History of computer development
- 2. "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (usually women ) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations. The first computers were … people
- 4. In 1617 John Napier from Scotland invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule.
- 5. The Pascaline Blaise Pascal invented it in 1642 , at age 19, to help his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add). But they really weren't that accurate.
- 6. A few years after Pascal, the German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz built a four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) calculator.
- 7. In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom that could base its weave upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope. Descendents of these punched cards have been in use ever since.
- 9. Charles Babbage, the English mathematician of the 19th century, was the first who conceived the idea of the automatic machine for complex calculations. He designed his Analytical Engine to perform four arithmetic operations.
- 11. In 1834 Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace, Lord Byron's daughter, worked out the first coded program. Lady Lovelace was a brilliant mathematician. She took an active part in Babbage's experiments. So, it is fair to say that she was the world's first computer programmer.
- 12. In 1884 Hollerit invented Hollerith Desk. It consisted of a card reader and a large wall of dial indicators to display the results of the count. Hollerith Desk
- 13. The Hollerith census machine was the first machine to ever be featured on a magazine cover.
- 14. Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.
- 15. In 1937 Dr. H. Aiken of Harvard University began to work at the first completely automatic digital computer which he called the Mark1. He completed it in 1944. One of the primary programmers for the Mark1 was a woman, Grace Hopper.
- 16. The first electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was constructed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania.
- 17. In 1945 John von Neuman worked out the concept of the stored program.
- 18. Today we can speak about 5 generations of computer development: The first The second The third The fourth The fifth
- 19. The first generation computers (from 1940s till 1959) large in size thousands of vacuum tubes slow
- 20. The second generation (began in 1959) use of transistors smaller, more powerful, and more reliable programming languages
- 21. The third generation silicon chips small size large capabilities
- 22. The fourth generation All computers of the present time, from the microcomputer to the supercomputer
- 23. The fifth generation computer differ in size, speed, and storage capacity artificial intelligence
- 24. natural languages large-scale integration technologies
- 26. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.
- 27. The CPU: It has five basic components. • RAM • Registers •Control Unit •ALU •Buses A picture of an actual Central Processing Unit CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
- 28. RAM RAM stands for RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY. It is a form of data storage. It stores program instructions and data.
- 29. Registers A small amount of storage available on a CPU. It’s content can be easily and more quickly accessed than storage available elsewhere. 20046062 20046617
- 30. Control Unit A Control Unit is part of the machinery that controls its operation. It coordinates the input and output devices of a computer system.
- 31. ALU ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations.
- 32. Buses A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers. Any computer can be accessed directly and messages can be sent in a relatively simple and fast way.
- 33. Von Neumann Architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that uses a CPU and a single separate storage memory to hold both instructions and data.
- 34. How it Relates to Modern Day Early computers used fixed programs A stored-program design also lets programs modify themselves while running.
- 35. NorthBridge The northbridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a PC motherboard The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU and RAM
- 36. South Bridge The Southbridge is the second of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a PC motherboard The southbridge typically implements the "slower" capabilities of the motherboard
- 37. Fetch And Execute Cycle It is the basic operation cycle of a computer It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction requires, and carries out those actions
- 39. CONCLUSION