High performance textiles, Technical Textile
- 1. High performance textiles High performance textiles are the one, which is to fulfill the modern requirements of any industry. High performance fibers and their high tech products possess a wide range of properties like high modulus; high strength and low density and they are also capable of withstanding high temperatures.
- 3. Fiber and its properties are very important to the performance of the final textile products. High-performance fibers are derived from their unique molecule and phase structures. Besides high tensile strength and modulus, they may also have very high levels of other properties such as operating temperature, heat resistance, flame retardancy, and chemical resistance. The concept of high performance fiber came into textile industries during 1950-1970’s. High performance fibers have been developed to offer high strength, high modulus, thermal stability at high temperature, chemical and solvent resistance and number of other properties for their own end use application. Types of High Performance Fibers 1. Carbon fiber Carbon fiber was first developed in 1963 in the Royal Aircraft establishment. U.K Carbon fiber may be defined as a fiber which contains 90% of carbon. It is having high flexural rigidity and torsional rigidity. Types of Carbon Fiber i. Ultra-high modulus(500GPA) ii. High modulus (300-500GPA) iii. Intermediate modulus(300GPA) iv. Low modulus (<100GPA) v. High tenacity
- 4. Manufacturing Process of Carbon Fiber Manufactured from precursors like PAN, cellulose fiber, pitch fiber & phenolic fiber. It mainly includes 4 stages: Precursor production ↓ Thermal stabilization between 100-4000C ↓ Carbonization between 700-15000C ↓ Graphitization between 1500-30000C Properties of Carbon Fiber Density: 1.8-1.96g/cc Tenacity: 22gpd Elongation: 0.38-1.8% Modulus: 1500-3000gpd High fatigue resistance Good vibration damping Good electrical conductivity High resistance to chemical High brittle Low impact resistance Low abrasion resistance
- 5. Applications of Carbon Fiber Aerospace Road & marine transport Automobile hood Air craft brakes Nuclear field Textile machinery Medical application 2. Aramid Fiber i. It is an aromatic nylon Having benzene ring in the molecules ii. DuPont has introduced this aramid fiber in order to develop strong high temp resistance fiber iii. Nomex first aramid fiber introduced in 1960 Commercially Available Fibers 1. DuPont USA •Nomex® fiber •Kevlar® fiber 2. Teijin co Japan •Technora® fiber •Teijin conex® fiber •Twaran® fiber
- 6. 3. KEVLAR fiber i. It is a synthetic fiber of DuPont corporation that was first created in 1965. ii. It contains both aromatic and amide molecular groups. iii. Amide groups form a hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains holding them together like a glue. iv. Aromatic component has radial orientation, which provides an even higher degree of symmetry and strength to internal structure of fibers v. Spun fibers exhibit a crystalline arrangement with the polymer chains oriented parallel to fiber axis. Manufacturing Process of Kevlar Fiber: i. p-phenylene diamine & terephthaloyl chloride are raw materials. ii. Undergo low temperature polycondensation reaction. iii. The polymer is isolated, neutralized, washed & dried. iv. Then subjected to dry jet wet spinning to obtain Kevlar. v. LCP with 90% orientation.
- 7. Properties of Kevlar Fiber: i. Tenacity: 23gpd ii. Tg: 300 ºC iii. Melting point: 540ºC iv. Low creep v. Excellent dimensional stability vi. High specific strength and modulus vii. High kinetic energy viii. Good environment stability in sea water, oil, solvent ix. Good thermal insulation x. Poor abrasion resistance xi. Poor resistance to UV rays Applications of Kevlar Fiber Armor system Rubber reinforcement Ropes and cables Composites Bio-medical and Electronic applications
- 8. High Performance Polyethylene •It is a thermo plastic fiber. •It has extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 3.1 and 5.67 million Fig: High performance yarn •Produced by gel spinning technique •UHMWPE is synthesized from monomers of ethylene bonded together to form ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. •UHWMPE molecules tend to have 100,000-250,000 monomers each. Trade mark ………………. Company Dyneema ………………………………Toyobo Spectra ………………………………….Honywell Structure And Properties: •Weak Vander Waals bonds between its molecules. •Appearance circular and smooth. •Tensile properties 25-35 gpd 10-15 times more than steel •Density-0.91g/cc so specific strength is more •Breaking length is very high (400 km) •Good Kinetic energy absorption.
