Hexagonal carpet antenna for wlan wi max & bluetooth applications
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This document summarizes a research paper on the design and simulation of a hexagonal carpet microstrip antenna for wideband applications such as WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth. The antenna is made of repeated hexagon shapes to create a fractal-like structure. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 65.96% between 2.325GHz to 4.613GHz. The antenna offers a gain of 3.65dBi and efficiency of 89.59% at the resonant frequency of 2.96GHz. This hexagonal carpet antenna structure reduces size while maintaining performance for wideband wireless applications.
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 212
HEXAGONAL CARPET ANTENNA FOR WLAN/ WiMAX &
BLUETOOTH APPLICATIONS
Deepshikha Yadav1
, DC Dhubkarya2
1
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, U.P. India
2
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, U.P. India
Abstract
In this paper, carpet of hexagon structure is investigated for wide band applications. The proposed antenna is made by repetitions
of hexagon shape. Modified line feed is used for designing the antenna to achieve wide bandwidth ranging from 2.325Ghz to
4.613Ghz with a bandwidth 65.96%.In the present work size reduction has been achieved. It offers gain of 3.65dBi, directivity of
4.13dBi and antenna efficiency of 89.59% at 2.96Ghz resonant frequency. This antenna is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX and
Bluetooth applications. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zeland simulation software based on method of moments.
Keywords: Microstrip antenna, fractal, hexagonal carpet, bandwidth, line feed.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Microstrip antennas are a class of miniaturized antennas
with numerous advantages like light weight, low cost and
compatibility with monolithic microwave integrated circuits
(MMICs) [1-3] but the major drawback of microstrip
antenna is its narrow bandwidth and lower gain. There are
many approaches to reduce the size of the antenna without
much affecting the antenna performance. The application of
the fractal geometry is one of the techniques.
The term fractal has originated from the Latin word fractus
which is related to the verb fangere (means : to break) [4-5].
Fractal antenna uses self similar design to maximize the
length or increase the perimeter on inside sections or the
outer structure of the material that can receive or transmit
electromagnetic radiations within a given total surface area
or volume[6]. Certain fractals represent the self-similarity
properties as multiband behavior and space-filling properties
as reduction in antenna size[7-11].
In the present work, the bandwidth of microstrip antenna is
enhanced to 65.96% .The second iterated antenna is shown
in Figure 1.The frequency band of this antenna is between
2.325Ghz to 4.613Ghz which is suitable for WLAN,
WiMAX and Bluetooth applications[9-12].
This antenna has been designed on glass epoxy substrate
(εr=4.4) [13].The substrate material has large influence in
determining the size and bandwidth of an antenna.
Increasing the dielectric constant decreases the size but
lowers the bandwidth and efficiency of the antenna while
decreasing the dielectric constant increases the bandwidth
but with an increase in size.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The design of second iterated antenna is shown in figure1.
This antenna is designed by using glass epoxy substrate
which has a dielectric constant 4.4. The ground plane length
and width are taken 40 mm and 47 mm respectively. A
regular hexagon of side 8mm is taken and three such
hexagons are arranged in the manner as shown in figure1, so
as to obtain carpet of hexagonal structure.Height of the
dielectric substrate is 1.6 mm and loss tangent tan δ is
0.0013.Line feed is applied. Antenna is fed through 0.3 mm
probe. Simulation work is done by using IE3D simulation
software. All the specifications are given in table 1(all
lengths in mm and frequency in GHz).
