Harvard referencing

Harvard Referencing
2007

Note: this page is only an introduction to the Harvard referencing system. Curtin University Library
provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in:

Snooks & Co. 2002, Style manual: For authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons
Australia, n.p.

For referencing electronic sources, refer to the American Psychological Association's Publication manual:

American Psychological Association 2001, Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC.

Note: A modified APA style is used for electronic sources to fit in with the Harvard referencing style
provided by Curtin University Library as the Style manual does not cover this area fully.

The information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above publications.

It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,
eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not
conforming to your school's requirements.

What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used
in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as
ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.

There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Harvard
referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication
date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.

Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read
more fully the cited author’s arguments.

Steps Involved in Referencing
1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.

In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume
number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these
details will necessarily be applicable).

In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of
the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.

For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the
information, and database name or web address (URL).

2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).

3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).

In-Text Citations

Use the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an
assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in
the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, CL 1994) or CL Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the
same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown
1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.

When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks
placed around the quote. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or
lengthy text, include the relevant page number, as this might be useful to the reader.

In general, page numbers should be included in all in-text citations, as many schools insist on this practice.

How to Create a Reference List

A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the
sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the
reader.

The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and
ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.

The Harvard style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown in the
examples below, to highlight the alphabetical order.

2

Examples of Referencing

Books In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)

Single author ‘The theory was first propounded in Comfort, A 1997, A good age, Mitchell Beazley, Book
1993’ (Comfort 1997, p. 58) London.
OR
‘Comfort (1997, p. 58) claimed
that…’

2 or 3 authors (Madden & Hogan 1997, p. 45) Madden, R & Hogan, T 1997, The definition of Book
OR disability in Australia: moving towards national
Madden and Hogan (1997, p. 45) consistency, Australian Institute of Health and
discuss this idea… Welfare, Canberra.

4 or more authors (Leeder et al. 1996, p. 69) Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Book
Mathews, PS, Williams, DW & Mariot, DL 1996,
The Australian film industry, Dominion Press,
Adelaide.

No author ‘This was apparently not the case Advertising in the Western Cape 1990, ABC Book
before about 1995’ (Advertising in Publishers, Cape Town.
the Western Cape 1990, p. 14)…
OR
‘In Advertising in the Western Cape
(1990, p. 14) it was claimed that…’

Multiple works by ‘University research (Brown 1982, Brown, P 1982, Corals in the Capricorn group, Book
same author 1988) has indicated that…’ Central Queensland University, Rockhampton.

Brown, P 1988, The effects of anchor on corals, Central
Queensland University, Rockhampton.

Order chronologically in the reference list.

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Multiple works ‘In recent reports (Napier 1993a, Napier, A 1993a, Fatal storm, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. Book
published in the same 1993b)…’
year by the same Napier, A 1993b, Survival at sea, Allen & Unwin,
author Use a/b etc. to differentiate Sydney.
between works in same year.
Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.

Editor (Kastenbaum 1993, p. 78) Kastenbaum, R (ed.) 1993, Encyclopedia of adult Edited Book
development, Oryx Press, Phoenix.

Different Editions Renton (2004, p. 5) suggests that… Renton, N 2004, Compendium of good writing, 3rd Book
edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton.

An edition number is placed after the title of the
work - this is not necessary for a first edition.

Encyclopedia or The new Grove dictionary of music Sadie, S (ed.) 1980, The new Grove dictionary of Edited Book
Dictionary and musicians (1980, p. 85) music and musicians, 6th edn, Macmillan,
defined it as... London.

Article or chapter in a As discussed by Blaxter (1976, p. Blaxter, M 1976, ‘Social class and health inequalities’, Book Section
book 101)… in C Carter & J Peel (eds), Equalities and
inequalities in health, Academic Press, London,
pp. 120-135.

Article or chapter in a (Solving the Y2K problem 1997, p. ‘Solving the Y2K problem’ 1997, in D Bowd (ed.), Book Section
book – no author 23). Technology today and tomorrow, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, p. 27. You will need to edit the in-text citation for
it to appear in italics.

