HNC VE Editing Tech cont
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Early films from the 1890s contained only single shots with no editing. Robert W. Paul's 1898 film Come Along Do! contained one of the first edits. Edwin Porter pioneered continuity editing in films like 1903's Life of an American Fireman, connecting shots across time and space. D.W. Griffith developed narrative film and continuity editing further in films like 1915's The Birth of a Nation. Soviet filmmakers like Lev Kuleshov and Sergei Eisenstein developed montage theory, using rhythmic editing to create new meanings from unrelated shots. The introduction of sound in the late 1920s posed new challenges for editors to sync sound and picture. Classical Hollywood style relied on invisible continuity editing throughout the 1930s-1950s
HNC VE Editing Tech cont
- 1. HNC Unit 31: Development and Techniques of Film and Video Editing 18th Jan 2018
- 2. Assignment 1 Assignment 1 illustrated report on the development of film and video editing technology and practice • Part 2. Write a section to account and show an understanding of the history and development of editing practices in fictional films’. Approx 500 words ‘Film editing is now something almost everyone can do at a simple level and enjoy it, but to take it to a higher level requires the same dedication and persistence that any art form does’. Walter Murch Editor
- 3. First edits • Early films had no editing style at all and featuring a single wide shot • 1898 Robert W. Paul 1 min comedy Come Along Do! Contains one of the first edits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sbje9K0KsBQ
- 4. Multiple Exposure • Experimentation in early film can also be found • Scrooge or Marley’s Ghost 1901 • Features 12 scenes in wide shot • Uses Multiple exposure • First film to use intertitles • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILDHYYsC-g0
- 5. Single cuts • Films featuring short cuts started to develop • George Albert Smith Seen through the Telescope 1900 • First example of a cut as we move from a wide shot • To a point of view shot • 1 min film containing 3 shots • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kC8RvcJXohk
- 6. Reverse Shot • 1900 Attack on a China Mission James Williamson • Features more than one perspective of the same action • We see a sequence from one angle and then from another point of view. One of the foundations of filmmaking • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz3Fe_H9LgE
- 7. Close Ups • James Williamson The Big Swallow 1901 • Character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF2wlRWaMa4
- 8. Edwin Porter • Edwin Porter pioneered some early examples of ‘Continuity Editing’ • One action is repeated in each shot of filming and then joined together across the editing • In Life of an American Fireman 1903 we see continuity used to connect characters across time and space • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ym7-QW_GWo
- 10. The Great Train Robbery 1903 • Porter went on to develop continuity editing further • Lots of locations are used and switched between including indoor and outdoor
- 11. Crosscutting & parallel editing • In The Great Train Robbery editing is used to make events in different places appear as if they are happening simultaneously • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XVOisZVB_I
- 12. 1898 -1903 • Early silent era can be seen as a major time for the advancement of film editing • First examples of combining scenes mainly in wide shot • First examples of continuity editing • First intercut scenes with different shots • Reverse shots • Different shot compositions (Close up, Medium shot, wide)
- 13. D.W. Griffith • Moved film from the scene/tableaux (wide shot) style to the shot combination structure
- 14. The Birth of a Nation 1915 • Established the beginning of Narrative film • Its lengthy and multiple plot lines use editing to create connections between events • Combines wide shots and close ups
- 15. Coverage • Griffith embraced continuity editing and formulated the system by which film is shot and edited today
- 16. • Crosscutting (parallel editing) between scenes to create relationships • Tempo – Can influence the emotional intensity of the scene. Quicker cutting helped to heighten drama • Short documentary on Griffith’s editing style • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bENHBfh0lpE
- 17. Soviet Montage
- 18. Soviet Montage • Soviet Russia in the 1920s was home to a number of film theorists and filmmakers that established another key area of editing • Montage Theory: The way in which shots are edited rather than the content of the shots alone constitutes the force of the film • Editing creates meaning. Shots combined together synthesise a new meaning
- 19. Lev Kuleshov • Fascinated by the editing system of DW Griffith • Set up experimental screenings for audiences to prove the associative powers of editing • The Kuleshov experiment proved images juxtaposed together created new meanings and emotions
- 20. Sergei Eisenstein • Best known Soviet Montage theorist • Developed Kuleshov’s ideas and put them into practice • Used the rhythm and meter of editing • Shot collision - two unrelated shots produce a new meaning • 1925 Battleship Potemkin About a mutiny of the crew of a battleship against their officers • Propaganda film • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufU8wtEPsBM • Odessa Steps scene (Unarmed crowd runs from soldiers) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ps-v-kZzfec
- 21. Odessa Steps • Uses many different types of shots and angles • Long shots, Medium shots and close ups • Jump cuts • Shots with movement
- 22. • Eisenstein shows close ups of the faces of the civilians as individuals • The faces of the soldiers are not shown • The soldiers are shown on mass rather than as individuals • A conflict is created between the two • Montage is also used in this sequence to stretch time as the civilians descend the steps
- 23. Opposing systems • Hollywood’s continuity editing – creates meaning • Soviet Montage editing – creates new meanings through colliding shots • Both hugely influential and both are now combined together in modern editing.