3. ANTENNA DESIGN PROCEDURE
The primary hexagonal shaped patch is having side length
‘f’ of 8mm.From that patch, six equilateral triangles of side
length 4mm has been taken out to obtain a regular hexagon
having side 4mm and this geometry is referred as the first
iteration. Then six equilateral triangles of side length 2mm
has been taken out to obtain a regular hexagon having side
2mm, which results in 2nd
iteration. Three hexagons as
obtained in second iteration are joined at the vertex to frame
the desired carpet as shown in figure 1. Figure 2 shows the
design procedure of the proposed Fractal structure
geometry, depicting 0th iteration, 1st
iteration and 2nd
iteration. The proposed antenna can also be called as
hexagonal carpet fractal antenna, as it is obtained after two
iterations of structure. Line feed is used. The probe feed is
placed at point (X =21.8125, Y =2.5). During the designing
of proposed antenna on IE3D ground plane is starting from
(0,0) at lower left corner. The geometry of proposed antenna
is shown in figure1.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hexagonalcarpetantennaforwlanwimaxbluetoothapplications-141221021921-conversion-gate01/85/Hexagonal-carpet-antenna-for-wlan-wi-max-bluetooth-applications-1-320.jpg)
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
`
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 215
Fig.10 Gain of proposed antenna
5. CONCLUSION
Microstrip patch antenna size reduction has been achieved.
The characteristics of proposed antenna are studied.
Proposed antenna improved the fractional bandwidth upto
65.96%. The proposed antenna has been designed on glass
epoxy substrate to give a maximum radiating efficiency of
about 89.59%, gain of about 3.65dBi and directivity of 4.13
dBi. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX
and Bluetooth applications.
REFERENCES
[1]. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd
Edn, (A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication, 2005).
[2]. Girish Kumar, K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip
Antennas, (Artech House Inc., 2003), pp. 1-21.
[3]. S. Maci and G. BifJi Gentili, Dual Frequency Patch
Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation,
Vol.39, No.6, pp. 13-20, Dec. 1997.
[4]. K.J.Vinoy, Jose K. Abraham, and Vijay K. Varadan, On
the Relation- ship between Fractal Dimension and the
Performance of Multi-Resonant Dipole Antennas Using
Koch Curves, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
propagation, Vol. 52, No.6, pp. 1626-1627, June 2004.
[5]. Douglas H. Werner, Randy L. Haup, and Pingjuan L.
Werner, Fractal Antenna Engineering: The Theory and
Design of Fractal Antenna Arrays, IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and propagation, Vol.41, No.5, pp. 37-58, Oct.
1999.
[6]. Anessh Kumar, A Modified Fractal Antenna for
Multiband Applications, IEEE International Conference on
Communication Control and Computing Technologies, pp.
47-51, Oct. 2010.
[7]. Carmen Borja and Jordi Romeu, On the Behavior of
Koch Island Fractal Boundary Microstrip Patch Antenna,
IEEE transactions on Antennas and propagation, Vol.51,
No.6, pp.1281-1291, June 2003.
[8]. Ilk Won Kim and TacHoon Yoo, The Koch Island
Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna, International Symposium
on Antenna and Propagation Society, Vol.2, pp. 736-739,
2001.
[9]. Carles Puente Baliarda, Jordi Romeu and Angel
Cardama, The Koch Monopole: A Small Fractal Antenna,
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 48,
No. 11, pp. 1773-1781, Nov. 2000.
[10]. Carmen Borja and Jordi Romeu, Fracton Vibration
Modes in the Sierpinski Microstrip Patch Antenna,
International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation
Society, Vol.3, pp. 612-615, 2001.
