History of the future
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The document provides a brief history of key developments in research communication and e-scholarship from 1987 to 2017, including the emergence of new formats for research papers, tools to support workflows and provenance, treating data and software as first-class objects, new models of evaluation and peer review, roles for libraries, and business models. It notes several important milestones like the creation of the web, emergence of preprint archives and open access, as well as tools and standards that have advanced how research is conducted, shared, and evaluated.
History of the future
- 1. A Brief History of The Future of Research Communication (and e-Scholarship) Anita de Waard VP Research Data Management, Elsevier RDM Services FSCI July 31, 2017 Disclaimers: - All history is personal, this one especially so. Therefore, not trying to make any grand statement about completeness: this is meant as a first list, feel free to add, correct etc. - I am very aware of my specific (privileged, white, scientist European/American) cultural background which colors my views and experiences, hope others can correct this bias - I am not a historian, so my interpretation or selection has not been vetted or justified - I am not speaking on behalf of Elsevier, and am not trying to sell anything.
- 2. Web Some key tech milestones 1987 20171997 2007 1987: Apple releases Hypercard 1991: Birth of Gopher 1992: Birth of PDF 1993: Birth of the Web 1994: Yahoo! was launched 1997: Netflix offers online movie rental 1998: Google founded 1998: Birth of XML 1999: Birth of RDF & OWL 2004: Facebook launched 2006: Twitter launched 2006: Google Docs launched 2006: Spotify launched 2007: iPhone 1 launched 2011: Snapchat launched 2015: Mobile > desktop Social Mobile Semantic
- 3. But 20 years before all that… (NLS = oNLine System, the tool Doug Engelbart is showing) http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/1968-demo-interactive.html#3
- 4. Six Themes from the Force11 Manifesto: A. Changing the unit and form of the research paper B. Better support for the scholarly lifecycle C. Treating data, software, and workflows as first-class objects D. New models for evaluation and peer review E. New roles for libraries F. New business models
- 5. A. Changing the unit and form of the research paper 1998: Modular papers: 2000: Argumentation networks: 1987 20171997 2007 2015: Lorena Barba, GWU, teaching in Python:
- 6. B. Better support for the scholarly lifecycle 2003: myGrid/Taverna: Workflow tool 1987 20171997 2007 2007: Vistrails: Provenance-driven visualisation tool 2015: Riffyn, Internet of Things in the Lab:
- 7. 1971: PDB (Protein databank), International in 2003 C. Treating data, software, workflows as first-class objects 1987 20171997 2007 1999+: Earth Systems Grid Federation 2015: Computer-Aided Discovery systems 2016: FAIR Data Principles https://www.force11.org/node/6062 2017: Human Cell Atlas sponsored
- 8. D. New models for evaluation and peer review 1987 20171997 2007 1996: Journal of Interactive Media and Education: 2012: Altmetrics: Moving to Include Social Mentions 2015: Making Data Count: Towards Data Metrics
- 9. E. New roles for libraries 1987 20171997 2007 1992: SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) 1998: Fedora-Dspace and other Digital Repositories 2013: SHARE: CoS, AAU, APLU and ARL
- 10. F. New business models 1987 20171997 2007 1991: ArXIv Preprints 2016: ASAPBio Preprints 1997: OA: Vitek Tracz talks to David Lippmann, BMC/PMC ensue 2002: Post-Publication Peer Review: F1000 2016: Publisher-in-a-box: Wellcome Open Research 2016: Big Data to Knowledge
- 11. In Summary: A Lot Has Happened! 1987 20171997 2007 1998: Modular papers: 2000: Argumentation networks: 2015: Lorena Barba, GWU, teaching in Python: 2003: myGrid/Taverna: Workflow tool 2007: Vistrails: Provenance-driven visualisation tool 2015: Riffyn, Internet of Things in the Lab: 1971: PDB (Protein databank), International in 2003 2016: FAIR Data Principles https://www.force11.org/node/6062 2017: Human Cell Atlas sponsored 1996: Journal of Interactive Media and Education: 2012: Altmetrics: Moving to Include Social Mentions 2015: Making Data Count: Towards Data Metrics 1992: SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) 1998: Fedora-Dspace and other Digital Repositories 2013: SHARE: CoS, AAU, APLU and ARL 1991: ArXIv Preprints 2016: ASAPBio Preprints 1997: OA: Vitek Tracz talks to David Lippmann, BMC/PMC ensue 2002: Post-Publication Peer Review: F1000 2016: Publisher-in-a-box: Wellcome Open Research 2016: Big Data to Knowledge
- 12. But also, a lot has been missed. 1987 20171997 2007 The “Global South”/other cultures of science? Education? Citizen Science? The Humanities???