- 24. Sound • Early films were silent • Difficulties in syncing sound to picture • Creating high quality audio • Projecting audio back in theatres • 1927 The Jazz Singer (First synchronised speech)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22NQuPrwbHA • 1928 – First all talking feature Lights of New York • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QN5aTaXPJU
- 25. Sound systems Sound on Disc • Recorded using a Vitaphone • Recorded on Records • Synchronised to the film on Production Sound on Film • Sound recorrded onto • photographic film • Magnetically or optically
- 26. Sound • Took a while for the sound on film method to be integrated • Silent and sound versions of films were made initially • Editors started to experiment with sound as a key part of the film • 1929 – Blackmail Alfred Hitchcock • Knife scene from Blackmail uses creative editing with sound https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvlyQaJbJgs
- 28. Alternatives to continuity • Artists began to experiment with the new medium • Dada & Surrealism • Luis Bunuel, Germaine Dulac, Jean Cocteau, Rene Clair • Experimental films which rejected mainstream conventions including continuity • Explored the subconscious and dreams • Shocking content and seemingly illogical scenes • Achieved through the juxtaposition of editing
- 29. Golden Age of Hollywood • From the late 1920s • Development of the Classical Hollywood style of film • Routed in scripted continuity editing • Invisibility of the edit one shot flows into the next • Beginning – middle – end • Linear structure Development of Genre films • Western, Musical, War Film, Film Noir, science fiction, Musical, drama etc • Stories centred around individuals or couples • The vast majority of shots were of people and close ups
- 30. Editing styles Casablanca 1942 Directed by Michael Curtiz. Editor Owen Marks • Classic example of continuity editing and the Hollywood system • Careful cutting and camerawork makes the edits seem invisible https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_uINM_XI6I Citizen Kane 1941 Directed by Orson Welles. Editor Robert Wise • Rejected the invisibility of camerawork and editing • Thoughtful cinematography so that each frame tells a story • Use of deep focus, camera movement and unusual framings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbGbqRWwC_Q
- 31. Citizen Kane • Uses Continuity editing • Montage editing • Non-linear storylines • Creative transitions • Story goes backwards and forewards in time • Creative transitions • Slow dissolves https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFSjHBVx-xk
- 32. Alfred Hitchcock • Rear Window 1954 • James Stewart plays LB Jeffries a professional photography laid up in his apartment with a broken leg. He watches the activities going on in the neighboring apartments • Great example of shot sequencing and timing as we see the relationship between Jeffries and what he is seeing • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5pn48wzBuw
- 33. French New Wave • A film movement in the 1950s and 60s • Key directors Jean-Luc Godard & Francois Truffaut • These films rejected narrative structure • Explored current social issues • Revolutionary shooting and editing style • Fragmented, discontinuous editing • Jump cuts and long takes
- 34. Breathless 1960 Example of use of Jump cuts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXbmBJWnV0w
- 35. Continuity Editing • Continuity editing is the standard approach to editing used in Narrative film • It is the process of combining related shots into a sequence so that the viewer is able to understand the narrative across both time and physical location
- 36. Psycho Dir. Alfred Hitchcock 1960, US
- 37. Shot/Reverse Shot • Definition: Two shots edited together that alternate characters, typically in a conversation situation. Usually characters in one frame look left, and in the following frame look right
- 38. Establishing Shot • Definition: A long shot or extreme long shot that shows spatial relations between the important figures, objects and setting in a scene
- 39. 180 Degree rule How to achieve it The angle between any two consecutive shots should not exceed the 180 degree rule, in order to maintain spatial relationships between people and objects in any given sequence of shots
- 40. Crosscutting (Montage) Definition: Editing that alternates between shots occurring simultaneously in two or more different locations The Godfather
- 41. Match on Action Definition: A cut between two shots that places two different framings of the same action next to each other, making it seem to continue uninterrupted
- 42. Eyeline Match Definition: A cut between two shots in which the first shot shows a person looking off in one direction and the second shot shows either a space containing what he or she sees, or a person looking back in exactly the opposite direction Example: Rear Window
- 43. Jump Cut Example: Jean Luc Godard Breathless A jump cut is a cut in film editing where two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from slightly different positions The edit gives the effect of jumping forwards in time. This type of edit violates the rules of continuity editing Stanley Kubrick 2001
- 44. Rhythmic Editing Example: Stan Brakhage Dog Man Star Definition: editing describes an assembling of shots and/or sequences according to a rhythmic pattern of some kind, usually dictated by music. It can be narrative, or a music video type collage. In either case, dialogue is suppressed and the musical relationship between shots takes center stage. In experimental film rhythm can be used as a primary way in which to construct meaning and subjective experience
- 45. Flickr effect Example: Paul Sharrits TOUCHING Definition: Clips are edited frame-by-frame to create a rhythmic and often physical effect. Similar to a strobe the images can act subliminally on the viewer.
- 46. Cut up effect Example: William Burroughs The Cut Ups William Burroughs unique technique perhaps relates to Soviet Montage. The technique involves filming or writing in a form of stream of consciousness. The resulting output is cut in half and joined together in random pieces. A new meaning is constructed from these chance interactions of images or words.
- 47. Montage Technique Example: Sergei Eisenstein October
- 48. Superimposition Example: Peter Tscherkassky Outer Space
- 49. No Editing! Example: Wavelength Michael Snow
- 50. Split Screen Example: Darren Aronofsky Requiem for a Dream
- 51. Assignment Unit 31 Development and techniques of Video Editing LO1: Understand the development of film and video editing technology and practice Part 2. Write a section to account and show an understanding of the history and development of editing practices in fictional films’. Research and review the key developments in editing practice from the beginning of motion pictures to digital non-linear editing You should research, summarise and critically review the following; Early films, first edits, Edwin Porter, D W Griffith and the development of continuity editing, Lev Kuleshov and Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet Montage, introduction of sound, Classical Hollywood and continuity editing, alternatives to editing Surrealism/French New Wave Consider what were the key innovations in style and technique including reference to new technological developments Approx 500 words Submit next Thursday