[11]. Ananth Sundaram, Madhurima Maddela and Ramesh
Ramadoss, Koch Fractal Folded Slot Antenna
Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.6, pp. 219-222, 2007.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hexagonalcarpetantennaforwlanwimaxbluetoothapplications-141221021921-conversion-gate01/85/Hexagonal-carpet-antenna-for-wlan-wi-max-bluetooth-applications-4-320.jpg)
Hexagonal carpet antenna for wlan wi max & bluetooth applications
- 1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 212 HEXAGONAL CARPET ANTENNA FOR WLAN/ WiMAX & BLUETOOTH APPLICATIONS Deepshikha Yadav1 , DC Dhubkarya2 1 Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, U.P. India 2 Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, U.P. India Abstract In this paper, carpet of hexagon structure is investigated for wide band applications. The proposed antenna is made by repetitions of hexagon shape. Modified line feed is used for designing the antenna to achieve wide bandwidth ranging from 2.325Ghz to 4.613Ghz with a bandwidth 65.96%.In the present work size reduction has been achieved. It offers gain of 3.65dBi, directivity of 4.13dBi and antenna efficiency of 89.59% at 2.96Ghz resonant frequency. This antenna is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth applications. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zeland simulation software based on method of moments. Keywords: Microstrip antenna, fractal, hexagonal carpet, bandwidth, line feed. -------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Microstrip antennas are a class of miniaturized antennas with numerous advantages like light weight, low cost and compatibility with monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) [1-3] but the major drawback of microstrip antenna is its narrow bandwidth and lower gain. There are many approaches to reduce the size of the antenna without much affecting the antenna performance. The application of the fractal geometry is one of the techniques. The term fractal has originated from the Latin word fractus which is related to the verb fangere (means : to break) [4-5]. Fractal antenna uses self similar design to maximize the length or increase the perimeter on inside sections or the outer structure of the material that can receive or transmit electromagnetic radiations within a given total surface area or volume[6]. Certain fractals represent the self-similarity properties as multiband behavior and space-filling properties as reduction in antenna size[7-11]. In the present work, the bandwidth of microstrip antenna is enhanced to 65.96% .The second iterated antenna is shown in Figure 1.The frequency band of this antenna is between 2.325Ghz to 4.613Ghz which is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth applications[9-12]. This antenna has been designed on glass epoxy substrate (εr=4.4) [13].The substrate material has large influence in determining the size and bandwidth of an antenna. Increasing the dielectric constant decreases the size but lowers the bandwidth and efficiency of the antenna while decreasing the dielectric constant increases the bandwidth but with an increase in size. 2. ANTENNA DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS The design of second iterated antenna is shown in figure1. This antenna is designed by using glass epoxy substrate which has a dielectric constant 4.4. The ground plane length and width are taken 40 mm and 47 mm respectively. A regular hexagon of side 8mm is taken and three such hexagons are arranged in the manner as shown in figure1, so as to obtain carpet of hexagonal structure.Height of the dielectric substrate is 1.6 mm and loss tangent tan δ is 0.0013.Line feed is applied. Antenna is fed through 0.3 mm probe. Simulation work is done by using IE3D simulation software. All the specifications are given in table 1(all lengths in mm and frequency in GHz). 3. ANTENNA DESIGN PROCEDURE The primary hexagonal shaped patch is having side length ‘f’ of 8mm.From that patch, six equilateral triangles of side length 4mm has been taken out to obtain a regular hexagon having side 4mm and this geometry is referred as the first iteration. Then six equilateral triangles of side length 2mm has been taken out to obtain a regular hexagon having side 2mm, which results in 2nd iteration. Three hexagons as obtained in second iteration are joined at the vertex to frame the desired carpet as shown in figure 1. Figure 2 shows the design procedure of the proposed Fractal structure geometry, depicting 0th iteration, 1st iteration and 2nd iteration. The proposed antenna can also be called as hexagonal carpet fractal antenna, as it is obtained after two iterations of structure. Line feed is used. The probe feed is placed at point (X =21.8125, Y =2.5). During the designing of proposed antenna on IE3D ground plane is starting from (0,0) at lower left corner. The geometry of proposed antenna is shown in figure1.
