History of Materials.ppt
- 2. Metallurgy Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied sciences. The history of metals is closely linked to that of coins and gemstones.الكريمة األحجار
- 3. Metallurgy As early as 3400 B.C., at the beginning of the historical period, the Egyptians had an intimate knowledge of gold, copper ores and of processes of extracting metals.
- 4. Metallurgy Metals were also known to the Mesopotamians الرافدين بالد, Greeks and the Romans.
- 5. Native Metals Copper Gold Mercury Silver
- 7. Copper Age (~4000 B.C.) The first metal to be used was copper.
- 8. Copper Age (~4000 B.C.) The first tools, implements & weapons were made from copper.
- 9. Copper Age (~4000 B.C.) The oldest known casting in existence, a pure copper frog, was cast in Mesopotamia.
- 10. Bronze Age (~3000 B.C.) Bronze was the first alloy used. Bronze = Copper + 12% Tin
- 11. Bronze Age (~3000 B.C.) New discoveries near Ban Chiang, Thailand, indicate that bronze technology was maybe known there as early as 4500 BC!
- 12. Native iron is easily distinguishable because it contains 6-8% nickel. Iron was available to the ancients in small amounts from meteors. الشهب Iron Age (~2000 B.C.)
- 13. Iron Age (~2000 B.C.) Iron smelting began in Egypt.
- 14. Process of Iron Smelting A mixture of iron and oxide impurities is heated to about 1500°C. Molten iron is drawn off on one side, and slag (waste) on the other side.
- 15. Iron Age (~2000 B.C.) Iron weapons revolutionized wars and iron tools did the same for farming.
- 16. Steel (~300) The Chinese were the first to produce steel. They used technique similar to what's known as the Bessemer Process, in which blasts of air were used to remove impurities from the molten steel.
- 17. Iron Pillar ~ 400A.D. This iron pillar dating to 400 A.D., remains standing today in Delhi, India. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal, a skill lost to current ironworkers.
- 18. Cast Iron (~500) Chinese were the first in the production of cast iron.
- 19. Cast Iron (~500) Molten iron is "cast" into forms made of sand.
- 20. How To Smelt Iron? Wood Wood was needed as timber and it takes too much wood to smelt iron.
- 21. How To Smelt Iron? Coal Although cheap and plentiful, coal contained sulphur that made the iron too brittle to be of any use.
- 22. Abraham Darby (1709) In 1709, Abraham Darby finally succeeded in smelting iron with coke.
- 23. 1750 Steel becomes the world’s most used material.
- 24. Steel Production Today Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) = 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g) Step 1:
- 25. Steel Production Today Molten iron is mixed with carbon & other elements. Step 2:
- 26. 1850 Charles Martin Hall Isolated Pure Aluminum
- 27. 1900
- 28. Human Body Parts (1955-present) High quality alloys of Ti & Co.
- 29. Super Alloys (1970-Present) Since they can sustain high temperatures, super alloys (Ni + Al) were developed for jet engines.
- 30. Transparent Aluminum (2010) Fine grained aluminum is heated to 1200°C! 3X tougher than steel & it’s see-through!
- 31. Metamaterials (2015) Materials designed that use light to manipulateرّيتغ its mechanical properties.
- 32. The device can potentially be used as a new frequency reference to accurately keep time in GPS, computers, wristwatches and other devices.
- 33. New Fuel Cell Catalyst (2016)
- 34. A nanosized squeeze can significantly boost the performance of platinum catalysts that help generate energy in the fuel cell.
- 35. Materials Science relationship to Materials Engineering
- 36. WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCI. & ENG.? 36 • To be able to select a material for a given use based on considerations of cost and performance. • To understand the limits of materials and the change of their properties with use. • To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable properties.
- 37. MATERIALS SCIENCE VS MATERIALS ENGINEERING 37 On the basis of structure-property correlations: •Materials science involves investigating the relationship between structures & properties of materials. •Materials Engineering is designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
- 38. 38 On the basis of functional prospective: •The role of materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials •The role of materials Engineer is to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or develop techniques for processing materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE VS MATERIALS ENGINEERING
- 42. Thank you