: 1. Igneous rocks are those that have formed by the cooling and crystallisation of magma, either at the Earth's surface or within the crust; 2. Sedimentary rocks are those that have formed when eroded particles of other rocks have been deposited (on the ocean floor, stream/lake beds, etc) and compacted, or by the precipitation of minerals / mineraloids from water; 3. Metamorphic rocks are those that have formed when existing rocks have undergone pressure and / or temperature changes so that their original mineralogy has been changed. Each of these rock groups contains many different types of rock, and each can be identified from its physical features. Being able to describe and name rocks is one of the fundamental skills of a geologist. Important information regarding the nature of rocks is communicated through concise, accurate descriptions. This information allows the geologist to identify the rock, and, in the process, to learn about its history and the geological environment in which it was formed.
- 7. A knowledge of field relationships between different rock units is fundamental to the study of rocks. It is gained from mapping and observing rocks in the field. In depth analysis of rocks using a microscope or sophisticated analytical laboratory equipment provides important information on their composition. In between these extremes is the observation and description of hand specimens. The term hand specimen refers to an easily manageable piece of rock that can be picked up and easily transported back to the geologist's base for further investigation. Methodology Rock identification is a systematic process, requiring concise, accurate descriptions of physical characteristics. This process is called petrography. Geologists use petrographic descriptions to communicate the essential features of rocks in writing (with illustrations / photographs if appropriate). Petrographic descriptions also summarise these characteristics for future reference. They should contain sufficient information to allow identification of the rock. Systematic petrographic descriptions, as the name suggests, should follow a systematic pattern detailing the necessary information in a set order. Geologists need to be able to determine the physical properties of rocks based on observations and simple tests that can be conducted in the field. Features of rocks Important features to look for when writing descriptions and identifying rocks are: Texture: Refers to the shape, arrangement and distribution of minerals or grains / clasts within the rock - the texture in a geological sense does NOT refer to the roughness of the surface of the rock; Structure: Refers to broader features of a rock which may extend beyond the hand specimen into the outcrop; examples are bedding (in sedimentary rocks), foliation (in metamorphic rocks); Note: Texture and structure, collectively referred to as fabric, are of primary importance in determining which major rock group a particular rock specimen belongs to.
- 8. Grain size: Refers to the size of individual mineral crystals or clasts (pieces of pre- existing rock) in a rock. Grain size is useful for determining various rock types within the three major rock groups; Mineralogy: Refers to the minerals present within the rock, and also their relative proportions (especially important in the case of igneous rocks); Other features: Features such as colour, hardness / strength and specific gravity can also provide useful information, and should be included in a complete petrographic description. If a rock appears to be weathered this is an important feature to note as weathering can change physical characteristics markedly. The size of the sample should also be noted. Each of the three major rock groups has specific features which are useful for their determination, as do the rocks within the three groups. Preparing a petrographic description To ensure good systematic petrographic descriptions the following steps should be followed when investigating rocks. (Important note: physical characteristics should be determined from a fresh, unweathered surface): 1. Observe and note the rock's fabric (texture and structure). This should enable you to determine the group into which the sample falls (igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic). 2. Identify any minerals visible in the sample by their properties. If minerals comprise a significant portion of the sample, try to estimate the relative proportions of each. If the sample contains fragments of other rock types, try to identify these. 3. Determine the grain size, or range of grain sizes, in the sample. Use estimates of grain size as follows: fine: < 0.1mm diameter, medium: 0.1 – 2mm diameter, coarse: > 2mm diameter. Take note of whether different minerals are of different sizes, and / or whether there are large variations in grain size. 4. Note other features including colour, hardness / strength, specific gravity, sample size and any weathering.
- 9. Igneous rocks Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of magma, a silicate liquid generated by partial melting of the upper mantle or the lower crust. Different environments of formation, and the cooling rates associated with these, create very different textures and define the two major groupings within igneous rocks: Volcanic rocks Volcanic rocks form when magma rises to the surface and erupts, either as lava or pyroclastic material. The rate of cooling of the magma is rapid, and crystal growth is inhibited. Volcanic rocks are characteristically fine-grained. Volcanic rocks often exhibit structures caused by their eruption, e.g. flow banding (formed by shearing of the lava as it flows), and vesicles (open cavities that represent escaped gasses). Plutonic rocks Plutonic rocks form when magma cools within the Earth's crust. The rate of cooling of the magma is slow, allowing large crystals to grow. Plutonic rocks are characteristically coarse- grained. Textures of igneous rocks The environment of formation produces characteristic textures in igneous rocks which aid in their identification. These textures are: Phaneritic - This texture describes a rock with large, easily visible, interlocking crystals of several minerals. The crystals are randomly distributed and not aligned in any consistent direction. A phaneritic texture is developed by the slow cooling and crystallisation of magma trapped within the Earth's crust and is characteristic of plutonic rocks. Porphyritic - This texture describes a rock that has well-formed crystals visible to the naked eye, called phenocrysts, set in a very fine grained or glassy matrix, called the groundmass. A porphyritic texture is developed when magma that has been slowly cooling and crystallising within the Earth's crust suddenly erupted at the surface, causing the remaining uncrystallised magma to cool rapidly. This texture is characteristic of most volcanic rocks. Aphanitic - This texture describes very fine grained rock where individual crystals can be seen only with the aid of a microscope, i.e. the rock is mostly groundmass. An aphanitic texture is developed when magma is erupted at the Earth's surface and cools too quickly for large crystals to grow. This texture is exhibited by some volcanic rocks. Eutaxitic (applies only to welded ignimbrites) - This texture describes a rock with a planar fabric in which flattened pumice clasts are surrounded by a fine grained groundmass of sintered ash. The flattened pumice clasts are lenticular (lens-shaped) in cross-section and are called fiamme (Italian for flame). An eutaxitic texture is developed when hot, pumice-
- 10. rich material is erupted explosively and is then compressed by overlying material while still in a hot, plastic state. Other features The chemical composition of the magma determines which minerals will form and in what proportions they will occur. Therefore, identification of the minerals present in the rock is an important step in being able to correctly identify the rock. Magmas that are relatively low in silica (SiO 2) crystallise olivine, pyroxene ( augite) and calcium-rich plagioclase, while magmas that are high in SiO 2 crystalline quartz, sodium-rich plagioclase, orthoclase, biotite and hornblende. As with minerals, igneous rocks can be broadly divided into mafic and felsic types. Mafic rocks are generally darker, and have higher abundances of mafic minerals. Felsic rocks are generally lighter in colour, having a higher concentration of felsic minerals.