Brochure (Research and Training Centre Research and Training Centre on Independent Living Book
1993, p. 2) 1993, Guidelines for reporting and writing about
people with disabilities [Brochure], 4th edn, You will need to type [Brochure] manually
Research and Training Centre, Melbourne. after the title.

The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it is
also the author.

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E-book (Pettinger 2002) Pettinger, R 2002, Global organizations, Capstone Electronic Book
Publishing, Oxford. Retrieved September 28,
2004, from NetLibrary database. (put September 28, 2004 in the Date
Accessed field, NetLibrary in Name of
Database)

Thesis (Jones 1998, p. 89) Jones, F 1998, ‘The mechanism of Bayer residue Thesis
flocculation’, PhD Thesis, Curtin University of
Technology. Retrieved December 21, 2005, from (put PhD in Thesis Type,
Curtin University of Technology Digital Theses. December 21, 2005 in Access Date,
Curtin University of Technology Digital
Theses in URL.)
Conference (Debono 2000) Debono, C 2000, ‘The National Trust into the new Conference Proceeding
Proceeding millennium’, Proceedings of the ninth meeting of
the International National Trust, Australian (put The National trust into the new
Council of National Trusts, Alice Springs, NT, pp. millennium in Title, Proceedings of the
44-6. Retrieved January 20, 2006, from Informit ninth meeting of the International National
Online database. Trust in Conference Name, Australian
Council of National Trusts in Publisher,
Alice Springs, NT in Conference Location
, January 20, 2006 in Access Date,
Informit Online in Name of Database.)

Annual report of an (Department of Transport and Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001, Report
organisation Regional Services 2001) Annual report 2001-2002, Canberra.
OR OR
Billabong’s annual report (2005) Billabong International Ltd. 2005, Annual report 2005 –
brands. Retrieved January 27, 2006, from Connect4
database.

Image in a book The poster ‘Buy Australian Apples’ Cowle, C & Walker, D 2005, The art of apple branding, Book
(Cowle & Walker 2005, p. 65) Apples from Oz, Hobart.

Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)

Article As mentioned by Wharton (1996, p. Wharton, N 1996, ‘Health and safety in outdoor activity Journal Article
8)… centres’, Journal of Adventure Education and
Outdoor Leadership, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 8-9.

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Article – no author ‘It’s a growing problem in the U.K.’ ‘Anorexia nervosa’ 1969, British Medical Journal, vol. Journal Article
(Anorexia nervosa 1969, p. 530)… 1, pp. 529-30.
You will need to edit the in-text
citation for it to appear in italics.

Newspaper/Magazine (Towers 2000) Towers, K 2000, 'Doctor not at fault: coroner', Newspaper Article
article Australian, 18 January, p. 3.

Newspaper article – .....in the Sydney Morning Herald Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no
no author (24 January 2000, p. 12) need for an entry in the reference list.

Press release (Watersmith 2000) Watersmith, C 2000, BHP enters new era, media Report
release, BHP Limited, Melbourne, 1 March.
(put media release in the Accession
Number field, BHP Limited in Institution,
1 March in Report Number)

Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)

Full text from an (Madden 2002) Madden, G 2002, ‘Internet economics and policy: an Journal Article
electronic database Australian perspective’, Economic Record, vol.
78, no. 242, pp. 343-58. Retrieved October 16, (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date
2002, from ABI/INFORM Global database. field, ABI/INFORM database in Name of
Database.

Full text from an ‘The internet has had a huge 'Internet economics and policy: an Australian Journal Article
electronic database – impact on the Australian perspective' 2002, Economic Record, vol. 78, no.
no author economy’ (Internet economics and 242, pp. 343-58. Retrieved October 16, 2002, (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date
policy 2002, p. 350) from ABI/INFORM Global database. field, ABI/INFORM Global database in
Name of Database)

You will need to edit the in-text
citation for it to appear in italics.

