History of computers
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The document provides a history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early pioneers and inventions like the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage in 1834. Herman Hollerith founded IBM in 1924 building on these early concepts. The document then outlines the development of vacuum tube computers, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and personal computers by companies like Apple. It discusses pioneers like Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, and the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee. The document concludes by discussing potential future technologies like artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and membrane computing.
History of computers
- 1. The History of Computers
- 2. The Abacus • 1200 A.D. • The Chinese used the abacus, a hand-held wooden device with rows of beads, to add, subtract, divide, and multiply.
- 3. 1834 • Charles Babbage invented his Analytical Engine in 1834, a large device that used memory, programming, and stored data by way of punched cards to calculate numbers.
- 4. 1920’s • Expanding on many of Babbage’s concepts, Herman Hollerith founded International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924 out of 4 companies. • Hollerith was born in Buffalo, New York and attended City College.
- 5. Herman Hollerith • His tabulating machine which included the key concept that data could be coded numerically. His machine is the first to use electricity.
- 6. Herman Hollerith • Hollerith card puncher which used punched holes to encode data by the U.S. Census Bureau starting in 1890. • Results from the Census now were tabulate in hours vs. 7 years to tabulate (the 1880 census took that long!) • Used by the Nazis to track prisoners in out of concentration camps.
- 7. 1930’s • A wave of research produced an electronic computer that could store data digitally as 0s and 1s, a vast improvement over mechanical machines that operated on gears.
- 8. George Boole • The work of English mathematician George Boole was a key to further development. By means of determining that all mathematical calculations can be stated as either true or false, Boole defined the binary system – to be used by all future computers. • He is known as the “Father of Thought”.
- 9. George Boole • Binary System – • Uses 0 and 1 0 = 0 1 = 1 2 = 10 3 = 11 4 = 100 5 = 101 6 = 110 7 = 111 8 = 1000 9 = 1001 10 = 1010 11 = 1011 12 = 1100 13 = 1101 14 = 1110 15 = 1111 16 = 10000 17 = 10001 18 = 10010 19 = 10011 20 = 10100 Boolean Logic – Boolean logic consists of three logical operators: OR AND NOT
- 10. Bit and Bytes • The word bit is a shortening of the words "Binary digIT." • Bits are rarely seen alone in computers. They are almost always bundled together into 8- bit collections, and these collections are called bytes. Why are there 8 bits in a byte? A similar question is, "Why are there 12 eggs in a dozen?" The 8- bit byte is something that people settled on through trial and error over the past 50 years. • With 8 bits in a byte, you can represent values as shown here: • 0 = 00000000 • 1 = 00000001 • 2 = 00000010
- 11. Watch BrainPop on Binary http://www.brainpop.com/technology/computersandinternet/binary/preview.weml
- 12. Bits and Bytes • What is a Byte? • A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number, or typographic symbol (for example, "g", "5", or "?"). A byte is abbreviated with a "B". • Computer storage is usually measured in byte multiples. • For example, an 820 MB hard drive holds a nominal 820 million bytes - or megabytes - of data. • KB- Kilobyte - 1024 bytes make one KB • MB- Megabyte - 1024 KB make one MB • GB- Gigabyte - 1024 MB make one GB
- 13. Bit and Bytes • What is a "kilobyte"? • 1024 Bytes = 1 KB • What is a "megabyte"? • 1024 KB = 1 MB • What is a ”gigabyte”? • 1,000,000,000 bytes: one billion bytes • What is a "terabyte"? • 1,000,000,000,000 bytes: one trillion bytes • 1 TB USB FlashDrive = $94.95 • 1 GB USB FlashDrive = $15.00 • 1 MB USB FlashDrive = $2.05
- 14. What does "USB" stand for? • Acronym for Universal Serial Bus • It is a type of connector which allows the user to attach peripheral devices to his computer. It is the most used connection point for data transfer in the world. It was created in the mid- 1990s. A standard usb connector is a simple socket with 4 pins : one for power, one for ground and two for data transfer.
