Heuristic approach for quantized space & time

Important Questions – part I
Yoav Weinstein – yoavw@dir-technologies.com ; Eran Sinbar – erans@dir-technologies.com
June 8, 2015
• Why is the speed of every thing limited to the speed of light (c)?
• Why is the speed of light equal always to ,c = 2.99 792 458 ∗ 108
meter/second, in free space?
• Why is Heisenberg's un certainty demands that ∆𝑥 ∗ ∆𝑝 ≥ (ℎ bar)/2 ?
• Why is Heisenberg's un certainty demands that ∆𝐸 ∗ ∆𝑡 ≥ (ℎ bar)/2 ?
• Why Einstein’s Relativity theory fails to explain the quantum mechanical behavior?
If the universe (Space-Time) is continues (not quantized),than there is no reason for singularities .
For example:
• Specific limitation on the speed of objects .
• Specific limitation in the certainty of particles location and momentum or energy and time.
• A failure in the General relativity theory when dealing with the Planck length scale.
Heuristic Approach for quantized space & time

Answers – part I
The way to explain these strict limits is:
• The 3D space is built from 3D quantum of space in the size (for each
dimension) of Planck length (h) .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_length
• Time is quantized to sequences of
•
𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒌 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
= 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝑶𝒇 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝑸𝑶𝑻) = h/c
This is Planck time (h/c) .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_time
Based on the quantization assumption , there is no meaning for exact location
and momentum of the particle in a quantum of space (Uncertainty principle)
,or exact energy and time in a quantum of time.
Planck Length = h
QOT = h/c

3
Nothing can pass faster than gapping a quantum of space during a quantum of time which is the
speed of light.
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑄𝑂𝑇
=
ℎ
ℎ
𝑐
= 𝑐
The General Relativity equations should be developed for a quantized fabric of space & time.
A quantum of space is a 3D shape. Its shape and motion is influenced by energy or matter/ gravity.
This is what shapes the curvature of space when energy or gravity are applied.

Important Questions – part II
If the 3D universe is quantized to 3D quantum of space particles in the size of Planck’s
length than:
• What lays between these 3D quantum cells?
• Where are the extra hidden 7 dimensions which are expected based on the string
theory?

Answers – part II
• Between the 3D quantum's of space there are extra dimensions (6 based on
string theory) that communicate all the quantum cells together like conductors
communicating between cells in a microelectronic array, a CCD, etc.
• The time is quantized to a minimum time bit ,which is the size of Planck time
(QOT – Quantum Of Time).
the trigger for each clock quantized pulse arrives from another extra dimension
(the seventh extra dimension).
• Over all there are 7 extra dimensions (6 for space and 1 for time) that are spread
like a grid between the quantized 4D space and time.
• These are the hidden extra 7 dimensions that are expected by the String Theory.

Illustration of 3D quantum cells using 2D square blocks
1
1. Quantum particles of space.
The 2D rectangular image
(instead of 3D symmetric
structure) is for easier drawing
illustration purposes only.
Zoom
1
2. new dimensions between
The quantum particles.
They can be arranged one layer
Above the other ,or one layer
Next to the other ,wrapped
Together etc.
A small region of the 3D space fabric.
Each 2D square illustrates a 3D quantum of space.
Between these quantum cells are located the new dimensions
2

The quantization of the 3D fabric of space and the uncertainty principle:
• Uncertainty – the minimal measured time and length are in the Planck order since the space/time is
quantized and that is the reason for the uncertainty principle.
~ Planck length = h
Example of a 3D quantized unit for illustration purpose of
a 4D space/time quanta (the shape of a quanta can be
different than a cube, it can be spherical shape ,etc.).
There is no exact Point location + momentum,
or energy + time ,inside the space /time
Quantum cell – this is the cause for the uncertainty
principle.