- 11. The following chart is a useful guide to identification of igneous rocks from their mineral composition: Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are the product of the erosion of existing rocks. Eroded material accumulates as sediment, either in the sea or on land, and is then buried, compacted and cemented to produce sedimentary rock (a process known as diagenesis). There are two major groupings of sedimentary rocks: Clastic sedimentary rocks The fragments of pre-existing rocks or minerals that make up a sedimentary rock are called clasts. Sedimentary rocks made up of clasts are called clastic (clastic indicates that particles have been broken and transported). Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the size of their clasts. Clast size in clastic rocks
- 12. Name Grade Size range (mm) Comments Boulder > 200 Clasts should be identifiable. Gravel Very coarse 60 – 200 Coarse 20 – 60 Medium 6 – 20 Fine 2 – 6 Sand Coarse 0.6 – 2 Clasts visible to the naked eye. Grains often identifiable. Medium 0.2 – 0.6 Fine 0.06 – 0.2 Mud < 0.002 – 0.06 Clasts not visible to the naked eye. Feels smooth. Clast shape, or the degree of rounding of clasts, is important in differentiating some sedimentary rocks. Clasts vary in shape from rounded to angular, depending on the distance they have been transported and / or the environment of deposition, e.g. rounded clasts are generally the product of long transportation distances and / or deposition in high energy environments (beaches, rivers).
- 13. Clasts in sandstone The degree of sorting of clasts can be an important indicator of the depositional environment. In water, larger clasts are generally not transported great distances, and they settle faster. For example, in a mixture of mud and sand being transported in a river to the sea, the sand (larger clast size, heavier) would begin to deposit as soon as the river's energy dissipated, while the mud (fine, light-weight) would be transported far off shore. Therefore, a well sorted (clasts of approximately the same size), coarse sandstone indicates deposition in a reasonably high energy environment (near-shore) probably close to the source of the sand. Conversely, a mudstone generally indicates deep water deposition (low energy environment, far off shore). Structures produced during deposition, e.g. bedding and cross-bedding, can give clues as to the depositional environment. So can structures produced by re-working by tidal or storm- generated currents, e.g. ripple marks, rip-up clasts. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks These sedimentary rocks occur when minerals / mineraloids are precipitated directly from water, or are concentrated by organic matter / life. Components have not been transported prior to deposition. No classes are present. Metamorphic rocks Metamorphism is the alteration of pre-existing rocks in the solid state due to changes in temperature and pressure. Under increasing temperature and / or pressure existing minerals become unstable and break down to form new minerals. In the case of regional metamorphism the rocks are subjected to tectonic forces which provide the necessary mechanisms for metamorphism. Products include schist and slate. Contact metamorphism involves metamorphosis through heating by an intruding plutonic body. Hornfels is the result of this type of metamorphism. Metamorphic rocks are classified according to the conditions under which they recrystallised, known as their metamorphic facies. The key parameters in this classification are index minerals which indicate particular pressure / temperature conditions. These minerals may only be present in small proportions, and in many cases are difficult to recognise in hand specimens. An alternative classification, useful in the field or for hand specimens, is based upon the degree of recrystallisation of the original minerals, and so grain size and the degree of foliation (see below) are important. As metamorphism occurs in areas undergoing deformation, look also for structures that indicate deformation, such as folding (often shown as crenulations or small crumpled folds), and small fractures or faults. Metamorphic textures
- 14. The two distinctive metamorphic textures are: Foliation planes in gneiss Foliation - This represents a distinct plane of weakness in the rock. Foliation is caused by the re-alignment of minerals when they are subjected to high pressure and temperature. Individual minerals align themselves perpendicular to the stress field such that their long axes are in the direction of these planes (which may look like the cleavage planes of minerals). Usually, a series of foliation planes can be seen parallel to each other in the rock. Well developed foliation is characteristic of most metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks often break easily along foliation planes. Granular - This describes a metamorphic rock consisting of interlocking equant crystals (granules), almost entirely of one mineral. A granular texture is developed if a rock's chemical composition is close to that of a particular mineral. This mineral will crystallise if the rock is subjected to high pressure and temperature. A granular texture is characteristic of some metamorphic rocks. Note: As the grade of metamorphism increases (more temperature and pressure), both crystal size and the coarseness of foliation increase. Therefore, gneiss represents more intense metamorphism (or a higher grade) than does schist. Some fine-grained metamorphic rocks, e.g. schist, have larger crystals present. These crystals are called porphyroblasts. Porphyroblasts represent minerals that crystallise at a faster rate than the matrix minerals. Garnet is a common porphyroblast mineral. Guide to the classification of metamorphic rocks by texture Grain size Fine Medium Coarse
- 15. Poorly foliated Hornfels Marble, quartzite Marble, quartzite Well foliated Slate Schist Gneiss Well foliated and sheared Mylonite Mylonite, schist Augen gneiss