- 16. Colossus - developed to decrypt secret German coded messages during World War II. It used vacuum tubes and paper tape and could perform Boolean logic (yes/no, true/false)
- 17. 1940’s • Second-generation computers operated via transistors, which were much smaller and energy efficient than vacuum tubes.
- 18. 1950’s • ASCII was established as the first standard • industry computer language based upon the English alphabet. • ASCII - The American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- 19. 1960’s • The integrated circuit became the standard computer technology, using many transistors and electronic circuits on a single semi- conducting chip. This led to smaller, faster, and more powerful computers, as well as the first network and initial Internet concepts. In 1965, Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a computer in Massachusetts to a computer in California using a dial-up telephone connection.
- 20. 1970’s - Present • The modern era of the microprocessor – a phenomenal breakthrough first used in the Apple II and Commodore personal computers. Further advancements on the microprocessor (CPU) and the Internet have brought about a world powered and connected by computer technology.
- 21. The Intel 4004 The first commercial microprocessor • Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. • The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet. Designed by Ted Hoff in 1971, and which led to the • development of the microcomputer industry.
- 23. Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) • Was an American entrepreneur and inventor, best known as the co- founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming "one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies..." • Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
- 24. Bill Gates • William Henry "Bill" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, programmer, inventor and philanthropist. Gates is the former chief executive and current chairman of Microsoft, the world’s largest personal-computer software company, which he co-founded with Paul Allen. He remains at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.
- 25. WWW • The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks. • British engineer, computer scientist and at that time employee of the CERN, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web
- 27. The Future • Three areas of new technology are artificial intelligence (machines that imitate human thinking and behavior), nanotechnology (cell- sized computer processors), and membrane technology &data processed within organic, living tissue cells). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KRZX5KL4fA
- 29. Membrane Technology Membrane separation processes are influencing - 1. Heating systems 2. Water filtration 3. Food processing 4. Pharmaceutical 5. Medicine (artificial kidneys, artificial lungs) UCSF bioengineering Professor Shuvo Roy holds a prototype model of an implantable artificial kidney that he and his research team are developing at the university's Mission Bay campus. Read more: http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/Kidney-designers-take-cues-from-nature-4458059.php#ixzz2RmiN6XBQ A device that achieves carbon dioxide/oxygen gas exchange could allow patients more freedom when awaiting a lung transplant
- 30. Forbes Magazine Article - 3/12/13 5 Trends that will Drive the Power of Technology 1. No-Touch Interface Microsoft Kinect Google's Project Glass, Apple Siri,
- 31. 2. Native Content The new digital battlefield will be fought in the living room, with Netflix, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Apple and the cable companies all vying to produce a dominant model for delivering consumer entertainment.
- 32. 3. Massively Online In the last decade, massively multiplayer online games such as World of Warcraft became all the rage. Rather than simply play against the computer, you could play with thousands of others in real time. Now other facets of life are going massively online. Khan Academy offers thousands of modules for school age kids, Code Academy can teach a variety of programming languages to just about anybody and the latest iteration is Massively Online Open Courses (MOOC’s) that offer university level instruction. (For a good example, see here). The massively online trend has even invaded politics, with President Obama recently reaching out to ordinary voters through Ask Me Anything on Reddit and Google Hangouts.
- 34. 4. The Web of Things Smartphones Smartcars
- 35. QR Codes - Quick Response Code Is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional bar code) first designed for the automotive industry in Japan created in 1994. Bar codes are optical machine-readable labels attached to items that record information related to the item. A QR code is read by an imaging device, such as a camera, and formatted algorithmically by underlying software using Reed-Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted.
- 36. 5. Computer Driven Supercomputing Companies ranging from IBM to Google to Microsoft are racing to combine natural language processing with huge Big Data systems in the cloud that we can access from anywhere.