- 9. Applications of High-Performance Fibers: High performance fiber can be used for innovative diversified high tech applications because of its high strength and temperature stability. Applications of high performance fibers include uses in the aerospace textile, biomedical, civil engineering, construction, protective clothing, geotextiles and electronic areas. The resistance to heat and flame is one of the main properties of interest for determining the working conditions of these fibers. Fig: Applications of high performance fiber
- 10. High performance fibers are used for the following reason: 1. Ballistic protection-resistance to impact, high sonic velocity, mechanism of energy absorption 2. Gloves, twines, nets-cut resistance, reduced drag resistance 3. Heavy duty ropes-reduced backlash on breaking, low elongation Forecast of Carbon Fiber Demand:
- 11. History of technical and functional textile Technical textile sector started growing with the production of synthetic yarn in the early 1900s. Before that, chemically treated natural fibers were used to achieve desired properties of the technical fabric. Manufacturers also developed special technologies such as various weaving and nonwoven techniques. It resulted into fast growth of high performance fibers/yarn. Production proceeded with notable characteristics such as 1) High resistance to temperature and chemicals and 2) Enhanced mechanical properties. Raw material for technical and functional textiles The most desirable form of raw material is fiber, yarn or fabric. At present, most of the technical textiles are made of high-performance synthetic fiber that gives an advantage to technical textiles in many ways for e.g. cost, performance and durability. However, Raw materials have changed over the time according to the application. Natural staple fiber Synthetic filament yarn •Cotton yarn •Jute yarn •Flax yarn •Coir yarn or rope •Polyester & Polypropylene •Aramid, Glass and Carbon •HDPE (High Density PolyEthylene) & UHMWPE (Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) •PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) •PBI (poly benzimidazole) •PBO (polyphenylene benzo isoxazole)
- 12. Technology used for manufacturing of technical and functional textile: Out of diversified operations, prominent processes used for technical textiles are: i. Knitting ii. Weaving iii. Braiding iv. Nonwoven v. Tufting Other than this, new manufacturing techniques to produce technical textile are as listed below. Most of these processes are used in combination to produce different fabrics. i. Thermo-forming ii. 3D (Three Dimensional) Weaving iii. 3D Knitting iv. Fabrics Produced Using Nanotechnology v. Heat-set Synthetics vi. Finishing Treatments (Coating and lamination) vii. Handmade elements such as Stitch/Appliqué
- 13. Recent development and market of technical textile: According to techtextil, the technical textiles market is expected to hit 175 billion US- Dollars by 2020, almost doubling from 93 billion US-Dollars in 2000. Technical textiles account for 27% of worldwide fabric production.
- 15. Some example of modern textile fiber & fabrics are: i. Breathable artificial fabrics ii. Ultra-lightweight & high-stretch synthetic fibers, iii. Thin & light reflective fabrics, iv. Hollow fibers v. Blended fibers vi. Ultra micro fibers. vii. 3-D structured fabrics. viii. Metallic textiles ix. Extreme Sportswear x. This exquisite fabric. xi. Phase change materials. Electronic textiles are normally known as the e-textiles or smart textiles. Here are some examples of this type of textile: Sports shoes Wearable computer jackets Warning vests Photonic textiles for innovative lighting solutions Wearable E-Health system Electronic Textiles to Help Battlefield Medics Global positioning system (GPS) jackets.
- 16. One of the most important fields in the textile industry and textile materials science is functional textiles. Fabrics with a set of integrated features for controlling or changing according to their application are known as functional textiles. Textiles of this type are typically made with a focus on functionality rather than aesthetics. Functionality, versatility, compatibility, flexibility, and interactivity are all characteristics of smart textiles. Temperature management, humidity control, health monitoring, sports training, position tracking, protective clothing, abrasion resistance, anti-bacterial characteristics, moisture absorption, quick- drying functions, and many other functions might be included. Fig: Various functional textiles
- 17. Based on the type of garment •Active wear •Performance wear •Ready to wear •Seamless wear Based on the type of fibre •Polyester •Viscose Based on the type of functions •Anti-microbial •UV cut •Temperature regulating •Water and oil repellent Based on the application area •Geotextiles •Personal protection •Medical •Hygiene •Sports and leisure •Military/war Classification of Functional Textiles:
- 18. Protective clothing Protective-functional clothing is the most common and versatile type of functional clothing. In this scenario, clothing functionality can mean the difference between life and death for the user; at the very least, it can allow people to work in and around dangerous areas, improve their quality of life, and prevent or decrease injuries. Based on the type of the threat against which protection is necessary, protective functionality can be divided into three groups. In each situation, the technical requirements are highly particular and diverse. Excessive environmental conditions (natural or man-made), such as extreme heat or cold, fire, rain, snow, dust, wind, or other threats, are the nature of the threat in this scenario. The primary design requirement here is to protect the body from exposure to harsh environmental elements (such as temperature) while also facilitating the passage of metabolic heat and moisture away from the body. Scuba diving suits, climbing suits, and firefighter costumes, for example, would require strong insulation with minimal weight and bulk, as well as ergonomic design to meet the mobility requirements of the application.