6 of 11

Full text newspaper, (WA packed with overseas appeal ‘WA packed with overseas appeal’ 2004, West Newspaper Article
newswire or magazine 2004) Australian, 12 November, p. 47. Retrieved
from an electronic November 13, 2004, from Factiva database. (put November 13, 2004 in the Access
database – no author Date field, Factiva database in Name of
Database)

You will need to edit the in-text citation
for it to appear in italics

Full text from the It was proposed by Byrne (2004) Byrne, A 2004, 'The end of history: censorship and Journal Article
internet that… libraries', The Australian Library Journal, vol. 53,
no. 2. Retrieved November 16, 2004, from (put November 16, 2004 in the Access
http://www.alia.org.au/publishing/alj/53.2/full.text/ Date field,
byrne.html http://www.alia.org.au/publishing/alj/53.2/
full.text/byrne.html in Database)

Article from Curtin E- (Davidhizar & Dowd 1997, p. 29) Davidhizar, R & Dowd, SB 1997, ‘The art of giving an Journal Article
Reserve effective presentation’, Health Care Supervisor,
vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 25-31. Retrieved October 16, (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date
2002, from Curtin University Library & Information field, Curtin University Library &
Service E-Reserve. Information Service E-Reserve in
Database)

Article from database (La Rosa 1992, p. 58) La Rosa, SM 1992, 'Marketing slays the downsizing Journal Article
on CD-ROM (BPO) dragon', Information Today, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 58- (put October 16, 2002 in the Access Date
9. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from UMI field, UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc in
Business Periodicals Ondisc database. Name of Database)

Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)

Book ‘Including neuralgia’ (Carini and Thibodeau, GA & Patton, KT (eds.) 2002. The human Book
Hogan, cited in Thibodeau & Patton body in health and disease, Mosby, St. Louis, Mo.
2002, p. 45)
OR You will need to type Carini and Hogan
Carini and Hogan (cited in Record the book that you actually sourced. manually in the in-text citation.
Thibodeau & Patton 2002, p. 45)…

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Journal Article ‘…origins of neuralgia’ (Carini and Patton, KT 2002, ‘Neuralgia and headaches’, Science, Journal Article
Hogan, cited in Patton 2002, p. vol. 4, pp. 2153-55. You will need to type Carini and Hogan
2154) Record the journal that you actually sourced. manually in the in-text citation.
OR
Carini and Hogan (cited in Patton
2002)

World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)

Document on WWW ‘It’s essential you learn how to Dawson, J, Smith, L, Deubert, K & Grey-Smith, S Web Page
reference’ (Dawson et al. 2002). 2002, ‘S’ Trek 6: referencing, not plagiarism.
Retrieved October 31, 2002, from (use Access Date & URL for retrieve
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/ statement.)

Document on WWW – (Leafy seadragons and weedy Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons 2001. Web Page
No author seadragons 2001) Retrieved November 13, 2002, from
http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/ (use Access Date & URL for retrieved
statement.)

Document on WWW – (Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institute of British Architects n.d., Shaping the Web Page
No date n.d.) future: careers in architecture. Retrieved May 31,
2005, from http://www.careersinarchitecture.net/ (put Royal Institute of British Architects
in the Author field, n.d. in Year, use
Access Date & URL for retrieved
statement.)

Image on the web The image of the bleached coral Coral bleaching and mass bleaching events [Image] Web Page
(Coral bleaching and mass 2002. Retrieved September 2, 2005 from
bleaching events 2002) http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/ (type [Image] manually after the title of the
science/bleaching image)

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Government In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)
Publications

Act of Parliament The Commonwealth’s Copyright Legislation is included in a list of references only if Enter in-text citation manually.
Act 1968… it is important to an understanding of the work. Set
the list apart from the main body of the reference
[future references do not include under the subheading 'Legislation'.
date]
Essential elements: Short title Date (Jurisdiction) eg.
Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth).

If legislation is obtained from an electronic
database, add a retrieved statement as for
electronic journal articles.

Cases The State of New South Wales v. Legal authorities are included in a list of Case
The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR references only if they are important to an (put The State of New South Wales v.
54 understanding of the work. Set the list apart from The Commonwealth in Case Name, 1915
the main body of the reference under the in Year, 20 in Reporter Volume, CLR in
subheading 'Legal Authorities'. Reporter, 54 in First Page.)