3D quantum cell of
Space
Another illustration of the 3D space quantum cells ,using in this example 3D cubes.
Between the cells are the grid extra dimensions.
The new dimensions needed for the string theory
New
dimensions
New
dimensions

In a zoomed image Grid lines represent the new
Dimensions and Between them are the rectangles
that represent The 3D space quantum cells.
A smooth image of 3D space
3D space quantum cells

10
Quantum 3D cells might change their shape or their orientation every quantum
clock pulse as a reaction to gravitation force or acceleration .
A change in a quantum of space
Between quantized time A and B
Time A Time B
Illustration of quantum cells in different sizes because of influence from energy or mass
In this image the quantum cell is illustrated in the shape of an egg .
The Image was taken from the internet.

11
In a smooth 3D space its not clear what is
Curved space
In a quantized 3D space its clear what is
Curved space (illustration on a 2D image)
2D rectangles illustrate the 3D quantum's of
space.
The change in the quantum 3D cells shape is practically the curvature of space based on
General relativity theory
The image was taken from the internet

12
Grid extra
dimensions 2D illustration
Of a 3D quantum cell
Another illustration of the 3D quantum cells ,using 2D droplet shapes .
The different sizes of cells is the curvature of space.
Between the cells are the grid extra dimensions.
The image was taken from the internet

13
Important Questions – part III
• How does energy flow from one quantum cell to the other?

14
Answers – part III
• There is a symbiosis relationship between the quantized 3D space cells and the extra dimensions (the
grid extra dimension).
synchronized with the quantized time (“clock pulses”) energy and matter/mass , can pass
from one quantized 3D space cell to the next through the grid extra dimensions.

15
The propagation of light
time
At the drawing below each row represents one quantum step of the photon
From a quantum space cell to the other.
The 3D quantum cell ,is represented as 2D rectangle and the cell that has
the high probability of carrying The light quanta vibrates(illustration of energy in the cell).
Every quantum clock pulse which is Planck time (in free space with no energy or mass influence),
Energy passes from one quantum cell to the other.
During the procedure energy passes through the grid extra dimensions.
When matter passes from one quantum 3D space cell to the other, more than one quantum clock pulse is ticking
For each 3D quantized step.
That means that for each QOT half the time the energy is in the 3D quantum cell and the other half in the grid extra dimensions
Quantum 3D cell
These is just a drawing for illustration purpose only.
Light quanta
Inside the cell
New dimension layers
QOT

16
E (photon) = h´ ∗ ν =
ℎ´ ∗ 𝑐
λ
c = speed of light = 3 ∗ 108 [meter/second]
h´ = Planck's Constant , 6.6260755 x 10¯34 [𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑]
ν = Frequency [ Hz or 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 −1]
λ = wave length = c(speed of light)/ ν
h = Planck length ~ 1.6*10 ^ -35 [meter ]
h´ = 𝐷 ∗ ℎ , (𝐷 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
E = 𝐷 ∗ ℎ ∗
𝑐
λ
QOT (Quantum Of Time) =
ℎ
𝑐
𝐷 ∗ 𝑄𝑂𝑇
λ2 < λ1
m´2 > m´1
Quantum of space
The Effective mass of the Photon
λ2
λ1

17
ℎ = 𝑄𝑂𝑇 ∗ 𝑐
𝐸 =
𝐷 ∗ 𝑄𝑂𝑇
λ
∗ 𝑐²
𝒎´ =
𝑫 ∗ 𝑸𝑶𝑻
𝝀
m´ = Photons effective mass ( representation of the number of wavelengths in D ∗
Quantum Of Time)
𝑬 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 = m´ ∗ 𝒄²

18
Important Questions – part IV
• How do entangled photons communicate with one another faster than the speed of
light (non locality “spooky action from a distance” – Albert Einstein)
• What is the mechanism that explains Schrodinger’s wave function collapse behavior?
• What is the physical explanation for the quantum tunneling effect?

19
Answers– part IV
• As detailed in answers part II, some of The grid extra dimensions are responsible for energy
transformation from one quantum cell to the next . This procedure of energy transformation is limited
to the speed of light .
• But, there are some of the grid extra dimensions ,that are responsible for non locality phenomena's
like entanglement and the collapse of Schrodinger's probability wave equation.