- 19. Biosensing functional textile Wearable sensors provide personalized healthcare by monitoring the wearer in their natural environment, which provides a much more realistic perspective than a clinical setting. One of the most significant advantages is that the user becomes more aware of their own health status, which has a significant impact on preventative healthcare. Many research groups have used wearable sensors in healthcare for a variety of purposes, including cardiovascular disease and senior ambulatory monitoring. Physiological signals such as respiration rate, heart rate, ECG, and temperature are routinely monitored by such applications. Physical sensors are those that translate physical qualities into electrical impulses. Chemical sensing has yet to be used in these applications, despite the fact that it has the potential to provide a wealth of information on the wearer’s health. Chemical biosensors have a wide range of uses in clinical research and may provide additional information to physical sensors.
- 20. Sportswear The most adaptable and fastest-growing section of the performance gear market is sportswear. A tremendous need for functional sports apparel has arisen as a result of dramatic lifestyle changes, a rapidly ageing population, increased sports engagement, and increased health consciousness. As a result, for everyday sportswear, a variety of value-added apparel with features such as temperature regulation, moisture management, stretch, odor reduction, and light weight is available on the market. While these garments may have multiple functions, they do not qualify as functional clothing. As a category, sports-functional clothing refers to clothing that improves performance and allows athletes to compete at the top of their game. The design and engineering of these sportswear is generally guided by two principles: the use of compression on certain muscles to improve blood flow and the application of aerodynamic principles to reduce wind or air resistance in high-speed sports. Depending on the case, both concepts can be employed together or separately. Unlike the other categories of practical clothing, this one includes aesthetics as a design consideration.
- 21. Nature Functions of the Application Water Absorbent, water, moisture, water repellent, waterproof, anti- fouling. Fire Flame retardant, heat-resistant, flame. Thermal Insulation, thermal break, fever, exothermic, fast fitness, anti- financial, adhesion. Electronic Conductive, electrostatic, electromagnetic wave reflection or absorption, microwave, dielectric. Mechanical High strength, high strength and resistance rate, the rubber elastic modulus, extended, telescopic, shrinkage. Biological Antibacterial, deodorizing, aroma, pest control. Chemical and other Contraction in swelling, dissolving, decomposition, naturally crimped potential crimping, dividing, splitting. High durable Light resistance, weather resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, fatigue life. Ultra-high performance Ultra-high-strength, high elasticity, ultra heat-resistant, flame retardant, ultra-high absorbent. Special function Light conduction, light gathering, dialysis, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, gas exchange, photo catalyst form. Application of Functional Textiles Based on Function:
- 22. Functional Textiles Market The growing demand for functional textiles in applications such as sportswear is driving the market (cycling, ski sports, swimming). The global functional textile market is being driven by spontaneous technological developments in the textile and garment industries, as well as rising customer demands. Functional fabrics, on the other hand, are relatively expensive and belong to the luxury category of textiles, attracting the attention of selective consumers. As a result, the cost structure may limit the worldwide functional textile market’s growth. North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa are the five primary regions that make up the worldwide functional textile market. In terms of output, Europe has the largest proportion of the functional textile market. This is attributed to the massive rise of the textile and garment industries in Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom, as well as high-tech innovations. In addition, in comparison to Europe, North America has a solid market for functional textile manufacture. Between 2015 and 2020, the functional textiles market is expected to increase at a healthy 33.58 percent. By 2020, the worldwide functional textile market will have grown to $4.72 billion USD. India is a leading garment and textile manufacturer, as well as the fourth-largest exporter in the international market. Due to strong automotive, fitness, fashion, healthcare, military, and sports textiles, the functional textile sector has experienced a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30% from 2015 to 2020.
- 23. Attributes Details Report Title Functional Textile Market – Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast Base Year 2021 Historic Data 2015–2020 Forecast Period 2022–2030 Segmentation Garments (Active Wear, Performance Wear, Ready-to- wear, Seamless Wear), Fibers (Polyester, Viscose), Function (Anti-microbial & Anti-Bacterial, Flame-Retardant, Temperature Regulation, Durable Press/Wrinkle Resistance, Repellent & Release, Others), Application (Geotextiles, Personal Protection, Hygiene, Medical, Military/War) Regional Scope Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, Europe, and Middle East & Africa Report Coverage Company Share, Market Analysis and Size, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends, and Revenue Forecast Key Players Covered DYNTEX, Fone Tai Enterprise Co., Ltd, Kelheim Fibres Scope of Functional Textile Market Report The report on the Global Functional Textile market includes an assessment of the market, trends, segments, and regional markets. Overview and dynamics have also been included in the report.