- 2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 ` _______________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 213 Table1: Antenna design specifications. S. No. Parameters Value (mm) 1. dielectric constant εr 4.4 2. substrate height 1.6 3. ground plane width (W) 47 4. ground plane length (L) 40 5. a 14 6. b 2 7. c 4 8. d 2 9. e 2 10. f 8 Fig.1. Geometry of proposed Microstrip antenna Fig. 2 Two iterations of hexagonal-shaped fractal antenna 4. SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION The simulated return losses of 0th iteration, 1st iteration and 2nd iteration are shown in figure 3,4and 5 respectively. It is clearly observed that size reduction has been achieved in 1st and 2nd iteration. It is due to the fact that as the order of iteration increases, electrical path length increases which leads to the lowering of resonance frequency. Thus, this property can be utilized for size reduction. . Fig.3. Return loss for 0th iteration Fig.4. Return loss for 1st iteration Fig.5. Return loss for 2nd iteration
- 3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 ` _______________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 214 Table 2, summarizes the simulated results of zeroth, first and second iterated antenna. The first iterated antenna is the proposed antenna which shows quiet a good return loss, bandwidth, VSWR and size reduction. The fractional bandwidth of proposed antenna is 65.96%. The efficiency of proposed antenna is found to be 89.59%.The gain of antenna is 3.65dBi and the directivity is found to be 4.13dBi. VSWR of the antenna is in between 1 to 2 over the entire frequency band. Table 2: Comparison of various parameters of different iterations The simulation performance of proposed microstrip patch antenna is analyzed by using IE3D version 9.0software.The performance specifications like radiation pattern etc of proposed antenna is shown in the figures 6 to 10. Fig.6. 2D Radiation pattern of proposed antenna Fig.7. VSWR of proposed antenna Fig.8. Smith chart of proposed antenna Fig.9. Directivity of proposed antenna
- 4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 ` _______________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 215 Fig.10 Gain of proposed antenna 5. CONCLUSION Microstrip patch antenna size reduction has been achieved. The characteristics of proposed antenna are studied. Proposed antenna improved the fractional bandwidth upto 65.96%. The proposed antenna has been designed on glass epoxy substrate to give a maximum radiating efficiency of about 89.59%, gain of about 3.65dBi and directivity of 4.13 dBi. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth applications. REFERENCES [1]. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd Edn, (A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication, 2005). [2]. Girish Kumar, K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, (Artech House Inc., 2003), pp. 1-21. [3]. S. Maci and G. BifJi Gentili, Dual Frequency Patch Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, Vol.39, No.6, pp. 13-20, Dec. 1997. [4]. K.J.Vinoy, Jose K. Abraham, and Vijay K. Varadan, On the Relation- ship between Fractal Dimension and the Performance of Multi-Resonant Dipole Antennas Using Koch Curves, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, Vol. 52, No.6, pp. 1626-1627, June 2004. [5]. Douglas H. Werner, Randy L. Haup, and Pingjuan L. Werner, Fractal Antenna Engineering: The Theory and Design of Fractal Antenna Arrays, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, Vol.41, No.5, pp. 37-58, Oct. 1999. [6]. Anessh Kumar, A Modified Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications, IEEE International Conference on Communication Control and Computing Technologies, pp. 47-51, Oct. 2010. [7]. Carmen Borja and Jordi Romeu, On the Behavior of Koch Island Fractal Boundary Microstrip Patch Antenna, IEEE transactions on Antennas and propagation, Vol.51, No.6, pp.1281-1291, June 2003. [8]. Ilk Won Kim and TacHoon Yoo, The Koch Island Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna, International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation Society, Vol.2, pp. 736-739, 2001. [9]. Carles Puente Baliarda, Jordi Romeu and Angel Cardama, The Koch Monopole: A Small Fractal Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 48, No. 11, pp. 1773-1781, Nov. 2000. [10]. Carmen Borja and Jordi Romeu, Fracton Vibration Modes in the Sierpinski Microstrip Patch Antenna, International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation Society, Vol.3, pp. 612-615, 2001. [11]. Ananth Sundaram, Madhurima Maddela and Ramesh Ramadoss, Koch Fractal Folded Slot Antenna Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.6, pp. 219-222, 2007.