hibernate with JPA

Object Persistence using Hibernate
An Object-Relational mapping framework
for object persistence

What Hibernate Does
 Object - Relational mapping
 Transparent persistence & retrieval of objects
 Persistence of associations and collections
 Guaranteed uniqueness of an object (within a session)

Hibernate Features
 O-R mapping using ordinary JavaBeans
 Can set attributes using private fields or private setter
methods
 Lazy instantiation of collections (configurable)
 Polymorphic queries, object-oriented query language
 Cascading persist & retrieve for associations, including
collections and many-to-many
 Transaction management with rollback
 Can integrate with other container-provided services

Application Architecture
User Interface
Application Logic
Domain Objects DAO
Hibernate
JDBCFoundation Classes
UI event
data request
Hibernate API domain object
domain object
data xfer object
JDBC API ResultSet, etc.
hibernate.cfg.xml
*.hbm.xml class mappings
SessionFactory

Another View
Source: Hibernate Reference Manual (online)

Example of Persisting an Object
// get a Hibernate SessionFactory for Session management
sessionFactory = new Configuration()
.configure().buildSessionFactory();
// an Event object that we want to save
Location ku = new Location( "Kasetsart University" );
ku.setAddress( "90 Pahonyotin Road; Bangkok" );
Event event = new Event("Java Days");
event.setLocation( ku );
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.save( event );
tx.commit();
session.close();

Example of Retrieving an Object
// use the existing session factory
// query Event objects for "Java Days"
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Event where name='Java Days'" );
List events = query.list( );
out.println("Upcoming Java Days events: ");
for( Object obj : events ) {
Event event = (Event) obj;
String name = event.getName( );
Location loc = event.getLocation( );
...
}
tx.commit( );

Using Named Parameters in Query
// use the existing session factory
// Hibernate Query Language (HQL) can use named params
"from Event where name=:name");
query.setParameter( "name", "Java Days");
List events = query.list( );
out.println("Upcoming Java Days events: ");
for( Object obj : events ) {
Event event = (Event) obj;
String name = event.getName( );
Location loc = event.getLocation( );
...

Exercise 1
 Configure a project with Hibernate
 create an EventManager project
 add Hibernate libraries to the project
 add JAR for database driver
 create a hibernate.cfg.xml file
 create log4j.properties

Project Configuration for Hibernate
EventManager/ the project base directory
src/
hibernate.cfg.xml Hibernate configuration file
log4j.properties Log4J configuration file
eventmgr/ base package is "eventmgr"
domain/
Location.java
location.hbm.xml O-R mapping file for a class
build/
hibernate.cfg.xml copied here by IDE during build
log4j.properties copied here by IDE during build
eventmgr/
domain/
Location.class
location.hbm.xml copied here by IDE during build
lib/
hibernate3.jar Hibernate requires several jars
asm.jar
...

Where to Get Hibernate
http://www.hibernate.org Local copy:
http://se.cpe.ku.ac.th/download/hibernate

Required Hibernate Libraries
 Libraries are in lib/ directory
of Hibernate distribution.
 Which ones do you need?
 See _README.txt or my
Using Hibernate notes.
 In your IDE:
 create a Hibernate "library"
 add JARs to the library
 better than copying JAR
files to your project
Required Libraries
hibernate3.jar
antlr-2.7.6.jar
asm.jar
cglib.jar
commons-collections.jar
commons-logging.jar
dom4j.jar
ehcache.jar
jta.jar
log4j.jar
// and maybe
xml-apis.jar

Create a Hibernate Library in Eclipse
1. Project -> Properties -> Java Build Path
2. select Libraries tab.
3. Click "Add Library..." and select "User Library", Next>
4. Create a new user library named "Hibernate"
5. Add Jar files

Add Library or jar for Database Driver
 For Embedded Derby Database
/path-to-derby/lib/derby.jar
 For HSQLDB
/path-to-hsqldb/lib/hsqldb.jar

hibernate.cfg.xml for Embedded Derby DB
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-
configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.DerbyDialect</property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">
org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver</property>
<property name="connection.url">
jdbc:derby:/temp/eventmgr;create=true</property>
<property name="hbm2ddl.auto">create</property>

