History of Computers and Generations-1.pdf
- 2. The word computer comes from the word “compute” , which means, “to calculate” Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired Computer
- 3. The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing. Data is a raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing Data Processing
- 5. Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10 -6), nanoseconds (10 -9), and picoseconds (10 -12) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage In-Garbage-Out (GIGO). Characteristics of Computers
- 6. Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling . Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps. Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so. Characteristics of Computers
- 7. No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgment is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings). Characteristics of Computers
- 9. The first counting device was used by the primitive people. They used sticks, stones and bones as counting tools. As human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices were developed. History of Computers
- 10. Some of the popular computing devices starting with the first to recent ones are described below: Abacus Napier’s Bones Pascal’s Calculator Stepped Reckoner Arithmometer Comptometer & Comptograph Difference Engine Analytical Engine The Millionaire Tabulating Machine Differential Analyzer Mark I Famous Mechanical Calculators
- 11. The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first computer. It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago. It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them. The beads were moved by the abacus operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic calculations. Abacus is still used in some countries like China, Russia and Japan. Abacus
- 12. Abacus Tool
- 13. It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier (1550-1617) of Merchiston. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide. So, the tool became known as "Napier's Bones. It was also the first machine to use the decimal point. Napier's Bones
- 15. Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was invented between 1642 and 1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal. It is believed that it was the first mechanical and automatic calculator. Pascal invented this machine to help his father, a tax accountant. It could only perform addition and subtraction. It was a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. When a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighboring wheel. A series of windows is given on the top of the wheels to read the totals. Pascaline
- 16. Pascaline Tool
- 17. It was developed by a German mathematician- philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. He improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It was a digital mechanical calculator which was called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was made of fluted drums. Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel
- 18. Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel Tool
- 19. The arithmometer was the first digital mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. This calculator could add and subtract two numbers directly and could perform long multiplications and divisions effectively by using a movable accumulator for the result. Patented in France by Thomas de Colmar in 1820 and manufactured from 1851 to 1915, it became the first commercially successful mechanical calculator. Its sturdy design gave it a strong reputation for reliability and accuracy and made it a key player in the move from human computers to calculating machines that took place during the second half of the 19th century. Arithmometer
- 21. The Comptometer was the first commercially successful key-driven mechanical calculator, patented in the United States by Dorr Felt in 1887. A key-driven calculator is extremely fast because each key adds or subtracts its value to the accumulator as soon as it is pressed and a skilled operator can enter all of the digits of a number simultaneously, using as many fingers as required, making them sometimes faster to use than electronic calculators. Consequently, in specialized applications, comptometers remained in use in limited numbers into the early 1990s, but with the exception of museum pieces, they have all now been superseded by electronic calculators and computers. Comptometer & Comptograph
- 23. In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern Computer". It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. It was a steam driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables. Difference Engine
- 25. This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory. Analytical Engine
- 27. The Millionaire was the first commercially successful mechanical calculator that could perform a direct multiplication. It was in production from 1893 to 1935 with a total of about five thousand machines manufactured. It was commercialized as "The Millionaire" in English speaking countries, "La Millionnaire" in French and "Millionär" in German speaking countries. The Millionaire
- 29. It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Hollerith also started the Hollerith?s Tabulating Machine Company which later became International Business Machine (IBM) in 1924. Tabulating Machine
- 31. It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog device invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes. Differential Analyzer
- 33. The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark I computer was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable digital computer. Mark I
- 34. Mark I Tool
- 35. By Ayesha Azhar
- 36. A generation of computers refers to the specific improvements in computer technology with time. In 1942, electronic pathways called circuits were developed to perform the counting. It replaced the gears and other mechanical parts used for counting in previous computing machines. In each new generation, the circuits became smaller and more advanced than the previous generation circuits. The miniaturization helped increase the speed, memory and power of computers. There are five generations of computers. Generations of Computers
- 38. The first generation (1942-1955) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. These computers were mainly depended on batch operating system and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices. Some of the popular first generation computers are: ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) UNIVACI( Universal Automatic Computer) IBM-701 IBM-650 First Generation Computers (1942-1955)
- 39. These computers were designed using vacuum tubes. Programming in these computers was done using machine languages. The main memory of 1st Generation Computers consisted of magnetic tapes and magnetic drums. Paper tapes and Punched cards were used as input/output devices in these computers. These computers were very huge but worked very slowly Characteristics of 1st Generation
- 40. Vacuum Tubes
- 41. The second generation (1955-1964) was the era of the transistor computers. These computers used transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power; it made transistor computers faster than the first generation computers. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic disc and tapes were used as the secondary storage. Assembly language and programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers. Second Generation Computers (1955-1964)
- 42. Some of the popular second generation computers are: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108 Second Generation Computers (1955-1964)
- 44. The Second Generation computers used the technology of Transistors. Machine language and Assembly Languages were used for these computers. Magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk were used for memory storage. The Second Generation Computers were smaller in size, consumed less power and generated less heat. Magnetic tape and punched cards were used as input/output devices Characteristics of 2nd Generation
- 45. Transistors
- 47. The third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can pack huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer and reduced the cost. The computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in size. These generation computers used remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this generation. Third Generation Computers (1964-1975)
- 48. Some of the popular third generation computers are; IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316 Third Generation Computers (1964-1975)
- 49. These computers were built using Integrated Circuits (ICs). High-level programming languages were used for programming on these computers. Large magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk were used for memory storage. Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard, printer, etc were used as input/output devices. Characteristics of 3rd Generation
- 52. The fourth generation (1971-1980) computers used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits; a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements. These chips made this generation computers more compact, powerful, fast and affordable. These generation computers used real time, time sharing and distributed operating system. The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE were also used in this generation. Fourth Generation Computers (1975-1989)
- 53. Some of the popular fourth generation computers are: DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1(Super Computer) CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) Fourth Generation Computers (1975-1989)
- 54. The Fourth Generation Computers have been developed using the technology of Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the microprocessor (VLSI has thousands of transistors on a single microchip). Semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, etc was used for memory storage. Input/output devices such as pointing devices, optical scanning, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc were introduced. Characteristics of 4th Generation
- 55. Microprocessor
- 57. In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc. Fifth Generation Computers (1989-Present)
- 58. Some of the popular fifth generation computers are; Desktop Laptop NoteBook UltraBook ChromeBook Fifth Generation Computers (1989-Present)
- 59. The 5th Generation Computers have been built based on artificial intelligence, use the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method (ULSI has millions of transistors on a single microchip and the Parallel processing method uses two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously). These computers understand natural language (human language). The Fifth-generation computers are portable and smaller in size. Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognize voice/speech), light scanner, printer, keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc are used as Input/Output devices. Characteristics of 5th Generation