How many levels?
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The document discusses levels in statistics and provides examples to illustrate the concept. Levels refer to the number of conditions within an independent variable. The number of levels determines the appropriate statistical analysis method. Examples are provided of studies with different numbers of levels, such as socioeconomic status having 4 levels (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, below poverty line) while gender has 2 levels (male, female). Visual representations are given to depict levels within independent variables. The document concludes by restating that levels indicate the number of conditions in an independent variable and that determining the number of levels is important for selecting the correct statistical analysis.
How many levels?
- 1. You will now determine the number of levels there are in the problem you are working on.
- 2. Your options will be:
- 3. Your options will be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 4. Levels mean the number of conditions within an independent variable.
- 5. Why are levels important in statistics? As you will see, the number of levels of the independent variable will determine the type of statistical analysis method we use!
- 6. As you will see, the number of levels of the independent variable will determine the type of statistical method you will use!
- 7. You will now see illustrations of what we mean by the concept of “levels” or “number of conditions within an independent variable”
- 8. Consider the following research question:
- 9. A researcher wants to analyze if there are statistically significant differences among religious groups (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) in terms of public religious devotion.
- 10. First, let’s identify the dependent and independent variables.
- 11. The dependent variable is:
- 12. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The dependent variable is:
- 13. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The dependent variable is:
- 14. The independent variable is:
- 15. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The independent variable is:
- 16. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. The independent variable is:
- 17. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 18. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 19. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 20. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 21. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 22. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 23. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. 3 Levels Now we look for levels or conditions within the independent variable.
- 24. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Three levels
- 25. A researcher wants to analyze which religious group (Catholics, Buddhists, & Muslims) has significantly greater public religious devotion. Three levels within the independent variable
- 26. So the number of levels would be:
- 27. So the number of levels would be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 28. Here is another study
- 29. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music.
- 30. What is the dependent variable?
- 31. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. What is the dependent variable?
- 32. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. What is the dependent variable?
- 33. What is the independent variable?
- 34. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. What is the independent variable?
- 35. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Actually, the independent variable is not stated.
- 36. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. But, we can determine the independent variable by looking at the groups.
- 37. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. It appears that there are two groups
- 38. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Group 1 It appears that there are two groups
- 39. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Group 2 It appears that there are two groups
- 40. So what is the difference between these two groups?
- 41. So what is the difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music
- 42. So what is the difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music - The other group does not listen to country music
- 43. So what is the difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music - The other group does not listen to country music An independent variable simply provides a description of these two groups.
- 44. So what is the difference between these two groups? - One group listens to country music - The other group does not listen to country music In this case: Country Music Listening
- 45. So, let’s go back to the problem
- 46. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. Now we know that the independent variable is country music listening.
- 47. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who use country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 48. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who listen country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 49. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who listen country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 50. There is no significant difference between the average hours of drowsiness of a group of truck drivers who listen country music to stay awake and another group of truck drivers who do not listen to country music. 2 Levels At this point the levels are easy to see:
- 51. Here is a way to visualize this:
- 52. Independent Variable: Country Music Listening
- 53. Independent Variable: Country Music Listening 2 levels / conditions Those who listen Those who DON’T listen
- 54. So the number of levels would be:
- 55. So the number of levels would be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 56. Sometimes there will be two independent variables.
- 57. Each independent variable will have it’s own levels.
- 58. Let’s see an example:
- 59. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)?
- 60. What is the dependent variable?
- 61. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What is the dependent variable?
- 62. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What is the dependent variable?
- 63. What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 64. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 65. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or n1on attender)? st IV What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 66. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? 2nd IV What are the independent variables (IVs)?
- 67. What are the Levels?
- 68. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? What are the Levels?
- 69. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level 1 = wealthy - level 2 = upper middle class - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 70. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level 2 = upper middle class - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 71. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 72. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 73. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level = lower middle class - level = below the poverty line
- 74. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For socio-economic 4 Levels status - level = wealthy - level = upper middle class - level = lower middle class - level = below the poverty line
- 75. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For church attendance - level 1 = those who attend - level 2 = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 76. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For church attendance - level = those who attend - level 2 = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 77. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? For church attendance - level = those who attend - level = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 78. Is there a difference in 8th grade standardized scores based on socio-economic status (wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, and below the poverty line) and / or reported church attendance (attender or non attender)? 2 Levels For church attendance - level = those who attend - level = those who do not attend - level 3 = lower middle class - level 4 = below the poverty line
- 79. Let’s see this visually:
- 80. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status
- 81. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status Wealthy
- 82. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status Upper Middle Class Wealthy
- 83. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status Upper Middle Class Wealthy Lower Middle Class
- 84. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status Upper Middle Class Wealthy Below Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 85. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status 4 levels Upper Middle Class Wealthy Below Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 87. Independent Variable: Church Attendance
- 88. Independent Variable: Church Attendance Non-attender
- 89. Independent Variable: Church Attendance Non-attender Attender
- 90. Independent Variable: Church Attendance 2 levels Non-attender Attender
- 91. So the number of levels would be:
- 92. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 93. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class
- 94. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class Independent Variable: Church Attendance 2 levels Attender Non-attender
- 95. Independent Variable: Socio-economic Status 4 levels Upper Middle Wealthy Below Class Poverty Line Lower Middle Class Independent Variable: Church Attendance 2 levels Attender Non-attender 6 levels
- 96. So the number of levels would be: Two Levels Three or More Levels
- 97. In Summary:
- 98. Levels simply mean the number of conditions within an independent variable.
- 99. Here are a number of visual examples
- 100. Independent Variable
- 101. Socio-economic status Independent Variable
- 103. Socio-economic Wealthy Upper status Middle Class Lower Middle Class 4 Levels Poverty
- 104. Independent Variable
- 105. Country Music Listening Independent Variable
- 106. Levels Country Music Listening
- 107. Those who DO listen Those who DON’T listen 2 Levels Country Music Listening
- 108. Independent Variable
- 109. Independent Religious Affiliation Variable
- 111. Catholic Muslim Buddhist 3 Levels Religious Affiliation
- 112. Independent Variable
- 114. Levels Gender
- 115. Male Female 2 Levels Gender
- 116. How many levels does the problem you are working on have?
- 117. How many levels does the problem you are working on have? Two Levels Three or More Levels