<mapping resource="eventmgr/domain/Location.hbm.xml"/>
</session-factory>
Remove after database created

hibernate.cfg.xml for MySQL
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC ... remainder omitted >
<session-factory>
<property name="dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect </property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver </property>
<property name="connection.username">student</property>
<property name="connection.password">secret </property>
<property name="connection.url">
jdbc:mysql://se.cpe.ku.ac.th/eventmgr </property>

<mapping resource="eventmgr/domain/Location.hbm.xml"/>
... other mappings omitted
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

XML Syntax, 1
 XML Declaration: "this file contains XML"
 Root Element: "this whole file is a hibernate-configuration"
content of document goes here
 Child Elements: define content, have a tree-like nested structure
<session-factory>
...
</session-factory>
 Tree structure & Scope: all elements must have a closing tag
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS"> a start element
<property name="location" /> element start & end
</class> an end tag

XML Syntax, 2
 Attributes: values must always be quotes, no duplicates
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
 Special characters: < > & ' " must use reference except in CDATA
<message>
"Hello <b>world</b>&quot
</message>
 Child Elements can be repeated (depends on DTD)
<courselist name="courses">
<course>object oriented programming</course>
<course>software spec & design</course>
</courselist>
 Elements can sometimes be written as attributes
<course>
<id>219341</id> <course id="219341"/>
</course>

Logging
 Hibernate apps will log errors and/or activity.
 Two choices:
 Java SDK logging (since JDK 1.4)
 Log4j
 if you use Log4j, create a log4j.properties in
your application source root directory.
 Copy this file from the Hibernate etc/ directory.

Sample log4j.properties
 Too long to print here
 See an actual file, for example:
[hibernate.dir]/doc/tutorial/src/log4j.properties
 Configuration logging of Hibernate:
log4j.logger.org.hibernate=warn
 Log the SQL generated by Hibernate:
#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.SQL=debug
 Log JDBC bind parameters (can be security leak):
log4j.logger.org.hibernate.type=info

Exercise 2
 Define a Location class and LOCATIONS table
 Write the class
 Create a mapping file for Location: Location.hbm.xml

Create the Location class
Location class
Location
id: int
name: String
address: String
LOCATIONS
PK id INTEGER
name VARCHAR(80)
address VARCHAR(160)
LOCATIONS table (Hibernate can auto-generate this)

Write the Location class
package eventmgr.domain;
public class Location {
private int id;
private String name;
private String address;
public Location() { } // a no argument constructor
public int getId( ) { return id; }
public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; }
public String getName( ) { return name; }
public void setName( String n ) { this.name = n; }
public String getAddress( ) { return address; }
public void setAddress( String a ) { address = a; }
}
Use JavaBean conventions
in Persistent object classes.

Hibernate can access private methods
package eventmgr.domain;
private int id;
private String address;
public Location() { }
public int getId( ) { return id; }
private void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; }
public String getName( ) { return name; }
private void setName( String n ) { this.name = n; }
public String getAddress( ) { return address; }
private void setAddress( String a ) { address = a; }
}
OK to use "private" or
"protected" for mutators.

Hibernate can access private data, too
private int id;
private void setName( String name ) {
if ( name.length() < 3 )
new RuntimeException("name too short");
...
} Some mutator methods contain data validity
checks or other complicated logic.
to tell Hibernate to set the field values directly (don't use the "set"
method) in the class mapping file write:
<hibernate-mapping default-access="field">
...

Schema to create Locations table
CREATE TABLE locations (
id INTEGER NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL,
address VARCHAR(160),
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ;
This works for MySQL.
Hibernate can generate table schema at runtime.
mysql> use eventmgr ;
mysql> source tableschema.sql ;

O-R Mapping for the Location class
Map between object attributes and table columns.
LOCATIONS
PK id INTEGER
name VARCHAR(80)
address VARCHAR(160)
Location
id: int
name: String
address: String
O-R Mapping requires a mapping file

Mapping File Location.hbm.xml
An XML file describing how to map object to table.
Filename: Location.hbm.xml
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC ... remainder omitted >
<hibernate-mapping package="eventmgr.domain">
<class name="Location" table="LOCATIONS">
<id name="id" column="id">

<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="name" column="name" not-null="true"/>
<property name="address"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

Mapping File Explained
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="eventmgr.domain.Location"
table="LOCATIONS"
options... >
<id name="id"
column="id"
unsaved-value="0">
</id>
object attribute mappings
</class>
root element of a hibernate mapping
mapping for one class
Every persistent class needs an "identifier" attribute and column.
The identifier is used to establish object identity (obj1 == obj2) and locate the
table row for a persisted object. The id is usually the Primary Key of the table.

