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How a digital sensor works

The lens in a camera focuses light on
  a plane behind the rear element
Typical Sensor Array in a Digital Camera
an array of light-sensitive spots, called photosites usually
   square in shape and laid out in rows and columns
Sensor Architecture
  Light-sensing portion of the photosite is called
                  photo diode.
ELECTRONS = the “wild children” of the atom family
Photo Diode
With some sensors the active light gathering area is as little as
25% of the total surface area of the chip. There is non-light
responsive space between adjacent photo diodes.
Light to photosite in sensor



photo diode in photosite converts
the light photons to electrons



  Photosite stores electrons in the
electron well buried in the photosite
NOISE . . . Hot pixels and lost data
Light to photosite in sensor



photo diode in photosite converts the light photons to electrons




Photosite stores electrons in the electron well buried in the photosite



                           PROCESSING
     Processor looks at blocks of this data and tries to guess the
     actual RGB color value of each pixel by comparing
     (demosaicing) it examines a block of adjacent pixels and uses
     that data to build the missing two values for each location.
     ( interpolation in mathematics, software routine that does this
     is more correctly called demosaicing.)
Sensors are designed to operate like the human brain
Light to photosite in sensor



  photo diode in photosite converts the light photons to electrons



Photosite stores electrons in the electron well buried in the photosite



                           PROCESSING
          “guess” the actual RGB color value of each
          pixel demosaicing



                           JPEG     PROCESSING
          Compression = pixels destroyed or eliminated
          by guessing actual color value
Depth of Field and Focal Length

        DOF = depth of field
        FOV = Field of View
              Bokeh
How much
gear do
you really
need?
The longer the focal length, the creamier the bokeh
   Focal Length: 600 mm (300mm lens with 2.0 teleconverter)
                           Iso 800
                         F/8 at 1/80
Narrow depth of field isolates the subject
               Focal Length: 300mm
                       Iso 400
                   f/4 at 1/4000
Focal length: 280mm
       Iso: 800
    f/5.6 at 1/60
Focal Length: 60mm (macro)
          Iso: 200
        f/8 at 1/200
Focal length: 18mm
      Iso: 100
   f/6.3 at 1/100
Focal Length: 24mm
      Iso: 100
   f/1.4 at 1/800
Focal Length: 85mm
       Iso 100
   f/1.8 at 1/200
Focal Length: 85mm
       Iso 1600
   f/1.8 at 1/125
Focal Length: 10mm
       Iso 100
    f/5 at 1/200
The “Holy Trinity” or the exposure Triangle

                     ISO (sensitivity to light)




                Good combination = good photo


Shutter Speed                                     Aperture (f-stop)

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How a digital sensor works class2

  • 1. How a digital sensor works The lens in a camera focuses light on a plane behind the rear element
  • 2. Typical Sensor Array in a Digital Camera an array of light-sensitive spots, called photosites usually square in shape and laid out in rows and columns
  • 3. Sensor Architecture Light-sensing portion of the photosite is called photo diode.
  • 4. ELECTRONS = the “wild children” of the atom family
  • 5. Photo Diode With some sensors the active light gathering area is as little as 25% of the total surface area of the chip. There is non-light responsive space between adjacent photo diodes.
  • 6. Light to photosite in sensor photo diode in photosite converts the light photons to electrons Photosite stores electrons in the electron well buried in the photosite
  • 7. NOISE . . . Hot pixels and lost data
  • 8. Light to photosite in sensor photo diode in photosite converts the light photons to electrons Photosite stores electrons in the electron well buried in the photosite PROCESSING Processor looks at blocks of this data and tries to guess the actual RGB color value of each pixel by comparing (demosaicing) it examines a block of adjacent pixels and uses that data to build the missing two values for each location. ( interpolation in mathematics, software routine that does this is more correctly called demosaicing.)
  • 9. Sensors are designed to operate like the human brain
  • 10. Light to photosite in sensor photo diode in photosite converts the light photons to electrons Photosite stores electrons in the electron well buried in the photosite PROCESSING “guess” the actual RGB color value of each pixel demosaicing JPEG PROCESSING Compression = pixels destroyed or eliminated by guessing actual color value
  • 11. Depth of Field and Focal Length DOF = depth of field FOV = Field of View Bokeh
  • 12. How much gear do you really need?
  • 13. The longer the focal length, the creamier the bokeh Focal Length: 600 mm (300mm lens with 2.0 teleconverter) Iso 800 F/8 at 1/80
  • 14. Narrow depth of field isolates the subject Focal Length: 300mm Iso 400 f/4 at 1/4000
  • 15. Focal length: 280mm Iso: 800 f/5.6 at 1/60
  • 16. Focal Length: 60mm (macro) Iso: 200 f/8 at 1/200
  • 17. Focal length: 18mm Iso: 100 f/6.3 at 1/100
  • 18. Focal Length: 24mm Iso: 100 f/1.4 at 1/800
  • 19. Focal Length: 85mm Iso 100 f/1.8 at 1/200
  • 20. Focal Length: 85mm Iso 1600 f/1.8 at 1/125
  • 21. Focal Length: 10mm Iso 100 f/5 at 1/200
  • 22. The “Holy Trinity” or the exposure Triangle ISO (sensitivity to light) Good combination = good photo Shutter Speed Aperture (f-stop)