- 13. A. Changing the unit and form of the research paper: (Yolanda Gil, ISI) B. Better support for the scholarly lifecycle: Jen Smith, CoS C. Treating data/software as first-class objects: Dan Katz, University of Illinois D. New models for evaluation and peer review: Cameron Neylon, Perth E. New roles for libraries: Danny Kingsley, Cambridge F. New business models: Nicky Agate, MLA What’s Next? 2017 20472027 2037 And all of you, about these and other topics!
- 14. • Force11 Manifesto: https://www.force11.org/about/manifesto • Birth of gopher: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol) • W3C Announcement: http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears- www/Declaration/Page1.html • History of OA movement: https://cshl.libguides.com/c.php?g=474046&p=3243855 • Development of the Open Access Journal from 1993 – 2009: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.002096 1 • History of ArXIv: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv • Imagining Tomorrow’s University, workshop inputs: http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Conferences/ImagineU/participants.html • History of Hypertext: http://cs.brown.edu/memex/home.html References (1/3):
- 15. References (2/3): A. New Formats: • Modular papers: Kircz, J.G. (1998). Modularity: the next form of scientific information presentation? Journal of Documentation. vol.54. No. 2. March 1998. pp. 210-235 • Argumentation networks: Buckingham Shum, S., Motta E. and Domingue, J. (2000). ScholOnto: An Ontology-Based Digital Library Server for Research Documents and Discourse. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 3 (3), pp. 237-248 • Jupyter journals: e.g. http://lorenabarba.com/figshare/pygbe-on-localized-surface-plasmon-resonance-lspr/ and http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/barbagroup/pygbe_lspr/blob/master/reports/02_Isolated_nanoparticle_verifica tion.ipynb B. Workflow tools: • myGrid: Goble,C.A., Pettifer,S., Stevens,R. and Greenhalgh,C. (2003) Knowledge integration: in silico experiments in bioinformatics. In Foster,I. and Kesselman,C. (eds), The Grid 2: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, 2nd edn, Morgan Kaufmann. • Taverna: Oinn, T.; Addis, M.; Ferris, J.; Marvin, D.; Senger, M.; Greenwood, M.; Carver, T.; Glover, K.; Pocock, M. R.; Wipat, A.; Li, P. (2004). "Taverna: A tool for the composition and enactment of bioinformatics workflows". Bioinformatics. 20 (17): 3045–3054. PMID 15201187. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth361 • Vistrails: Using Provenance to Streamline Data Exploration through Visualization (by Steven P. Callahan, Juliana Freire, Emanuele Santos, Carlos E. Scheidegger, Claudio T. Silva and Huy T. Vo) SCI Institute Technical Report, No. UUSCI-2006-016, University of Utah, 2006. • Riffyn: http://riffyn.com/product and Timothy Gardner, ‘A swan in the making’, Science 22 Aug 2014, Vol. 345, Issue 6199, pp. 855, DOI: 10.1126/science.1259740 C. Data and Software: • Protein data bank: Berman, Helen M., et al. "The Protein Data Bank, 1999–." International Tables for Crystallography Volume F: Crystallography of biological macromolecules. Springer Netherlands, 2006. 675-684. • Earth Systems Grid Federation: Cinquini, L., Crichton, D., Mattmann, C., Harney, J., Shipman, G., Wang, F., Ananthakrishnan, R., Miller, N., Denvil, S., Morgan, M. and Pobre, Z., 2014. The Earth System Grid Federation: An open infrastructure for access to distributed geospatial data. Future Generation Computer Systems, 36, pp.400-417. • Sense-making software: Li, J.D., Rude, C.M., Blair, D.M., Gowanlock, M.G., Herring, T.A. and Pankratius, V., 2016. Computer aided detection of transient inflation events at Alaskan volcanoes using GPS measurements from 2005– 2015. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 327, pp.634-642. • Support for data: Chan-Zuckerberg announcement for support o human cell atlas:f http://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-supports-human-cell-atlas-data-platform