20
Entanglement
The non locality of the 2 entangled particles is caused by the non locality of the new grid
dimensions that can pass probability information between the space quanta’s faster than
the speed of light since there is no energy transformation from one quantum cell to the
next (only probability information) .
The new dimensions can reach each and every space quanta as it is demonstrated in the
2D image below. these new dimensions are responsible for the non locality of the
entanglement phenomenon (“ spooky action from a distance”- Albert Einstein)
Entangled particle A
In a quantized space
cell
Entangled particle B
In a quantized space
cell
Non locality through new dimensions

21
Tunneling:
The non locality of the new dimensions enable passing energy between
2 quantized units cells of space even when there is a barrier cell between them
One quantized unit
cell
Barrier
cell
Second quantized
unit cell
The 2D image of the quantum cells of space is for simple illustration only
Tunneling of energy through new dimensions

22
Schrodinger's wave function collapse (before collapsing):
Before measuring the photons location, the probability wave function is
spread all over and controlled through the new dimensions between the space
quantum cells.
Image before the collapse – in this drawing ,the more reddish the quantum cell ,the
higher the possibility in the wave function.
the Schrodinger’s probability wave function is spread to more than one quantum cell
Quantum spatial
Unit cell
New dimensions
Probability ≠ 0
Probability ≠ 0 Probability ≠ 0 Probability ≠ 0
Probability ≠ 0
Probability ≠ 1

23
Schrodinger's wave function collapse (after collapsing):
• During the measurement ,through the new dimensions ,simultaneously, probability =0
signal is passed to all the quantum space cells except to a single chosen quantum cell with
probability =1 (Schrodinger’s wave collapse) .
• Since the new grid shaped dimensions do not obey to locality and to the limit of the speed
of light the collapse procedure happens simultaneously in all the quantum cells.
• The wave becomes a particle and the chosen cell has the particles deterministic unit cell
location.
• Energy is passed through the grid dimensions to the chosen quantum cell
Image after the collapse
P
Deterministic cell
Location of the
Particle.
Probability = 1
New dimensions
Probability = 0
Probability = 0
Probability = 0 Probability = 0
Probability = 0

24
Important Questions – part V
Why did the universe choose to apply a gravitational force Between these two masses?
Why is there an equivalence principle between gravitational force and accelerating mass?
Why is the gravity force so weak compared to the other 3 forces?
Mass 1 Mass 2
Why is there a force between them?

25
Gravitational force is caused by the curve of space and time as
Einstein showed in his general relativity theory.
The curved space and time “pushes” the two masses one towards
the other and that is the gravitational force.
But why do 2 static objects curve the space and time causing the 2
masses to move one towards the other?
Newton found the first gravitation equation, Einstein explained how
it works with the curve of space and time & this presentation tries to
explain why the universe prefers to “behave” in the way Einstein
and Newton predicted.

26
• The 3D quantum of space is in the magnitude of Planck length to each dimension.
• Time is also quantized. It is like a clock of an electronic circuit where every rising or falling edge of the clock, a
quantum step is being performed in the universe.
Time is a quantized beat that ticks the universe. Between these ticks nothing happens.
The Duty Cycle (QOT - Quantum Of Time) in free space in every reference frame, without the influence of
gravity or acceleration forces is in the magnitude of h/c .
h = Planck length ~ 1.6*10 ^ -35 [meter ]
c = the speed of light [meter/second ]
• In a gravitation field (or during acceleration) the ticking (QOT) slows down based on General Relativity
equations.
Quantum of time
(QOT)
time
Assumption based on the quantized time in a Quantized Space theory

27
Discrete ,quantized space and time
QOT = Time quanta = h/c
Frequency quanta = 1/(time quanta )= c/h
ω = 2*π * Frequency = 2*π*c/h
These are the basic quantum blocks of space,
time and frequency
h(Planck length [meters])
c(speed of light [meters/second])
2D schematic image of quantum of space
Without influence of gravity (mass) or acceleration
Space quanta = h (Planck length , the size of each dimension
Of the 3D quantum of space without influence of gravitation
Or acceleration)

28
Mass & The N Factor
Time quanta (N) : with the influence of gravity or acceleration = N∗h/c
N increases as the curvature of space increases (gravitation or acceleration increases).
N>1 under the influence of gravitation or acceleration .
N can be probably calculated from general relativity equations assuming a discrete quantized
space and time ,meaning that the 4D space and time are quantized.
Frequency quanta (N) : with the influence of mass or acceleration = c/(h∗N)
By using ω notation, with the influence of mass or acceleration = 2∗π∗c/(h∗N) = ω/N