You will need to edit the in-text citation for
it to appear in italics and add the case
abbreviation

Australian Bureau of (Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Disability, ageing Report
Statistics Bulletin 1999) and carers: summary of findings, cat. no. 4430.0,
ABS, Canberra. (put cat. no. 4430.0 in the Accession
Number field, ABS in Institution)

Australian Bureau of (Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Disability, ageing Report
Statistics from 1999) and carers: summary of findings, cat. no. 4430.0,
AusStats ABS, Canberra. Retrieved October 14, 2002, from (put cat. no. 4430.0 in the Accession
AusStats database. Number field, October 14, 2002 in
Access Date, AusStats in Name of
Database.)

Census Information (Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Census of Report
2001) population and housing: B01 selected
characteristics (First release processing) postal (use Access Date & Name of Database
area 6050. Retrieved November 20, 2002, from for retrieved statement.)
AusStats database.

Government Report (Resource Assessment Resource Assessment Commission 1991, Forest and Report
Commission 1991) timber inquiry: draft report, vol. 1, Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra. (put vol. 1 in the Accession Number field,
Australian Government Publishing
Service in Institution.)

9 of 11

Patent U.S. Patent No. 4554399 (1985) Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas Patent
insulated transmission systems, U.S. Patent
4554399. (put Cookson, AH in Inventor, U.S. Patent
4554399 in Patent Number.)

Standard (Standards Australia 1997) Standards Australia 1997, Size coding scheme for Report
infants’ and children’s clothing – underwear and
outerwear, AS 1182-1997. Retrieved January 10, (put AS 1182-1997 in the Accession
2006, from Standards Australia Online Number field, January 10, 2006 in Access
database. Date, Standards Australia Online in Name
of Database.)

Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type?)

Personal ‘It was confirmed that an outbreak Not included in reference list as they cannot be Enter in-text citation manually.
communication, e-mail occurred in London’ (S Savieri traced by the reader.
and discussion lists 1999, pers. comm., 24 April).
with no web archive.

Films and (Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992) Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992, videorecording, Film or Broadcast
videorecordings, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.
Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. (put videorecording in the Format field,
Featuring the Sydney Symphony
Any special information may be noted after the Orchestra in Credits.)
citation.

Television and radio (What are we going to do with the What are we going to do with the money? 1997, Film or Broadcast
programmes money? 1997) television programme, SBS Television, Sydney, 8
August. (put television programme in the Format
Field, SBS Television in Distributor,
Sydney in Country.)

Podcasts The wings of a butterfly – children, The wings of a butterfly - children, teenagers and Film or Broadcast
teenagers and anxiety 2005)( anxiety 2005, podcast radio programme, ABC
Radio National, Sydney, 10 September. (put podcast radio programme in the
Retrieved September 16, 2005, from Format field, ABC Radio National in
http://www.abc.net.au/podcast/default.htm#mind Distributor, Sydney in Country, 10
September in Date Released,
September 28, 2005 in Access Date,
http://www.abc.net.au/podcast/
default.htm#mind in URL.)

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CD-ROMS (Dr Brain thinking games 1998) Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Computer Program
Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.

ERIC document Davis and Lombardi (1996) Davis, RK & Lombardi, TP 1996, 'The quality of life of Generic
(microfiche) put forward the proposal that… rural high school special education graduates', in
Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work. (put Rural goals 2000: Building programs
ERIC Document No. 394765, microfiche. that work in the Secondary Title field,
ERIC Document No. ED394765 in
Publisher, microfiche in Type of Work)

E-mail discussion list (Little 2002) Little, L 2002, 'Two new policy briefs', ECPOLICY Newspaper Article
– web archive discussion list, 16 April. Retrieved November 13,
2002 from http://www.askeric.org/Virtual (put Little, L in the Reporter field,
Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/ ECPOLICY in Newspaper, discussion list
Msg00003.html in Section, November 13, 2002 in Notes,
http://www.askeric.org/
VirtualListserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/
Apr_2002/Msg00003.html in Type of
Article)

It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, e.g. punctuation, may vary
from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.

11 of 11

Harvard referencing

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