- 16. D. Evaluation & Peer review: • JIME: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue5/jime • Altmetrics: – Priem, J., Piwowar, H.A., & Hemminger, B.M.. 2012. “Altmetrics in the Wild: Using Social Media to Explore Scholarly Impact”. ArXiv: Digital Libraries (March 20, 2012). http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4745 – Graphic comes from Simon Porte, August 2016 Counter-MDC: White Paper ‘A New ‘Research Data Mechanics’ • Making Data Count: – Kratz, J. & Strasser, C. Making data count. Sci. Data 2:150039 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.39 (2015) and http://mdc.lagotto.io/ E. New roles for Libraries: • ADS: Murray, S.S., Brugel, et al., 1992, September. The NASA Astrophysics Data System: A heterogeneous distributed processing system application. In ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings (Vol. 43): http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992ESOC...43..387M • Repository usage. Jose, S. Adoption of open source digital library software packages: A survey. in International Convention on Automation of Libraries in Education and Research Institutions (CALIBER). 2007. • Dspace: "DSpace: An Open Source Dynamic Digital Repository", D-Lib Magazine, January 2003, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january03/smith/01smith.html • Fedora, 1998: • SHARE: http://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/9586/10960 F. New business models: • Preprints: – History of ArXIv: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv – AsapBio: http://asapbio.org/ • OA/F1000: – History of OA movement: https://cshl.libguides.com/c.php?g=474046&p=3243855 – Development of the Open Access Journal from 1993 – 2009: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020961 – About OA: https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/06/what-is-open-access-free-sharing-of-all-human-knowledge/4/ – Interview with Vitek Tracz: http://poynder.blogspot.com/2006/05/interview-with-vitek-tracz.html – Wellcome Open Research: https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/about References (3/3):
Editor's Notes
- #3: 1987: Apple releases Hypercard: GUI’s, stacks, scripts, hypermedia 1991: Birth of Gopher, allowing ftp & hyperlinked menu’s 1992: Birth of PDF 1993: Birth of the Web, including http:// and Mosaic 1994: Yahoo! was launched as “Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web" 1996: Pubmed was launched as search engine for Medline/Entrez 1997: Netflix offers online movie rental service 1998: Google was founded as student project at Stanford 1998: Birth of XML 1999: Birth of RDF 2002: Birth of OWL 2004: Facebook was launched as student project at Harvard 2006: Google Docs was launched, including docs & spreadsheets 2006: Twitter was launched as SMS service 2006: Spotify was launched 2007: iPhone 1 was launched 2011: Snapchat is launched 2015: Nr of mobile searches exceeds nr of searches on desktop
- #6: Also see work by Yolanda Gil, who will be here on Wednesday
- #7: Carole goble pioneered myGrid, then worked on Research Object concept as collective of paper/software/data
- #8: The file format initially used by the PDB was called the PDB file format. This original format was restricted by the width of computer punch cards to 80 characters per line The CADS automatically generates algorithmic and parameter variants to help researchers explore multidimensional data processing search spaces efficiently. 2017 Chan-Zuckerberg announcement for support o human cell atlas:f http://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-supports-human-cell-atlas-data-platform
- #9: JIME: Cycles of closed and open peer review, D3E environment to allow discourse and threaded discussions
- #10: 1992: Library becomes (part of) distributing knowledge, survey from 2007 1998: Libraries become content providers 2013: Libraries develop full cycle research environments