29
Image from the Internet
QOT = h/c
QOT = N1∗h/c
N1>1
QOT = N2∗h/c
N2>1
N1>N2

30
Energy and Power
Since this presentation assumes a symbiosis relationship in a way that energy and matter rotate
between the 3D quantum of space and the grid extra dimensions,
Lets assume that , E mass= mc² ∗ {1+ Sin ([ω/N]∗t + ɸ)} ; m=mass ; ɸ = phase shift
E mass minimum = 0
E mass maximum = 2 mc²
E mass average = mc²
𝑷(𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓) =
𝝏𝑬
𝝏𝒕
= mc²∗(ω/N)∗cos ( [ω/N]∗t + ɸ ) 𝑷(𝑴𝒂𝒙) = mc²∗(ω/N)
Defining K(N) = c²∗(ω/N)∗cos ( [ω/N]∗t + ɸ )
P (N) = m ∗ K(N)

31
The Sin (Sinus ) function was chosen randomly to represent an harmonic function (the clock ticking effect).
The harmonic function can be a superposition of More than one harmonic sinusoidal functions (Fourier
transforms)
E average over time = mc²
N is greater than 1 under gravitational or acceleration influence.
If the mass increases the curvature of space and time increases and the N increases .
For massless photon the equations are the same ,keeping in mind that N=1.
Average E over time for matter = mc²
For Photon E Average = m´c²
m´ =
𝑫 ∗𝑸𝑶𝑻
𝝀
D =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘′ 𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

32
• Assumption : the universe is made of 3D quanta's of space in the magnitude of
Planck length (h) for each dimension .
• In free space ,in any inertial frame, without the influence of gravity or acceleration,
• Time is made of time quanta’s in the magnitude of Planck length / speed of light (h/c),
This will be called ,Quantum Of Time (QOT).
• 2*π/QOT = ω (at free space without influence of nearby mass or acceleration).
• Mass and acceleration of mass ,curves space quanta’s and increases the time quanta.
the larger the mass the bigger the increase.
QOT (mass) = QOT (free space) * N (increases as the mass or acceleration increases).
ω mass =ω (free space) / N (increases as the mass or acceleration increases).
• Assuming an exchange of energy or matter, every QOT cycle between the 3D quantum cells and
the grid extra dimensions ,than : E(Energy) = mc²∗ {1+sin ( [ω/N]∗t + ɸ )}
• 𝑃(𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) =
𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑡
= mc²∗(ω/N)∗cos ( [ω/N]∗t + ɸ ) 𝑃(𝑀𝑎𝑥) = mc²∗(ω/N)
Summary

33
• Assumption – the universe is always looking for the lowest power consumption.
• A larger QOT (larger N) means a lower power consumption.
• By applying gravitational force the universe brings masses together and reduces power
consumption by increasing the N∗QOT (Quantum Of Time).
• The time quanta, the clock of the universe is synchronized by the grid extra dimensions.
• Every clock tick of the universe (time quanta ) a massless photon can pass from one 3D
quantum of space to the next one.
so if quantum of time is h/c and the length of the quantum of space is h (Planck’s length)
than the speed of light is c (that is why the speed of light is limited to c).
• When there is a particle with mass >0 passing from one 3D quantum cell to the next, there is more to do every
tick of the time quanta beside passing energy to the next 3D quantum cell.
There is a procedure of curving the quantum cells of the 3D space and to vibrate it to the desired
harmony based on the string theory (so energy can become matter).
that is the reason that it takes more than one time quanta for a particle with a specific mass,
to move its energy from one 3D quantum cell of space to the other and the mass propagates slower than the
speed of light.

34
• When Mass increases ,the universe reduces power consumption by increasing the QOT.
in order to do that the curve of space time is increased .
• When the particle is accelerating, the universe reduces power consumption by increasing the QOT .
in order to do that the curve of space time is increased .
• The 2 last paragraphs explain why the equivalence principle between accelerating mass and gravitational
force exist.

