How read chest xr 5
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BOOP = bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
How read chest xr 5
- 1. HOW READ CHEST XR -5 ANAS SAHLE ,MD
- 2. Brief review
- 3. POSITION PA AP QUALITY ROTATION PENETRATION INSPIRATION LESION Homo Densityinfiltratio Heterogenous Centralperiph Silhouet n Wellill defined Zone eral Necrotic sign MEDIASTINAL Central deviasionwided COSTO-PHRENIC ANGEL Freeoblitern OTHER Bone soft tissuediaphragm
- 4. Consolidation Infection causes Non-infection causes Broncho- WEGNER Cardiac Pneumonia Lymphoma alveolar COP Sarcoid disease failure carcinoma
- 5. Abscess 1. Cavitating infective consolidation. 2. Single or multiple lesions. 3. organisms. 1. Bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, TB and anaerobes). 2. fungal pathogens are the most common causative 4. ‘Primary’ lung abscess – large solitary abscess without underlying lung disease is usually due to anaerobic bacteria. 5. Associated with aspiration and/or impaired local or systemic immune response (elderly, epileptics, diabetics, alcoholics and the immunosuppressed)
- 6. Radiological features • Most commonly occur in the apicoposterior aspect of the upper lobes or the apical segment of the lower lobe. • CXR may be normal in the first 72 h. • CXR – a cavitating essentially spherical area of consolidation usually>2 cm in diameter, but can measure up to 12 cm. • There is usually an air-fluid level present.
- 7. Heart failure Radiological features: • Right heart failure (this is usually due to chronic airways disease). – the heart size is normal with a prominent elevated apex due to right ventricular hypertrophy. – Pulmonary arterial enlargement and venous upper lobe diversion in keeping with pulmonary arterial and venous hypertension. – There may be pleural effusions with fluid tracking in the oblique and horizontal fissures. – Beware these may look like mass lesions on the frontal radiograph.
- 8. Heart failure • Left heart failure: • Stage 1 – there is venous upper lobe blood diversion with thickened upper lobe veins bilaterally. • Stage 2 – interstitial pulmonary oedema – prominent peripheral interstitial thickening (Kerley B lines) bilaterally at both bases with apparent peribronchial thickening at both hila • Stage 3 – alveolar (air space) pulmonary oedema – patchy bilateral perihilar air space consolidation giving a ‘Bat’s wing’ appearance. • The consolidation may become confluent and xtensive. • Occasionally asymmetry may be misleading and can be due to the way in which the patient had been lying or the presence of concomitant chronic lung disease. • There is venous upper lobe blood diversion with thickened upper lobe veins bilaterally.
- 9. Left heart failureradiology feature Stage-1 Stage-2 Stage-3
- 10. Sarcoidosis Radiological features: • Stage 1 – bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (particularly right paratracheal and aortopulmonary window nodes). • Stage 2 – lymphadenopathy and parenchymal disease. • Stage 3 – diffuse parenchyma disease only. • Stage 4 – pulmonary fibrosis • The parenchymal disease involves reticulonodular shadowing in a perihilar, mid zone distribution. • There is bronchovascular and fissural nodularity. • Rarely air space consolidation or parenchymal bands may also be present. • Fibrosis affects the upper zones where the hilar are pulled superiorly and posteriorly. • Lymph nodes can demonstrate egg shell calcification
- 11. Case-1 • 55-year-old male was admitted in shock. • He was recently diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. • Clinical exam also showed distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds.
- 12. CASE-1
- 13. POSITION •PA CXR QUALITY •Poor Technical Quality •(PENETRATION,ROTATION?) •Heterogenous density •In right middle zone from hilum to LESION chest wall. •That obliterate right heart border •With silhouet sign. •Central trachea and mediasteinal. MEDIASTINAL •Cardiomegaly . ANGELS •Free costo-phrenic angels. OTHER •No
- 14. discussion • Beck described a triad of hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and elevated jugular venous pressure due to cardiac tamponade from pericardial effusion. • Immediate pericardiocentesis is life-saving. • The common causes of pericardial effusion Include: • malignancy, • congestive heart failure. • Tuberculosis. • systemic lupus erythematosus. • Dressler’s syndrome. • uremia. • This CXR shows : • a globular enlargement of the heart, typical of a large pericardial effusion. • In addition, there is a mass in the right lung in keeping with the primary lung cancer.
- 15. Case-2 • This 40-year-old male of African origin was asymptomatic.
- 16. POSITION •PA CXR •Poor Technical Quality QUALITY •(PENETRATION?) •Bi-lateral hilar enlargement. LESION •Central trachea and mediasteinal. MEDIASTINAL •Free costo-phrenic angels. ANGELS •No OTHER
- 17. discussion Sarcoidosis. • The main differential diagnoses would be: • Lymphoma. • Tuberculosis. • but the lymphadenopathy would then be asymmetrical.
- 18. Case-3 • This elderly male has exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal a nocturnal b dyspnea. c A+b>c2
- 19. POSITION •AP CXR •Poor Technical Quality QUALITY •(rotation ?) •Bi-lateral perihilar infeltration. LESION •With upper zone diversion •Kerley b line? •Central trachea and mediasteinal. MEDIASTINAL •Cardiomegaly. ANGELS •Free costo-phrenic angels. •There are sternotomy wires. OTHER •right internal jugular central venous line.
- 20. After diuresis
- 21. Discussion • The CXR shows classic evidence of left ventricular failure, : – cardiomegaly (cardiothoracic ratio 50%), – upper lobe pulmonary venous diversion, – and Kerley B lines (which indicate distension of lymphatics). • In addition, there is evidence of sternotomy wires, suggesting previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). • Following diuresis, the pulmonary infiltrates have cleared Only fluid and blood on the chest radiograph can clear rapidly (within days). • This patient also has a right internal jugular central venous line.
- 22. Case-4 • This elderly female presented with left-sided chest pain of three months’ duration
- 23. POSITION •AP CXR QUALITY •Poor Technical Quality •(rotation ?) •Homogenous density in left upper zone obscured aortic arc. LESION •Many opacity at left peripheral chest wall •Right pushed trachea. MEDIASTINAL •Cardiomegaly. ANGELS •Left obliterans costo-phrenic angels. •No . OTHER
- 24. Discussion • The CXR shows a moderate-sized left pleural effusion, which is loculated. • There is also globular cardiomegaly, suggesting a pericardial effusion. • Pleural tap showed malignant cells consistent with the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung. • In addition, the second, third, and fourth ribs on the left side demonstrate lytic lesions in keeping with bony metastases.
- 25. Case-5 • This 24-year-old female was asymptomatic. • Six months ago, she presented with pneumonia-like symptoms of cough, fever, and purulent sputum.
- 26. POSITION •PA CXR QUALITY •Good Technical Quality •Ill defined opacity in right lower zone close to chest wall LESION •Central trachea ,mediastinal. MEDIASTINAL ANGELS •Hazy costo-phrenic angels. •No . OTHER
- 27. Discussion • The CXR shows a right lower lobe infiltrate • In addition, there seems to be a beady appearance to the infiltrates. • Pneumonic changes on CXR typically resolve within three months. • She subsequently underwent a bronchoscopy and transbronchial lung biopsy which showed BOOP.