Hands on experience with manual system operation
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This presentation discusses different types of manual flight control systems, including mechanical, hydro-mechanical, fly-by-wire, and fly-by-light systems. Mechanical systems directly connect pilot controls to aircraft surfaces using rods, cables and pulleys. Hydro-mechanical systems add hydraulic power assist due to increasing aircraft size and speeds. Fly-by-wire systems convert manual controls to electronic signals sent to actuators on surfaces, allowing computer control. Fly-by-light systems further improve on fly-by-wire by replacing electrical cables and sensors with optical fibers to avoid electromagnetic interference issues.
Hands on experience with manual system operation
- 1. PRESENTATION ON Manual System Operation SUBMITTED TO : Anshul Bansal Sir Department of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KOTA (RAJ.) SUBMITTED BY: Sumit Saxena 14/617
- 2. Manual system operation :- Manual system operation means the controlling of aircraft from the pilot itself from various equipment . Aircraft flight control was traditionally accomplished through mechanical & hydraulic systems. Subsequently, “Fly- By-Wire” through electronics has been widely used. Application of fibre optics in aircraft offers considerable advantages for flight control system. 2 Fig.1 Aircraft control surfaces
- 3. Mechanical Flight Control system operation :- In this system, the control devices with the pilot are connected directly to the control surfaces of the aircraft by a system of rods, levers, cables and pulleys. The levels of stick and rudder-pedal forces to steer and manoeuvring an aeroplane were constrained by the physical capabilities of the pilot. 3 Fig.2 Various Mechanical control components Sl no. Item Purpose 1. The cable To transmit the power 2. Cable connector To connect the cable 3. Turnbuckle To adjust the cable length 4. Pulley To guide the cable in radial direction 5. Push pull rod To go for aft as per requirement 6. Control stick To make orders for the remaining circuit
- 4. Hydro-mechanical Flight Control System :- Due to ever increasing size and flight envelope of aircraft, mechanical flight control systems were found inadequate. With increasing speed of aircraft, it became more difficult to move the control surfaces due to high aerodynamic forces. This led to application of hydraulic power. Hydro mechanical controls have two parts: 1. A mechanical circuit: It is similar as in mechanical flight control system 2. A hydraulic circuit: When a pilot moves the hydro mechanical controls, the circuit operates and the servo valve in the hydraulic circuit opens. This type of control is often used in older jets as well as high performance airplanes. 4
- 5. Fig.3 Hydro-mechanical Flight Control System
- 6. Fly-by-Wire Flight Control System :- Fly-by-wire (FBW) control system replaced the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals and transmitted by wires (hence the fly-by-wire term). Flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response. The fly-by-wire system also allows automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize the aircraft. The whole system in FBW act as a closed feedback loop. Aircraft with FBW flight control systems first came into service in the late 1970s using analog implementation. Digital FBW systems have been in service since the late 1980s. 6
- 8. Fly-by-Light Flight Control System :- The FBW has a large number of advantages over the mechanical system such as: lighter weight, easier maintenance. A demerit however is susceptibility to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and High Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF). To address this problem, one approach is to use shielded electrical cables, but it increases the cable weight. A better way to avoid EMI and HIRF problems is to use optical fibre cables instead of electrical cables and to use optic sensors instead of electrical sensors, this introduces fly-by-light concept. Advantages of FBL :- 1. Light weight 2.Large bandwidth 3.EMI shielding 8
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