35Time
Mass 1 Mass 2
The duty cycle increases as the mass increases
Or in another words:
The quantum ticking of the universal clock slows down
As the mass increases
QOT near Mass 2
ω mass2 = ω/N2
QOT near Mass 1
ω mass1 = ω/N1
QOT(mass 1) > QOT (mass 2)
35
m2
m1

36
Time
Mass 1 Mass 2
The duty cycle increases as mass 1 & 2 get closer together
QOT near Mass 1 & mass 2
ω mass1&2 = ω/N1&2
Mass 1 & mass 2 = mass 1 + mass2 > mass 1 or mass 2
QOT(mass 1 & mass2 ) > QOT (mass 2) or QOT(mass1)
N1&2 > N1 or N2
3
m1&2

Gravitational Force = Increasing the Quantum Of Time (QOT)
And Reducing Power Consumption
37
K(N1) = c²*(ω/N1)*cos ( [ω/N1]*t + ɸ ) K(N2) = c²*(ω/N2)*cos ( [ω/N2]*t + ɸ )
K(N1&2) = c²*(ω/N1&2)*cos ( [ω/N1&2]*t + ɸ )
K(N1)
Of mass 1
K(N2)
Of mass 2
K(N1&2)
Of mass 1&2 together
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 ∗ 𝐊 𝐍𝟏&𝐍𝟐 < 𝐦𝟏 ∗ 𝐊 𝐍𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 ∗ 𝐊(𝐍𝟐)
P (m1 + m2) < P (m1) + P(m2)

38
Answers– part V
The universe is ticking in a quantum rhythm (Planck time in free space with no
influence of gravity or energy.
The universe is always looking for the lowest power consumption.
The rhythm slows down as mass increases.
Gravitational force is intended to bring masses together , increase mass and slow
down the ticking rhythm.
Lowering power consumption is the root cause for gravity forces through out the
universe.
The gravity force seems weak compared to the other 3 forces but it changes
dramatically the power consumption.
This phenomena is the root cause for the arrow of time from past to future.
Moving back in time is impossible because it means increasing power
consumption while the universe tends to decrease it.

39
Important Questions – part VI
E mass minimum = 0
E mass maximum = 2 mc²
E mass average = mc²
When E mass = 0,where does the energy go to?
When E mass = 2 mc²,where does the energy come from?

Answers– part VI
• Half of the quantum time cycle, energy of 2mc² are in the extra grid dimensions
E mass = 0
• Half cycle this energy is in the quantum cells that represent the known 3D space.
E mass = 2mc²
• For each half cycle of the quantum time cycle, the energy of the mass ,2*m*c² is in the
3D quantum of space and during the second cycle of the quantum time cycle this energy is
in the grid extra dimensions.
Overall the average energy measured in our known universe which is built from 3D space,
quantum basic building blocks ,is E=m*c² .

Half of the quantum time cycle, energy of 2mc² are in the extra grid dimensions
Half cycle this energy is in the quantum cells that represent the known 3D space
Schematic 2D image of the 3D Grid
Extra Dimensions
Schematic 2D image of the known 3D Quantum of space
dimensions
Blue = energy (2mc²)
White = No Energy
Time
Quantum time cycle
Half quantum time cycle
41

Half of the quantum time cycle, energy of 2mc² are in the extra grid dimensions
Half cycle this energy is in the quantum cells that represent the known 3D space
Schematic 2D image of the 3D Grid
Extra Dimensions
Schematic 2D image of the known 3D Quantum of space
dimensions
Blue = energy (2mc²)
White = No Energy
Time
Quantum time cycle
Half quantum time cycle
42

43
Important Questions – part VII
What other un revealed secrets lay in the grid dimensions?

44
Important Answers – part VII
• Dark Matter?
• Dark Energy?
• Super Symmetric particles (anti matter)?
• …?

45
Last Question
If our knowledge ,equipment and mind are built from energy and matter that inhabit
the known 4D space – time universe Quantum blocks, can we ever measure , observe and understand
what happens in the extra 7 grid dimensions that are spread between these quantum blocks?

Heuristic approach for quantized space & time

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