![Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards
O level exam type questions (TB pg. 5)
2a) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. [4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw1slidespart1-170124130519/85/Tectonics-GW1-Slides-Part-1-11-320.jpg)
![(a) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. [4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw1slidespart1-170124130519/85/Tectonics-GW1-Slides-Part-1-12-320.jpg)
![Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards
O level exam type questions (TB pg. 5)
2b) Compare the areas that are prone to volcanic activity,
earthquakes and tropical cyclones. What is the relationship
between the three natural hazards in terms of their locations? [4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw1slidespart1-170124130519/85/Tectonics-GW1-Slides-Part-1-13-320.jpg)
![(b) Compare the areas that are prone to volcanic activity, earthquakes and tropical cyclones. What
is the relationship between the three natural hazards in terms of their locations? [4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw1slidespart1-170124130519/85/Tectonics-GW1-Slides-Part-1-14-320.jpg)
![Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards
Pitstop 1
2a) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. [4]
• Most volcanoes and earthquakes are generally located along the Pacific Ocean.
• This area stretches northwards from the Andes in South America to California in
North America, and up north along the western coast to Alaska.
• The area also stretches along the East Asian countries of Korea, Japan and China,
Southeast Asia, bypassing Australia into New Zealand.
• But there are also areas where earthquakes occur but few or no volcanoes are
present.
• This area stretches from southern Australia in the Indian Ocean to the middle of
the Atlantic Ocean.
• This area with earthquakes and few/no volcanoes also include central Asia and the
Middle East, starting from the Himalayas to the Mediterranean.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw1slidespart1-170124130519/85/Tectonics-GW1-Slides-Part-1-15-320.jpg)
![Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards
Pitstop 1
2b) Compare the areas that are prone to volcanic activity, earthquakes and tropical
cyclones. What is the RELATIONSHIP between the three natural hazards in terms of
their locations? [4]
• Earthquakes and volcanic activity have a CLOSE RELATIONSHIP in terms of their
locations.
• While there are some areas where there are earthquakes but no volcanoes, EQ and
volcanic activity generally occur in the same locations (e.g. along the Pacific ocean /
the Pacific Ring of Fire)
• However, there is NO RELATIONSHIP between the location of tropical cyclones and
that of earthquakes and volcanic activity.
• Tropical cyclones are climate-related so their occurrence depends on changes in
climate, whereas EQs and volcanic activity are tectonic hazards that depend on
tectonic activities.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gw1slidespart1-170124130519/85/Tectonics-GW1-Slides-Part-1-16-320.jpg)
Tectonics GW1 Slides (Part 1)
- 2. Living with Tectonic Hazards (Plate Tectonics) Gateway 1
- 3. In this chapter, you will learn… Gateway 1: Why are some areas more prone to TECTONIC HAZARDS? Gateway 2: What LANDFORMS and associated tectonic PHENOMENA are found at plate boundaries? Gateway 3: How do people PREPARE and RESPOND to earthquakes?
- 4. In this chapter, you will learn… Gateway 1: Why are some areas more prone to TECTONIC HAZARDS? Gateway 2: What LANDFORMS and associated tectonic PHENOMENA are found at plate boundaries? Gateway 3: How do people PREPARE and RESPOND to earthquakes?
- 5. Watch this! • Video 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnHPDp9-eNo • Video 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMW8Rg2TTqs Your task: • Give a suggested title for each video • Fill in table on Handout pg. 1
- 6. Video 1:
- 7. Video 2:
- 8. After watching… • What is happening in the video? • Name a natural hazard occurring in the video • What do you think will happen to the people and buildings? • What do you think caused this to happen? • How are the videos similar or different?
- 9. (A) What is a natural hazard? Definition A naturally occurring event that threatens human lives and causes damage to property.
- 10. (A) What is a natural hazard? What are some examples of natural hazards? On Handout pg.1, classify the hazards into the appropriate categories. WORD SPLASH! Tectonic natural hazards Climate-related natural hazards
- 11. Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards O level exam type questions (TB pg. 5) 2a) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. [4]
- 12. (a) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. [4]
- 13. Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards O level exam type questions (TB pg. 5) 2b) Compare the areas that are prone to volcanic activity, earthquakes and tropical cyclones. What is the relationship between the three natural hazards in terms of their locations? [4]
- 14. (b) Compare the areas that are prone to volcanic activity, earthquakes and tropical cyclones. What is the relationship between the three natural hazards in terms of their locations? [4]
- 15. Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards Pitstop 1 2a) Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. [4] • Most volcanoes and earthquakes are generally located along the Pacific Ocean. • This area stretches northwards from the Andes in South America to California in North America, and up north along the western coast to Alaska. • The area also stretches along the East Asian countries of Korea, Japan and China, Southeast Asia, bypassing Australia into New Zealand. • But there are also areas where earthquakes occur but few or no volcanoes are present. • This area stretches from southern Australia in the Indian Ocean to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. • This area with earthquakes and few/no volcanoes also include central Asia and the Middle East, starting from the Himalayas to the Mediterranean.
- 16. Distribution of Earth’s natural hazards Pitstop 1 2b) Compare the areas that are prone to volcanic activity, earthquakes and tropical cyclones. What is the RELATIONSHIP between the three natural hazards in terms of their locations? [4] • Earthquakes and volcanic activity have a CLOSE RELATIONSHIP in terms of their locations. • While there are some areas where there are earthquakes but no volcanoes, EQ and volcanic activity generally occur in the same locations (e.g. along the Pacific ocean / the Pacific Ring of Fire) • However, there is NO RELATIONSHIP between the location of tropical cyclones and that of earthquakes and volcanic activity. • Tropical cyclones are climate-related so their occurrence depends on changes in climate, whereas EQs and volcanic activity are tectonic hazards that depend on tectonic activities.