Attribute Mapping: <property .../>
<property name="name"
column="name“
type=“name“
not-null="true“
/>
You omit elements if Hibernate can guess the value itself:
<property name="address" column="ADDRESS"
type="string"/>

<property name="address" column="ADDRESS"/>

<property name="address"/>
Name of the attribute in Java class
Column name in the
database table
Hibernate or Java data
type (usually you can
omit it)
Constraints

What you have so far
 Project configured for Hibernate
 Hibernate configuration file
 Location class and mapping file Location.hbm.xml
 Configure a database schema
(for learning, we will auto-generate schema)

HibernateUtil: a Session Factory (1)
HibernateUtil
-sessionFactory: SessionFactory
+getSessionFactory( ): SessionFactory
+getCurrentSession( ): Session
+openSession( ): Session
// always use the same sessionFactory (Singleton)
SessionFactory sessionFactory = new Configuration()
// use sessionFactory to get a Session
// or the more convenient:
Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
1

public class HibernateUtil {
private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;
private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(..);
public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
if ( sessionFactory == null ) {
try { // Create the SessionFactory
sessionFactory = new Configuration()
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("sessionFactory error "+ ex);
log.error("SessionFactory creation failed", ex);
//throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
}
return sessionFactory;

/**
* Get the current Hibernate session.
* This creates a new session if no current session.
* @return the current Hibernate Session
*/
public static Session getCurrentSession() {
return getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
}
public static Session openSession() {
return getSessionFactory().openSession();
}

Persistence Test: LocationTest.java
public class TestLocation {
public static void testSave() {
Location loc1 = new Location( );
loc1.setName("Kasetsart University");
loc1.setAddress("90 Pahonyotin Rd, Bangkok");
Location loc2 = new Location();
loc2.setName("UCLA");
loc2.setAddress("Westwood, California");
Session session =
HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
session.saveOrUpdate( loc1 );
session.saveOrUpdate( loc2 );
tx.commit();
System.out.println("Locations saved");
}

Persistence Test: LocationTest.java
public static void testQuery() {
System.out.println("Retrieving locations");
Session session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
Query query = session.createQuery("from Location");
// query.list() returns objects, cast to List<Location>
List<Location> list = (List<Location>)query.list( );
tx.commit();
for(Location l : list ) out.printf("%d %s %sn",
l.getId(), l.getName(), l.getAddress() );
if ( session.isOpen() ) session.close();
}
public static void main( String [] args) {
testSave( ); testQuery( );

Exercise 3
 Test object uniqueness:
 In one session get the same location two times and
compare using (ku1 == ku2). Are they same?
 In different sessions get the same location and
compare (ku1 == ku2). Are they same?
 Test transparent persistence:
 Modify a location inside a session. Does database
change?
 Reattach a modified object to new session. Does
database change?

Getting a Unique Result
"from Location where name=‘Kasetsart
University’");
// query.uniqueResult() returns only first match
Location ku1 = (Location) query.uniqueResult( );
"from Location l where l.name like 'Kasetsart%'");
// query.uniqueResult() returns only first match
Location ku1 = (Location) query.uniqueResult( );
Pattern matches "like" - use "%" as wildcard character

Mapping a Class with Associations
Simplified version of Event class.
Event
id: long
name: String
startDate: Date
location: Location
Location
id: int
name: String
address: String
1*

O-R Mapping of n-to-1 Associations
Event
id: long
name: String
startDate: Date
location: Location
LOCATIONS
PK id INTEGER
name VARCHAR
address VARCHAR
Location
id: int
name: String
address: String
EVENTS
PK id BIGINT
name VARCHAR
start_date TIMESTAMP
FK location_id INTEGER
The Data Mapper converts a n-to-1
association to a foreign key relation
(persist) or foreign key to object (retrieve).
1*

Mapping for Event (Event.hbm.xml)
Use <many-to-one name="attribute" ... />
to map a reference to another object.
...
<property name="startDate" column="start_date"
type="timestamp" />
<many-to-one name="location" column="location_id"
class="Location" />
</class>
you can omit class (Hibernate can determine itself)

