High Level Languages (Imperative, Object Orientated, Declarative)
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The document discusses various generations of programming languages, categorizing them into imperative, declarative, and object-oriented languages, each with specific characteristics and advantages. It highlights the functionalities and limitations of these high-level languages, emphasizing the organization around actions and data, the need for precise programming instructions, and their applicability in different programming contexts. Additionally, it describes the differences between logic and functional declarative languages and characterizes high-level programming's accessibility and maintainability.
High Level Languages (Imperative, Object Orientated, Declarative)
- 1. Computer Science (A Level) Imperative, Declarative and Object-Orientated Languages
- 2. 4th Generation Data query, analysis and reporting 3rd Generation Imperative 2nd Generation Assembly 1st Generation Machine code High level languages Low level languages Programming Languages - Generations
- 3. High Level Programming Languages Imperative Object Oriented Procedural Declarative Logic Database Query Functional Hierarchy of High Level Languages
- 4. Code is executed line by line, in a programmer defined sequence of commands and procedures (Definition)
- 5. Tech Pupil is a site made by a student to help and assist others in their computer science courses, aspirations and learning. Imperative • Imperative language is also known as procedural language. • This works by typing in lists of instructions (subroutines and procedures) that the computer has to follow. Every time the computer program is run, it follows the same set of instructions. • Imperative programs are made up of sequence, selection and iteration blocks
- 6. Advantages Disadvantages • Quicker and easier to write and maintain • Slower code - lacks low level processors functionality • Hardware independent – it is written and can be used many times • There are many procedural languages therefore a programmer may only learn and know one language. • Time saving programmer friendly, one of 3rd gen is the equivalent of many lines of 1st and 2nd gen • Need to be very precise and knowledgeable about programming instructions, and so a fully de-bugged working program takes more time to put together • Good level of control without having to know precise target CPU details • Doesn’t deal well with ideas and concepts • Portable source code Imperative
- 7. A language that condenses data and instructions together into objects (Definition)
- 8. Tech Pupil is a site made by a student to help and assist others in their computer science courses, aspirations and learning. Object-Orientated • Object orientated languages are organised around objects and data instead of actions and logic. • The operations in this type of languages can modify object behaviour. In other words, it can change an object by manipulating variables. • These wok by creating objects where the instructions and data required to run the program are contained within a single object. • Object orientated programming can be further grouped into classes
- 9. A language that declares what needs to be done rather than how to do it (Definition)
- 10. Tech Pupil is a site made by a student to help and assist others in their computer science courses, aspirations and learning. Declarative • Declarative language is more problem-orientated than machine-orientated. • It works by describing what the program needs to accomplish rather than how to do it. • There are 2 types of declarative language –Logic –Functional
- 11. Tech Pupil is a site made by a student to help and assist others in their computer science courses, aspirations and learning. Declarative (Logic) One type of declarative language is logic programming, which is used widely in artificial intelligence and works by programming in facts and rules rather than instructions. The program then uses the facts and rules to interrogate data and provide results.
- 12. Tech Pupil is a site made by a student to help and assist others in their computer science courses, aspirations and learning. Declarative (Functional) Another type of declarative language is a functional language, which works by treating procedures more like mathematical functions. Therefore, the building blocks of the program are functions rather than lists of instructions.
- 13. A language (part of declarative language) that uses mathematical functions (Definition)
- 14. Characteristics of High Level Programming • Easier to identify what a command does because the keywords are like natural language • High level languages need to be translated, just like assembly language • One to many relationship – one command in high level languages is a whole sequence in machine code • Portable • Easier to maintain • Makes use of wide variety of program structures to make program writing more straightforward.