- 17. Why are some areas more prone to tectonic hazards? (B) Internal structure of earth Core Mantle Crust
- 18. (B) Internal structure of the earth Let’s watch! Drones Sacrificed for Spectacular Volcano Video | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFIWWM0Iv-U
- 20. (B) Internal structure of the earth Let’s watch! Layers of the earth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGaxYzY The lyrics are given in your handout pg. 1
- 25. Outer layer that holds the liquid chocolate in. This semi-liquid chocolate centre The central solid nut. The CRUST • Less than 1% of Earth’s volume The MANTLE • 80% of Earth’s total volume The CORE Ferrero Rocher How many layers are there? Earth Layered Structure
- 26. (B) Internal structure of the earth Crust Mantle Core
- 27. (B) Internal structure of the earth Let’s now have a “slice” of earth to see its cross-section! Handout pg. 2 TB pg. 6-7
- 28. Outer core Inner core CORE MANTLE CRUST Lower mantle Upper mantle Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic crust Continental crust Ocean Continents Cross-section of Earth’s interior Highest Lower Temperature Thick Thin Thickness
- 29. Outer core Inner core CORE Ocean Continents Cross-section of Earth’s interior Liquid Solid - 3500km thick - Mostly iron and nickel - 3000°C to 5000°C
- 30. Outer core Inner core CORE MANTLE Lower mantle Upper mantle Ocean Continents - 2900km thick - Mostly solid rock that flows under high temp and pressure - 800°C to 3000°C Cross-section of Earth’s interior
- 31. Outer core Inner core CORE MANTLE CRUST Lower mantle Upper mantle Oceanic crust Continental crust Ocean Continents - A few km to 70km thick - Crust beneath oceans/seas - Crust beneath continents/landmasses Cross-section of Earth’s interior
- 32. Outer core Inner core CORE MANTLE CRUST Lower mantle Upper mantle Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic crust Continental crust Ocean Continents- Crust + uppermost mantle - Rigid & brittle - Uppermantle mantle material just below the lithosphere - ‘weak sphere’ - Softer - High temp & pressure - Rocks easily deformed When rocks in the lithosphere melt, hot molten rock (i.e. magma) is formed. Cross-section of Earth’s interior
- 33. Outer core Inner core CORE MANTLE CRUST Lower mantle Upper mantle Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic crust Continental crust Ocean Continents Cross-section of Earth’s interior
- 34. Why are some areas more prone to tectonic hazards? (C) Tectonic plates: Oceanic Continental
- 35. (C) What is a tectonic plate? • Tectonic plates are part of the lithosphere (which is rigid & brittle). PLATE large, rigid slab of solid rock TECTONICS “to build” (in Greek) PLATE TECTONICS earth’s surface is built of plates + =
- 36. (C) What is a tectonic plate? Location Thickness Type of rock By observation, classify the following statements under the correct crust: Beneath deep oceans Beneath earth’s continental land masses/shallow seas close to continents Thinner (5-8km) Thicker (35-70km) Less dense & lighter rocks (e.g. granite) Denser & heavier rocks (e.g. basalt)
- 37. (C) What is a tectonic plate? Location Beneath deep oceans Beneath Earth’s land masses & under shallow seas close to continents Thickness Thinner (5-8km) Thicker (35-70km) Type of rock Heavy & dense (e.g. basalt) Less than 200million y.o Lighter & less dense (e.g. granite) Recent to nearly 4 billion y.o
- 39. Jigsaw Activity! As a group, try to piece together jigsaw puzzle to form a world map! Looking at your completed jigsaw puzzle, • How would you describe the pieces of the jigsaw? • What do the lines represent? • Which continent do we live in? • What observations can you make about the plate and the related continent that we live in?
- 40. Jigsaw Activity! As a group, try to piece together jigsaw puzzle to form a world map! Key learning points from this activity: Plates are NOT continents. Tectonic plates can be made up of: (1) oceanic crust (2) continental crust (3) oceanic & continental crusts Tectonic plates move in relation to one another
- 41. Continents
- 42. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
- 43. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
- 44. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
- 45. What do you notice? What might have happened?
- 46. Pangea Theory pan ("all, entire, whole") Gaia ("Mother Earth, land")
- 47. Pangea Theory pan ("all, entire, whole") Gaia ("Mother Earth, land")
- 48. Why are some areas more prone to tectonic hazards? (D) Plate movement: Slab-pull force Convection currents
- 49. (D) Why do plates move?
- 50. (D) Why do plates move? Plate movements are caused by convection currents & slab-pull force working together. Convection currents = movement of heat within the mantle • Material in the mantle is heated by the core. • The mantle material expands and rises. • The rising magma spreads out beneath the plates, causing plates to be dragged along and away from each other
- 51. (D) Why do plates move? Plate movements are caused by convection currents & slab-pull force working together. Convection currents = movement of heat within the mantle • Then, the hot mantle material cools slightly and sinks, pulling the plates along.
- 52. (D) Why do plates move? Plate movements are caused by convection currents & slab-pull force working together. Convection currents = movement of heat within the mantle • The sinking mantle material heats up again as it nears the core and the whole process repeats.
- 53. (D) Why do plates move? Plate movements are caused by convection currents & slab-pull force working together. Slab-pull force = force that causes a sinking oceanic plate to dive beneath another less dense continental/oceanic plate. • This process is called subduction. • The subducting/sinking plate drives the downward moving portion of convection currents.