Test: Save an Event
public static void testSave() {
Location loc1 = new Location( );
loc1.setName("Kasetsart University");
loc1.setAddress("90 Pahonyotin Rd, Bangkok");
Event event = new Event( );
event.setName("Java Days");
event.setLocation( loc1 );
event.setStartDate( new Date(108,Calendar.JULY, 1) );
session.saveOrUpdate( event );
tx.commit();
System.out.println("Event saved");
}

Did you get an Error?
The Location doesn't exist in database (transient object).
Exception in thread "main“
org.hibernate.TransientObjectException:
object references an unsaved transient instance
- save the transient instance before flushing:
eventmgr.domain.Location

Persisting the Event location
Solutions:
1. save location during the transaction (manual save)
2. tell Hibernate to cascade the save operation
(automatically save Location)
class="Location"
cascade="save-update" />
cascade="none" don't cascade operations
"all" cascade all operations (be careful)
"save-update" cascade save and updates
"delete-orphan" cascade all, delete unreferenced orphan children

Test: Retrieve an Event
public static void testRetrieve() {
System.out.println("Retrieving event");
"from Event e where e.name= :name");
query.setParameter("name", "Java Days");
// query.list() returns objects, cast to List<Location>
List<Event> list = (List<Event>)query.list( );
tx.commit();
for(Event e : list ) out.printf("%d %s %sn",
e.getId(), e.getName(), e.getLocation().getName()
);
}

Lazy Instances and Proxies
"from Event e where e.name=:name");
query.setParameter("name", "Java Days");
tx.commit();
);
Error: LazyInstantiationException
• Hibernate uses lazy instantiation and proxy objects
• Hibernate instantiates the location object when it is first accessed
• We closed the transaction before accessing the location

Two Solutions
1. Modify our code: getLocation( ) before closing the
session.
2. Tell Hibernate not to use lazy instantiation of Location
objects (in Location.hbm.xml)
);
tx.commit( );
<class name="Location" table="LOCATIONS" lazy="false">
...
</class>

Creating a Component for Address
Address
street: String
city: String
province: String
Location
id: int
name: String
address: Address
1*
LOCATIONS
id name address
101 Kasetsart University street city province
102 Seacon Square

Organizing your Work
Use DAO to separate OR behavior from the
rest of your project.

A DAO for the Location class
The "useful" methods depend on the domain class and
the application.
LocationDao
findById(id: int) : Location
findByName(name : String): Location[*]
find(query: String) : Location[*]
save(loc: Location) : boolean
delete(loc: Location) : boolean

Java code for Simple LocationDao
package eventmgr.dao;
import ...;
public class SimpleLocationDao {
private static final Logger logger =
Logger.getLogger(LocationDao.class);
public LocationDao() { }
public Location findById( int id )
public List<Location> findByName( String name )
public List<Location> find( String query )
public boolean save( Location loc )
public boolean delete( Location loc )
}

The core of findById( ) - use "load"
public Location findById( int id ) {
Location result = null;
Session session = null;
Transaction tx = null;
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
result =
(Location)session.load(Location.class, id);
tx.commit();
session.close( );
} catch ...
}
return result;
}

The details of findById( )
Location result = null;
try {
result =
(Location)session.load(Location.class,id);
tx.commit();
} catch (ObjectNotFoundException e) {
logger.info("Object not found. id = "+id, e);
if ( tx != null && ! tx.wasCommitted() ) tx.rollback();
} catch (HibernateException e) {
logger.error("Hibernate exception", e);
} finally {
if ( session != null && session.isOpen() ) session.close();
}
return result;

The core of findByName( ) - "query"
public List<Location> findByName( String name ) {
List<Location> result;
...
try {
"from Location where name=:name" );
query.setParameter( "name", name );
result = (List<Location>) query.list( );
tx.commit();
session.close( );
} catch ...
return result;
}

Details of findByName( )
 Exercise

The core of save( ) - "saveOrUpdate"
public boolean save( Location location ) {
boolean result = false;
...
try {
session.saveOrUpdate( location );
tx.commit();
session.close( );
result = true;
} catch ...
return result;
}

The core of delete( ) - "delete"
public boolean delete( Location location ) {
...
try {
session.delete( location );
tx.commit();
session.close( );
result = true;
} catch ...
return result;
}

Redundant Code
 Every DAO method has the same boilerplate code:
try {
do the work here
tx.commit();
logger.info("Object not found. "+id, e);
logger.error("Hibernate exception", e);
} finally {
if ( session != null && session.isOpen() ) session.close();
}

Factor out Redundant Code
Class SimpleLocationDao {
private Session session; // declare as attributes
private Transaction tx;
try {
beginTransaction( );
do the work here
commitTransaction( );
handleError( e );
handleError( e );
} finally {
if ( session != null && session.isOpen() )
session.close();
}

Duplicate Code Between DAO
 In every DAO, the CRUD methods are almost the same
 Consider save( ) ...
...
try {
beginTransaction( );
session.saveOrUpdate( location );
commitTransaction( );
} catch ( ... ) {
handleException( e );
} finally { ... }
return result;
}

Apply the Layer Superclass Pattern
AbstractDao
#load( class, id ) : Object
#find( class, query ) : List
#saveOrUpdate( object: Object )
#delete( object: Object )
LocationDao EventDao SpeakerDao

AbstractDao.save
protected Object save( Object obj ) {
Object result = null;
try {
beginTransaction();
result = session.saveOrUpdate( obj );
commitTransaction();
handleError( e );
handleError( e );
} finally {
closeSession( );
}
return result;
}

LocationDao using Layer Superclass
public class LocationDao extends AbstractDao {
return super.save( location );
}

AbstractDao.load
protected Object load( Class clazz,
Serializable id ) {
Object result = null;
try {
beginTransaction();
result = session.load( clazz, id);
commitTransaction()
handleError( e );
handleError( e );
} finally {
closeSession( );
}
return result;
}

LocationDao using Layer Superclass
public class LocationDao extends AbstractDao {
public LocationDao( ) { super( ); }
return (Location) super.load(
Location.class, id );
}

Exercise
 use your SimpleLocationDao to write a layer superclass
named AbstractDao.
 write a LocationDao that extends AbstractDao

Hibernate Query Language (HQL)
"from Event where name='Java Days'");
"select e from Event e where e.name='Java Days'");
 Hibernate queries you Hibernate Query Language (HQL).
 HQL is object-centric - use class and property names, not SQL
table names.

HQL example
String query = "select e from Event e where
e.location.name = 'Kasetsart University'";
Query q = session.createQuery( query );
String sqlquery = "select * from EVENTS e
join LOCATIONS l ON e.location_id = l.id
where l.name = 'Kasetsart University'";
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement( sqlquery );
Problem: Find all events which are held at Kasetsart
HQL:
SQL and JDBC:

Many-to-one Associations
public class Event {
private long id;
private Location location; // 1-to-many assoc.
private Date startDate;
private long duration;
public Event( ) { }
...
}

Event.hbm.xml Mapping File
</id>
<property name="name" column="name" not-null="true"/>
<property name="startDate" column="start_date"
column="timestamp"/>
<property name="duraction" />
class="Location"/>
</class>

Cascading Save & Update
</id>
...
class="Location"
cascade="save-update"/>
</class>
When you save an Event, should Hibernate automatically
save the location, too?
• no: then you must save the location yourself
• Yes: specify cascade = "save-update"
Other choices for cascade: all, none, save-update, delete

Learning Hibernate
 Tutorial at www.hibernate.org
 Another good tutorial:
http://www.allapplabs.com/hibernate/hibernate_tutorials
.htm
 Peak & Heudecker, Hibernate Quickly, 2006.
 Baur & King, Java Persistence with Hibernate, 2007,
update of Hibernate in Action, and much longer.
 Baur & King, Hibernate in Action, 2005, considered the
best Hibernate book, by one of the Hibernate creators.

Hibernate Tools
Hibernate Tools Eclipse plugin - HibernateConsole and
more
 Test HQL queries, browse database
Middlegen - generates class mapping files (hbm.xml)
from an existing database schema. Has Eclipse plugin.
Hibernate Synchronizer - generates class mapping files
(hbm.xml) and Java classes from a database schema.
hbm2ddl - creates a database schema (in SQL) from a
hbm.xml file.
hbm2java - creates a Java class from a hbm.xml file.

hibernate with JPA

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